注释

前　言

1."well into the twenty-first century，we still await flying cars，jet packs"：Follies of Science：20th Century Visions of Our Fantastic Future，Eric Dregni and Jonathan Dregni（Speck Press，2006）.

2."consider the long-term data storage accomplished by the Sumerians"：Ancient Mesopotamia：Portrait of a Dead Civilization，A.Leo Oppenheim（University of Chicago Press，1964）；The Sumerians，C.Leonard Woolley（W.W.Norton and Co.，1965）.

3."In 1965 Gordon Moore noted"：The Chip：How Two Americans Invented the Microchip and Launched a Revolution，T.R.Reid（Random House，2001）.

第1章　量子力学三部曲

1.Amazing Stories：Cheap Thrills，The Amazing！Thrilling！Astounding！History of Pulp Fiction，Ron Goulart（Hermes，2007）.

2."at the German Physical Society，Max Planck"：Thirty Years That Shook Physics：The Story of Quantum Theory，George Gamow（Dover，1985）.

3."Buck Rogers first appeared in the science fiction pulp Amazing Stories"：Science Fiction of the 20th Century：An Illustrated History，Frank M.Robinson（Collectors Press，1999）.

4."or what publisher Hugo Gernsback called'scientifiction'"：Alternate Worlds：The Illustrated History of Science Fiction，James Gunn（Prentice-Hall，1975）.

5."Given the amazing pace of scientific progress"：See，for example，The Victorian Internet：The Remarkable Story of the Telegraph and the Nineteenth Century's On-Line Pioneers，Tom Standage（Berkley Books，1998）；Electric Universe：How Electricity Switched on the Modern World，David Bodanis（Three Rivers Press，2005）.

6."a revolution in physics occurred"：Thirty Years That Shook Physics：The Story of Quantum Theory，George Gamow（Dover，1985）.

7."'It is a great source of satisfaction to us'"："The Rise of Scientification，"Hugo Gernsback，Amazing Stories Quarterly 1，2（Experimenter Publishing，Spring 1928）.

8."As Edward O.Wilson once cautioned"："The Drive to Discovery，"Edward O.Wilson，American Scholar（Autumn 1984）.

9."Jules Verne considered the most extraordinary voyage of all"：Paris in the Twentieth Century，Jules Verne（Random House，1996）.

10."In one participant's recollection，Bohr proposed a theoretical model"：Thirty Years That Shook Physics：The Story of Quantum Theory，George Gamow（Dover，1985）.

11."Faraday was the first to suggest that electric charges and magnetic materials"：Electric Universe：How Electricity Switched on the Modern World，David Bodanis（Three Rivers Press，2005）.

第2章　得诺奖的光电效应

1."The Skylark of Space，"Edward Elmer Smith，with Lee Hawkins Garby（uncredited）（The Buffalo Book Co.，1946）；first serialized in Amazing Stories，1928.

2."this theory predicted results that were nonsensical"：Quantum Physics of Atoms，Molecules，Solids，Nuclei，and Particles，Robert Eisberg and Robert Resnick（John Wiley and Sons，1974）.

3."Planck firmly believed that light was a continuous electromagnetic wave"：The Quantum World：Quantum Physics for Everyone，Kenneth W.Ford（Harvard University Press，2004）.

4."In the late 1800s，physicists had discovered that certain materials"：The Strange Story of the Quantum，2nd edition，Banesh Hoffman（Dover，1959）.

5.（footnote）"George Gamow，brilliant physicist and famed practical joker"：Eurekas and Euphorias：The Oxford Book of Scientific Anecdotes，Walter Gratzer（Oxford University Press，2002）.

6."Lenard was working at the University of Heidelberg"：Quantum Legacy：The Discovery That Changed Our Universe，Barry Parker（Prometheus Books，2002）.

7."When Einstein wrote his paper on the'photoelectric'effect"：Einstein：His Life and Universe，Walter Isaacson（Simon and Schuster，2007）.

8."Fortunately for Einstein"：Quantum Legacy：The Discovery That Changed Our Universe，Barry Parker（Prometheus Books，2002）.

9."Millikan was one of the most careful and gifted experimentalists of his day"：Ibid.

10."Technically，a photon is defined as"："Light Reconsidered，"Arthur Zajone，in OPN Trends，supplement to Optics and Photonic News ed.by Chandrasekhar Roychoudhuri and Rajarshi Roy，14，S-2（2003）.

11."As Albert Einstein reflected，'All the fifty years of conscious brooding'"："The first phase of the Bohr-Einstein dialogue，"Martin J.Klein，Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences 2，1（1970）.

第3章　神奇的物质波

1.Science Wonder Stories（Stellar Publishing Company，Feb.1930）.

2."Goddard was an early example of a prominent scientist"：Different Engines：How Science Drives Fiction and Fiction Drives Science，Mark L.Brake and Neil Hook（Macmillan，2008）.

3."In 1923，Prince Louis de Broglie"：The Story of Quantum Mechanics，Victor Guillemin（Charles Scribner's Sons，1968）；Physics and Microphysics，Louis de Broglie（Pantheon，1955）.

4."These crystalline arrangements of atoms can be used as atomicscale'oil slicks'"：Men Who Made a New Physics，Barbara Lovett Cline（University of Chicago Press，1987）.

第4章　超能力般的粒子自旋

1."Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster eventually sold their story"：Men of Tomorrow：Geeks，Gangsters and the Birth of the Comic Book，Gerald Jones（Basic Books，2004）.

2."As Jules Feiffer argued"：The Great Comic Book Heroes，Jules Feiffer（Bonanza Books，1965）.

3."It was proposed in 1925 that every fundamental particle behaves as if it is a spinning top"：Quantum Physics of Atoms，Molecules，Solids，Nuclei，and Particles，Robert Eisberg and Robert Resnick（John Wiley and Sons，1974）.

4.1　"Air Wonder Stories"：Pulp Culture：The Art of Fiction Magazines，Frank M.Robinson and Lawrence Davidson（Collectors Press，1998）.

5."In Isaac Asimov's novel"：Fantastic Voyage Ⅱ：Destination Brain，Isaac Asimov（Doubleday，1987）：

6.（footnote）"When I described Asimov's suggestion in my 2005 book"：Civil War Files，Mark O'English（Marvel Comics，Sept.2006）.

7."Does the experimentally observed magnetic field of electrons"：Quantum Physics of Atoms，Molecules，Solids，Nuclei，and Particles，Robert Eisberg and Robert Resnick（John Wiley and Sons，1974）.

8."Two Dutch students in Leiden，Samuel Goudsmit and George Uhlenbeck，wrote a paper in 1925"：Ibid.

9."'young enough to be able to afford a stupidity'"："George Uhlenbeck and the Discovery of Electron Spin，"Abraham Pais，Physics Today（December 1989）；The Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanics，Max Jammer（McGraw-Hill，1966）.

第5章　波函数的发现与认知

1."In 1958，Jonathan Osterman"：Watchmen，written by Alan Moore and drawn by Dave Gibbons（DC Comics，1986，1987）.

2."In addition to electromagnetism，the intrinsic field must be comprised of forces"：The Quantum World：Quantum Physics for Everyone.Kenneth W.Ford（Harvard University Press，2004）.

3."The neutron，discovered in 1932"：The Atom and Its Nucleus，George Gamow（Prentice Hall，1961）.

4.（footnote）"when Guido，a superstrong member of a team of superpowered mutants"：X-Factot#72，written by Peter David and drawn by Larry Stroman（Marvel Comics，Nov.1991）.

5."At the start of the twentieth century，physicists debated"：Thirty Years That Shook Physics：The Story of Quantum Theory，George Gamow（Dover，1985）.

6.（footnote）"to quote Krusty the Clown"：The Simpsons，episode#3F08，"Sideshow Bob's Last Gleaning，"written by Spike Ferensten and directed by Dominic Polcino（Nov.1995）.

7."An important step in reconciling this puzzle was Niels Bohr's suggestion in 1913"：Niels Bohr：A Centenary Volume，edited by A.P.French and P.J.Kennedy（Harvard University Press，1985）.

8."This newly detected element was named helium"：Helium：Child of the Sun，Clifford W.Seibel（University Press of Kansas，1968）；Reading the Mind of God：In Search of the Principle of Universality，James Trefil（Charles Scribner's Sons，1989）.

9.Strange Adventures#62，"The Fireproof Man，"written by John Broome and drawn by Carmine Infantino（DC Comics，Nov.1955）.

10.（footnote）Seduction of the Innocent，Frederic Wertham（Rinehart Press，1953）.

11."Following a seminar presentation by Schrödinger of the'standing wave'model of electrons in an atom"：Schrödinger：Life and

12.Thought，Walter Moore（Cambridge University Press，1989）；Quantum Legacy：The Discovery That Changed Our Universe，Barry Parker（Prometheus Books，2002）.

第6章　打开未来之门的薛定谔方程

1.（footnote）"Historians of science debate to this day the identity of the woman"：Schrödinger：Life and Thought，Walter Moore（Cambridge University Press，1989）；Faust in Copenhagen：A Struggle for the Soul of Physics，Gino Segre（Viking，2007）.

2."When Schrödinger first solved this equation for the hydrogen atom"：Men Who Made a New Physics，Barbara Lovett Cline（University of Chicago Press，1987）.

3."One intriguing consequence of the Schrödinger equation"：Quantum Physics of Atoms，Molecules，Solids，Nuclei，and Particles，Robert Eisberg and Robert Resnick（John Wiley and Sons，1974）.

4."Schrödinger's equation destroyed the notion"：Men Who Made a New Physics，Barbara Lovett Cline（University of Chicago Press，1987）.

第7章　著名的海森堡不确定性原理

1."Heisenberg's struggle to envision what the electron was doing"：Quantum Legacy：The Discovery That Changed Our Universe，Barry Parker（Prometheus Books，2002）.

2."In 1925 Heisenberg exiled himself to the German island of Helgoland"：Ibid.

3."It is the standard deviations of these two bell-shaped curves"：The Quantum World：Quantum Physics for Everyone，Kenneth W.Ford（Harvard University Press，2004）.

4."explains why scientists are concerned about an increase in the average global temperature of a few degrees"：Potential Impacts of Climate Change in the United States，CBO Paper（Congressional Budget Office，May 2009）.

5."Fresh snow reflects 80 to 90 percent of all sunlight"：Energy in Nature and Society，Vaclav Smil（MIT Press，2008）.

第8章　平行宇宙中的曼哈顿博士

1."Dr.Manhattan"：Watchmen，written by Alan Moore and drawn by Dave Gibbons（DC Comics，1986，1987）.

2."The quantum mechanical wave function contains all the information"：Quantum Physics of Atoms，Molecules，Solids，Nuclei，and Particles，Robert Eisberg and Robert Resnick（John Wiley and Sons，1974）.

3.（figure caption）Image adapted from The Atom and Its Nucleus，George Gamow（Prentice Hall，1961）.

4."this'leakage effect'is observed for electrons"：The Atom and Its Nucleus，George Gamow（Prentice Hall，1961）；Thirty Years That Shook Physics：The Story of Quantum Theory，George Gamow（Dover，1985）.

5."the Schrödinger equation is linear"：Quantum Physics of Atoms，Molecules，Solids，Nuclei，and Particles，Robert Eisberg and Robert Resnick（John Wiley and Sons，1974）.

6."'nothing ever ends'"：Watchmen#12，written by Alan Moore and drawn by Dave Gibbons（DC Comics，Oct.1987）.

7."Dave Gibbons，the artist of Watchmen，once stated in a radio interview"：Interview with Dave Gibbons and James Kakalios，Minnesota Public Radio，Science Friday，hosted by Ira Flatow，March 27，2009.

8."they emit electromagnetic radiation in the blue-ultraviolet portion of the spectrum"：Introduction to High Energy Physics，2nd edition，Donald H.Perkins（Addison-Wesley，1982）.

9."then as the wave function contains all the information"：Quantum Physics of Atoms，Molecules，Solids，Nuclei，and Particles，Robert Eisberg and Robert Resnick（John Wiley and Sons，1974）.

10."One interpretation was provided by Hugh Everett Ⅲ"：The Many Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics，edited by Bryce S.DeWitt and Neill Graham（Princeton University Press，1973）；The Many Worlds of Hugh Everett Ⅲ，Peter Byrne（Oxford University Press，2010）.

11.Flatland，Edwin Abbott（Seely and Co.，1884）.

12."The Fifth Dimensional Catapult，"Murray Leinster，first published in Astounding（January 1931）.

13."Plattner's Story，"H.G.Wells，from Thirty Strange Stories（Harper and Bros.，1897）.

14."The Remarkable Case of Davidson's Eyes，"H.G.Wells，from The Stolen Bacillus and Other Incidents（Methuen，1895）.

第9章　原子是我们的好朋友

1."joined by the refrain of'tic，tic，tic'"："Tic，Tic，Tic，"sung by Doris Day in My Dream Is Yours（Warner Bros.，1949），music by Harry Warren and lyrics by Ralph Blaine.

2.The Atomic Kid（Republic Pictures，1954），written by Blake Edwards，Benedict Freedman，and John Fenton Murray and directed by Leslie H.Martinson.

3.102 The Beast of Yucca Flats，written and directed by Coleman Francis（Image Entertainment，1961）.

4."the true effects of radiation exposure were publicly known"："Hiroshima，"John Hersey，The New Yorker，August 31，1946，reprinted in Reporting World War II：American Journalism 1938-1946（Library of America，1995）.

5."The 1957 television program Disneyland featured Dr.Heinz Haber"：The Walt Disney Story of Our Friend the Atom，Heinz Haber（Dell Publishing，1956）.

6.Across the Space Frontier，edited by Cornelius Ryan，written by Werhner Von Braun，Oscar Schachter，and Willy Ley and illustrated by Chesley Bonestell（Viking，1952）.

7."In 1957 Ford proposed a car called the Nucleon，"：Alien Hand Syndrome，Alan Bellows（Workman Publishing Co.，2009）.

8.Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea，Jules Verne（Dodo Press，2007）.

9.（footnote）"The sponsor for the Disneyland program"：Fast Food Nation，Eric Schlosser（Houghton Mifflin，2004）.

10."When Erenst Rutherford's lab conducted experiments"：The Atom and Its Nucleus，George Gamow（Prentice Hall，1961）；Quantum Legacy：The Discovery That Changed Our Universe.Barry Parker（Prometheus Books，2002）.

11."For a while，physicists thought that the nucleus contained both protons and electrons"：Quantum Physics of Atoms，Molecules，Solids，Nuclei，and Particles，Robert Eisberg and Robert Resnick（John Wiley and Sons，1974）.

12.（footnote）"To maintain stability in a nucleus requires a critical balance of the number of neutrons and protons"：Ibid.

13."A dictionary from the end of the nineteenth century"：The Walt Disney Story of Our Friend the Atom，Heinz Haber（Dell Publishing，1956）.

14."In 1937 Italian physicist Enrico Fermi"：The Atom and Its Nucleus，George Gamow（Prentice Hall，1961）.

15."Gilberts U-238 Atomic Energy Lab"：created by Alfred Carlton Gilbert（founder of the Gilbert Hall of Science in New York City in 1941），with consultation with the physics faculty at MIT（1951）.

16.Learn How Dagwood Splits the Atom，written by John Dunning and Louis Heil and drawn by Joe Musial（King Features Syndicate，1949）.

17."Buck Rogers newspaper strip published in 1929"：Buck Rogers in the 25th Century：The Complete Newspaper Dailies，vol.1，1929-1930，written by Philip Nowlan and drawn by Richard Calkins（Hermes Press，2008）.

18.Secret Service Operator No.5，issue#47，written by Wayne Rogers（under the pen name Curtis Steele）（Sept.1939）.

19.The World Set Free，H.G.Wells（Quiet Vision Publishing，2000）.

20.The Interpretation of Radium：Being the Substance of Six Free Popular Experimental Lectures Delivered at the University of Glasgow，Frederick Soddy（G.P.Putnam's Sons，1909）.

21."This novel made a strong impression on one particular reader"：Different Engines：How Science Drives Fiction and Fiction Drives Science，Mark L.Brake and Neil Hook（Macmillan，2008）.

第10章　或快或慢的原子核衰变

1.Them！written by Ted Sherdeman，Russell Hughes，and George Worthing Yates and directed by Gordon Douglas（Warner Bros.，1954）.

2.The Amazing Colossal Man，written by Mark Hanna and Bert I.Gordon and directed by Bert I.Gordon（Malibu Productions，1957）.

3.War of the Colossal Beast，written by Bert I.Gordon and George Worthing Yates and directed by Bert I.Gordon（Carmel Productions，1958）.

4.The Beginning of the End，written by Fred Freiberger and Lester Gorn and directed by Bert l.Gordon（AB-PT Pictures Corp.，1957）.

5.It Came from Beneath the Sea，written by George Worthing Yates and Hal Smith and directed by Robert Gordon（Clover Productions，1955）.

6.The Attack of the Giant Leeches，written by Leo Gordon and directed by Bernard L.Kowalski（American International Pictures，1959）.

7.The Incredible Shrinking Man，written by Richard Matheson and directed by Jack Arnold（Universal，1957）.

8.Dr.Cyclops，written by Tom Kilpatrick and directed by Ernest B.Schoedsack（Paramount，1940）.

9."Even though the nucleus can lower its energy by ejecting an alpha particle"：The Atom and Its Nucleus，George Gamow（Prentice Hall，1961）.

10."One important similarity between the lottery scenario and the decay of unstable nuclei"：The Quantum World：Quantum Physics for Everyone，Kenneth W.Ford（Harvard University Press，2004）.

11.Learn How Dagwood Splits the Atom.written by John Dunning and Louis Heil and drawn by Joe Musial（King Features Syndicate，1949）.

12."why is there any tritium still around"：The Atom and Its Nucleus，George Gamow（Prentice Hall，1961）.

13."Sheldon Kauffman and Willard F.Libby did the next best thing"："The Natural Distribution of Tritium，"Sheldon Kaufman and W.F.Libby，Physical Review 93（1954），p.1337.See http://link.aps.org/abstract/PR/v93/p1337 for this article.

14."Elements that emit gamma rays，alpha particles，or beta particles"：Quantum Physics of Atoms，Molecules，Solids，Nuclei，and Particles，Robert Eisberg and Robert Resnick（John Wiley and Sons，1974）.

15.（figure caption）Buck Rogers ray-gun image from Raygun，Eugene W.Metcalf and Frank Maresca，photographed by Charles Bechtold（Fotofolio，1999）.

16.（figure caption）Penetration of matter by radiation image adapted from www.hyperphysics.phys-astr.gsu.edu Web site.

17."Russian journalist Alexander Litvinenko was murdered"：The Terminal Spy：A True Story of Espionage，Betrayal and Murder，Alan S.Crowell（Broadway，2008）.

18."When some of these particles strike the DNA in our cells"："Cosmic Rays：A Review for Astrobiologists，"Franco Ferrari and Ewa Szuszkiewicz，Astrobiology 9，413（2009）.

第11章　太阳中心的核聚变反应

1."In the 1962 Gold Key comic book series"：Doctor Solar—Man of the Atom，written by Paul S.Newman and drawn by Bob Fujitani（Gold Key Comics，1962），reprinted in Doctor Solar—Man of the Atom，vols.1-4（Dark Horse Books，2004-2008）.

2."Captain Atom"：Space Adventures#33，written by Joe Gill and Steve Ditko and drawn by Steve Ditko（Charlton Comics，Mar.1960），reprinted in Action Hero Archives，vol.1（DC Comics，2004）.

3.Dr.Solar，Man of the Atom#14，written by Paul S.Newman and drawn by Frank Bolle（Gold Key Comics，Sept.1965），reprinted in Doctor Solar—Man of the Atom，vol.2（Dark Horse Books，2005）.

4."Neutrons themselves are not stable"：The Story of Quantum Mechanics，Victor Guillemin（Charles Scribner's Sons，1968）.

5."When physicists in the late 1920s discovered this phenomenon"：Thirty Years That Shook Physics：The Story of Quantum Theory，George Gamow（Dover，1985）.

6."fortunately this inverse process occurs constantly in the center of the sun"："Nuclear Astrophysics，"M.Arnould and K.Takahashi，Rep.Prog.Phys.62，395（1999）.

7.（figure caption）Image adapted from www.hyperphysics.phys-astr.gsu.edu Web site.

8.（footnote）"To this Eddington replied in 1920"："Arthur Stanley Eddington：A Centennial Tribute，"Joe S.Tenn，Mercury 11（1982），p.178.

9."the average photon spends forty thousand years colliding"："How Long Does It Take for Heat to Flow Through the Sun？"G.Fiorentini and B.Rici，Comments on Modern Physics 1（1999），p.49.

10."Our sun converts a great deal of hydrogen"："The Evolution and Explosion of Massive Stars，"S.E.Woolsey and A.Heger，Reviews of Modern Physics 74（Oct.2002），p.1015.

11."For more than fifty years，scientists have been attempting to construct a fusion reactor"：Sun in a Bottle，Charles Seife（Viking，2008）；"Fusion's False Dawn，"Michael Moyer，Scientific American 302，50（2010）.

12."This so-called cold fusion process"：Bad Science：The Short Life and Weird Times of Cold Fusion，Gary Taubes（Random House，1993）.

第12章　水火不相容的费米子

1."The agreement between theoretical predictions"：QED：The Strange Theory of Light and Matter，Richard P.Feynman（Princeton University Press，1988）.(https://www.daowen.com)

2."The collective behavior of quantum particles"：Quantum Physics of Atoms，Molecules，Solids，Nuclei，and Particles，Robert Eisberg and Robert Resnick（John Wiley and Sons，1974）.

3."Think about a ribbon"：The argument involving a ribbon with different colors on each side is adapted from that in"The Reason for Antiparticles，"Richard P.Feynman，in Elementary Particles and the Laws of Physics，Richard P.Feynman and Steven Weinberg（Cambridge University Press，1987）.Feynman credits this analogy to David Finkelstein.

4."described as the difference of two functions，A and B"：The Quantum World：Quantum Physics for Everyone，Kenneth W.Ford（Harvard University Press，2004）.

5."Wolfgang Pauli，one of the founding fathers of quantum mechanics"：Thirty Years That Shook Physics：The Story of Quantum Theory，George Gamow（Dover，1985）.

6."One easy way to satisfy the Pauli principle"：Electrons in Metals：A Short Guide to the Fermi Surface，J.M.Ziman（Taylor and Francis，1963）.

第13章　如蜜蜂般团结的玻色子

1.The Superorganism—The Beauty，Elegance，and Strangeness of Insect Societies，Bert Hölldobler and Edward O.Wilson（W.W.Norton & Co.，2008）.

2.The Cosmic Rape.Theodore Sturgeon（Pocket Books，1958）.

3.（footnote）More Than Human，Theodore Sturgeon（Farrar，Straus and Young，1953）.

4."Bose-Einstein condensate"：The Quantum World：Quantum Physics for Everyone，Kenneth W.Ford（Harvard University Press，2004）.

5."This symmetry indicates that the two-particle wave function"：Ibid.

6.Village of the Damned.written by Stirling Silliphant，Wolf Rilla，and Ronald Kinnoch and directed by Wolf Rilla（Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer，1960）.

7."helium is an example of an atom"：Quantum Physics of Atoms，Molecules，Solids，Nuclei，and Particles，Robert Eisberg and Robert Resnick（John Wiley and Sons，1974）.

8."Experimentalists in 1965，""Gyroscopic Detection of Persistent Flow of Super fluid Liquid Helium，"J.B.Mehl and W.Zimmermann Jr.，Physical Review Letters 14，p.815（1965）.

9."an electrical analog to superfluidity"：The Path of No Resistance：The Story of a Revolution in Superconductivity，Bruce Schechter（Simon and Schuster，1989）；Introduction to Superconductivity，2nd Edition，Michael Tinkham（Dover，2004）；"Observation of Persistent Current in a Superconducting Solenoid，"J.File and R.G.Mills，Physical Review of Letters 10，p.93（1963）.

10."Max Planck and how his explanation of the spectrum of light"：Quantum Legacy：The Discovery That Changed Our Universe，Barry Parker（Prometheus Books，2002）；Men Who Made a New Physics，Barbara Lovett Cline（University of Chicago Press，1987）.

11."What if the box were filled with light"：Thirty Years That Shook Physics：The Story of Quantum Theory.George Gamow（Dover，1985）.

12."The box containing light can be considered a gas of photons"：Ibid.；The Atom and Its Nucleus，George Gamow（Prentice Hall，1961）.

第14章　荧光材料和隐形墨水

1."In our world the eighty-sixth floor of the Empire State Building"：Doc Savage：His Apocalyptic Life.Philip Joes Farmer（Doubleday，1973）A History of the Doc Savage Adventures，Robert Michael"Bobb"Cotter（McFarland and Company，2009）.

2."Dent and his wife lived for several years on a forty-foot schooner"：Lester Dent：The Man，His Craft and His Market，M.Martin

3.McCarey-Laird（Hidalgo Pub.Co.，1994）；Bigger Than Life：The Creator of Doc Savage，Marilyn Cannaday（Bowling Green State University Popular Press，1990）.

4."called his Fortress of Solitude"：Fortress of Solitude，Lester Dent（under the pen name Kenneth Robeson）（Street and Smith，1938）；reprinted in Doc Savage#1（Nostalgia Ventures，2006）.

5."his tie and jacket buttons hid...and his car could produce"："The Bronze Genius，"Will Murray in The Man Behind Doc Savage：A Tribute to Lester Dent，edited by Robert Weinberg（Weinberg，1974）.

6."the comic-book superhero foursome"："Introduction to The Fortress of Solitude"in Doc Savage#1（Nostalgia Ventures，2006）.

7."Doc's gadgets were similarly ahead of his time"："The Bronze Genius，"Will Murray in The Man Behind Doc Savage：A Tribute to Lester Dent，edited by Robert Weinberg（Weinberg，1974）.

8."According to Dent，a reference to radar"：Doc Savage：His Apocalyptic Life，Philip José Farmer（Doubleday，1973）.The Man of Bronze，Lester Dent（under the pen name Kenneth Robeson）（Street and Smith，1933）；reprinted in Doc Savage#14（Nostalgia Ventures，2008）.

9.（footnote）"'Ralph 124C 41+'"：The relevant paragraph，containing a detailed description of what we would today term"radar，"is reproduced in Alternate Worlds：The Illustrated History of Science Fiction，James Gunn（Prentice-Hall，1975）.

10."What determines these transition rates"：Quantum Physics of Atoms，Molecules，Solids，Nuclei，and Particles，Robert Eisberg and Robert Resnick（John Wiley and Sons，1974）；QED：The Strange Theory of Light and Matter，Richard P.Feynman（Princeton University Press，1988）.

第15章　“死光”：天使还是魔鬼？

1."the demand for Buck Rogers-and Flash Gordon-inspired toy ray guns"：Raygun，Eugene W.Metcalf and Frank Maresca，photographed by Charles Bechtold（Fotofolio，1999）.

2."At his press conference in 1960，Maiman was peppered"：The Laser Odyssey，T.H.Mairnan（Laser Press，2000）.

3."scientists from Bell Labs were instructed by management"："Bell Labs and the Ruby Laser，"D.F.Nelson，R.J.Collins，W.Kaiser，Physics Today 63，40（2010）.

4.Goldfinger，written by Richard Maibaum and Paul Dehn and directed by Guy Hamilton（Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer，1964）.

5."The circular buzz saw of the 1959 novel"：Goldfinger，Ian Fleming（Jonathan Cape，1959）.

6."How can one ensure that all the electrons residing in the laser levels"：Lasers and Holography：An Introduction to Coherent Optics，2nd edition，Winston Kock（Dover，1981）.

7.（footnote）"a mixture of two gases，helium and neon"：Quantum Legacy：The Discovery That Changed Our Universe.Barry Parker（Prometheus Books，2002）.

8.（footnote）"the above argument applies to electric dipole transitions"：Quantum Physics of Atoms，Molecules.Solids，Nuclei，and Particles.Robert Eisberg and Robert Resnick（John Wiley and Sons，1974）；QED：The Strange Theory of Light and Matter.Richard P.Feynman（Princeton University Press，1988）.

9."The device produces light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation"：Lasers and Holography：An Introduction to Coherent Optics，2nd edition，Winston Kock（Dover，1981）.

10."sent out from a lab on Earth"：They All Laughed：From Light Bulbs to Lasers：The Fascinating Stories Behind the Great Inventions That Have Changed Our Lives，Ira Flatow（Harper Perennial，1992）.

11."Both of these elements...are thus chemically inert"：Quantum Physics of Atoms，Molecules.Solids，Nuclei，and Particles，Robert Eisberg and Robert Resnick（John Wiley and Sons，1974）.

12."Digital video discs（DVDs）and compact discs（CDs）"：How Everything Works：Making Physics Out of the Ordinary，Louis A.Bloomfield（John Wiley and Sons，2008）.

13."Birth of the Death Ray，"：Dr.Solar—Man of the Atom#16，written by Paul S.Newman and drawn by Frank Bolle（Gold Key Com-

14.ics，June 1966），reprinted in Dr.Solar—Man of the Atom，vol.2（Dark Horse Books，2005）.

15."the number of Gillette razor blades they could melt through"：They All Laughed：From Light Bulbs to Lasers：The Fascinating Stories Behind the Great Inventions That Have Changed Our Lives，Ira Flatow（Harper Perennial，1992）.

16."Superman removes the thick cataracts that have blinded a companion"："A Matter of Light and Death，"Action#491，written by Cary Bates and drawn by Curt Swan（DC Comics，Jan.1979）.

17."Eight years later，Dr.Stephen Trokel"：Excimer Lasers in Ophthalmology，edited by David S.Gartry（Informa Healthcare，1997）.

18.The South Pole Terror，Lester Dent（under the pen name Kenneth Robeson）（Street and Smith，1936）；reprinted in Doc Savage#11（Nostalgia Ventures，2007）.

第16章　半导体和二极管

1."robots would break free"：Follies of Science：20th Century Visions of Our Fantastic Future，Eric Dregni and Jonathan Dregni（Speck Press，2006）.

2."The Challengers were four adventurers"：Showcase#6，written by Dave Wood and drawn by Jack Kirby（DC Comics，Jan.-Feb.1957）；reprinted in Challengers of the Unknown Archives，vol.1（DC Comics，2003）.

3."The Challengers'challenge"："ULTIVAC is Loose！，"Showcase#7，written by Dave Wood and drawn by Jack Kirby（DC Comics，Mar.-Apr.1957）；reprinted in Challengers of the Unknown Archives，vol.1（DC Comics，2003）.

4."In 1946，scientists at the University of Pennsylvania"：Quantum Legacy：The Discovery That Changed Our Universe，Barry Parker（Prometheus Books，2002）.

5."a Bell Labs scientist，Russell Ohl"：Crystal Fire：The Birth of the Information Age，Michael Riordan and Lillian Hoddeson（W.W.Norton and Co.，1997）.

6."Semiconductors make convenient light detectors"：Ibid.

7."smoke detector"：The Way Things Work，David Macaulay（Houghton Mifflin，1988）；How Everything Works：Making Physics Out of the Ordinary，Louis A.Bloomfield（John Wiley and Sons，2008）.

8."The Shadow，who in reality is Lamont Cranston，wealthy manabout-town"：The Shadow Scrapbook，Walter B.Gibson（Harcourt Brace Jovanovich，1979）.

9.Death Stalks the Shadow，author unknown（original air date October 9，1938，on the Mutual Network）.

10."when different chemical impurities are added"：Introduction to Solid State Physics，7th edition，Charles Kittel（John Wiley and Sons，1995）.

11."the junction between the p-type and n-type"：Crystal Fire：The Birth of the Information Age，Michael Riordan and Lillian Hoddeson（W.W.Norton and Co.，1997）.

12."Solid-state semiconductor diodes"：Physics of Semiconductor Devices，2nd edition，S.Sze（Wiley-Interscience，1981）；Electronics：Circuits and Devices，2nd edition，Ralph J.Smith（John Wiley and Sons，1980）.

13.two regions of an identical semiconductor are separated by a very thin insulator"：Ibid.

14."In 1939，Russell Ohl，a scientist at Bell Labs，was studying the electrical properties of semiconductors"：Crystal Fire：The Birth of the Information Age，Michael Riordan and Lillian Hoddeson（W.W.Norton and Co.，1997）.

15."a light-emitting diode（LED）is a pn junction"：Physics of Semiconductor Devices，2nd edition，S.Sze（Wiley-Interscience，1981）；Electronics：Circuits and Devices，2nd edition，Ralph J.Smith（John Wiley and Sons，1980）.

16."In the past thirty years the luminosity of these devices"："From Transistors to Lasers to Light-Emitting Diodes，"Nick Holonyak Jr.，MRS Bulletin，30，509（2005）；"The Quest for White LEDs Hits the Home Stretch，"Robert F.Service，Science 325，809（2009）.

第17章　晶体管和闪存设备

1."the invention of the transistor"：The Chip：How Two Americans Invented the Microchip and Launched a Revolution，T.R.Reid（Random House，2001）.

2."the field-effect structure"：Crystal Fire：The Birth of the Information Age，Michael Riordan and Lillian Hoddeson（W.W.Norton and Co.，1997）.

3."In 1958，just a year after the Challengers"：Ibid.

4."Estimates of the number of transistors"：Astronomy：The Solar System and Beyond，2nd edition，Michael A.Seeds（Brooks/Cole，2001）；"One Billion Transistors，One Uniprocessor，One Chip，"Yale N.Patt，Sanjay Patel，Marius Evers，Daniel H.Friendly，and Jared Stark，IEEE Computer（September 1997）.

5."the transport of a single electron can be detected"："The Single Electron Transistor，"M.A.Kastner，Rev.Mod.Phys.，64，849（1992）；"Artificial Atoms，"Marc A.Kastner，Physics Today（January 1993）.

6."a complex literature using an alphabet consisting of only two letters"：The Chip：How Two Americans Invented the Microchip and Launched a Revolution，T.R.Reid（Random House，2001）.

7."Flash memory devices add a second metal electrode"："A Floating-Gate and Its Application to Memory Devices，"D.Kahng and S.M.Sze，The Bell System Technical Journal 46（1967），p.1288；"Introduction to Flash Memory，"R.Bez，E.Camerlenghi，A.Modelli，and A.Visconti，Proceedings of the IEEE 91（2003），p.489；"Reviews and Prospects of Non-Volatile Semiconductor Memories，"F.Masuoka，R.Shirota，and K.Sakui，IEICE Transactions E 74（1991），p.868.

8."What's the point of the second metal layer"："Volatile and Non-Volatile Memories in Silicon with Nano-Crystal Storage，"S.Ti-wari，F.Rana，K.Chan，H.Hanafi，W.Chan，and D.Buchanan，IEDM Technical Digest（1995），p.521.

9.Amazing Stories（Teck Publications，December 1936）.

10."Wrist phones that are capable of video transmission"："Bell Labs Reports Progress on'Dick Tracy'Watch，"APS News 8，6（June 1999）；"Yesterday's Dreams and Today's Reality in Telecommunications，"Robert W.Lucky，Technology in Society 26（2004），p.223.

第18章　自旋电力学和硬盘驱动器

1."devices characterized as'spintronic'"："Spintronics，"David D.Awschalom，Michael E.Flatte，and Nitin Samarth，Scientific American（June 2002）.

2."'giant magnetoresistance'"："Giant Magnetoresistance of（001）Fe/（001）Cr Magnetic Superlattices，"M.N.Baibich，J.M.Broto，A.Fert，F.Nguyen Van Dau，F.Petroff，P.Eitenne，G.Creuzet，A.Friederich，and J.Chazelas，Physical Review Letters 61（1988），p.2472；"Enhanced Magnetoresistance in Layered Magnetic Structures with Antiferromagnetic Interlayer Exchange，"G.Binasch，P.Griinberg，F.Saurenbach，and W.Zinn，Physical Review B 39（1989），p.4828.

3."In any real metal wire there will be defects"：Introduction to Solid State Physics，7th edition，Charles Kittel（John Wiley and Sons，1995）.

4."Imagine a flow of electrons perpendicular"："Spintronics，"David D.Awschalom，Michael E.Flatte，and Nitin Samarth，Scientific American（June 2002）.

5."magnetic sensors on hard drives that employ another quantum mechanical phenomenon—tunneling"："Frontiers in spin-polarized tunneling，"Jagadeesh S.Moodera，Guo-Xing Miao，and Tiffany S.Santos，Physics Today（April 2010）.

6."the first（expensive）transistor radio"：The Chip：How Two Americans Invented the Microchip and Launched a Revolution，T.R.Reid（Random House，2001）.

第19章　X射线视力和核磁共振成像

1.X：The Man with the X-ray Eyes，written by Robert Dillon and Ray Russell and directed by Roger Corman（Alta Vista Productions，1963）.

2."Associated with the spin is a small intrinsic magnetic field"：Quantum Physics of Atoms，Molecules，Solids，Nuclei，and Particles，Robert Eisberg and Robert Resnick（John Wiley and Sons，1974）.

3."The idea begins to form"：How Does MRI Work？An Introduction to the Physics and Function of Magnetic Resonance Imaging，Dominik Weishaupt，Victor D.Koechli，and Borut Marincek（Springer，2008）.

4."spatial resolution throughout a cross section"：Naked to the Bone：Medical Imaging in the Twentieth Century，Bettyann Holtzmann Kevles（Rutgers University Press，1997）.

5."functional magnetic resonance imaging"：Introduction to Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging：Principles and Techniques，Richard B.Buxton（Cambridge University Press，2002）.

6.The Demolished Man，Alfred Bester（Shasta Publishers，1953）.

7.More Than Human，Theodore Sturgeon（Farrar，Straus and Young，1953）.

8.The Cosmic Rape，Theodore Sturgeon（Pocket Books，1958）.

9.Village of the Damned，written by Stirling Silliphant，Wolf Rilla，and Ronald Kinnoch and directed by Wolf Rilla（Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer，1960）.

10."to directly discern a person's thoughts and intentions"："The Brain on the Stand：How Neuroscience Is Transforming the Legal System，"Jeffrey Rosen，The New York Times Magazine（March 11，2007）；"Duped，"Margaret Talbot，The New Yorker（July 2，2007）；"Head Case，"Virginia Hughes，Nature 464，340（March 18，2010）.

第20章　量子计算机和量子通信

1."In this way the'ones'and'zeros'"：The Chip：How Two Americans Invented the Microchip and Launched a Revolution，T.R.Reid（Random House，2001）.

2."analog-to-digital converter"：How Everything Works：Making Physics Out of the Ordinary，Louis A.Bloomfield（John Wiley and Sons，2008）.

3."the newest multitouch versions"："Hands-On Computing，"Stuart F.Brown，Scientific American（July 2008）.

4."'semiconductor spintronic'devices"："Spintronics，"David D.Awschalom，Michael E.Flatte，and Nitin Samarth，Scientific American（June 2002）.

5."resulting temperature rise...can limit the integrated circuit's performance"：Electronics：Circuits and Devices，2nd edition，Ralph J.Smith（John Wiley and Sons，1980）.

6."A'quantum computer'is a different beast entirely"：A Shortcut Through Time：The Path to the Quantum Computer，George Johnson（Vintage Books，2003）.

7."A small-scale prototype quantum computer"："Algorithms for Quantum Computation：Discrete Logarithms and Factoring，"Peter Shor，Proceedings of the 35th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science，p.124（IEEE Computer Society Press，1994）；an accessible summary of Shor's algorithm can be found in Chapter 5 of A Shortcut Through Time：The Path to the Quantum Computer，George Johnson（Vintage Books，2003）.

8.Transformers，written by Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman and directed by Michael Bay（Dreamworks，2007）.

9."the reason that the quantum ribbon can represent all four possible outcomes simultaneously"：Teleportation：The Impossible Leap，David Darling（John Wiley and Sons，2005）.

10."Einstein smelled a rat in this scenario"：Ibid.；The God Effect：Quantum Entanglement，Science's Strangest Phenomenon，Brian Clegg（St.Martin's Griffin，2006）.

11."'spooky action at a distance'"：Einstein：His Life and Universe，Walter Isaacson（Simon and Schuster，2007）.

12，"Books have been written over the question"：And I'm not kidding！See，for example，The Physics of Quantum Information：Quantum Cryptography，Quantum Teleportation，Quantum Computation，edited by D.Bouwmeester，A.K.Ekert，and A.Zeilinger（Springer-Verlag，2000）；Entanglement：The Greatest Mystery in Physics，Amir D.Aczel（John Wiley and Sons，2002）；A Shortcut Through Time：The Path to the Quantum Computer，George Johnson（Vintage Books，2003）；Quantum Computing，2nd edition，Mika Hirvensalo（Springer-Verlag，2004）；Teleportation：The Impossible Leap，David Darling（John Wiley and Sons，2005）；The God Effect：Quantum Entanglement，Science's Strangest Phenomenon，Brian Clegg（St.Martin's Griffin，2006）；The Age of Entanglement：When Quantum Physics Was Reborn，Louisa Gilder（Alfred A.Knopf，2008）.

13."the two electrons'wave functions must remain'entangled'"：A Shortcut Through Time：The Path to the Quantum Computer，George Johnson（Vintage Books，2003）.

14."recent experiments in'teleportation'"：Teleportation：The Impossible Leap，David Darling（John Wiley and Sons，2005）.

15."experiments...concerning two entangled quantum entities"："Experimental Entanglement Swapping：Entangling Photons That Never Interacted，"Jian-Wei Pan，Dik Bouwmeester，Harald Weinfurter，and Anton Zeilinger，Physical Review Letters 80，3891（1998），"Experiment and the Foundations of Quantum Physics，"Anton Zeilinger，Reviews of Modem Physics 71（1999），p.S288.

16."from a 1998 issue of the adventures of the Justice League of America"：/LA#19，written by Mark Waid and drawn by Howard Porter（DC Comics，1998）.

第21章　太阳能电池和纳米技术

1."'cavorite'"：Discovered by Dr.Cavor as described in The First Men in the Moon，H.G.Wells（George Newnes，1901）.

2."how much energy it takes to lift"：Conceptual Physics，Paul G.Hewitt（Prentice Hall，2002）.

3."every chemical reaction...on the order of an electron Volt"：Quantum Physics of Atoms，Molecules，Solids，Nuclei，and Particles，Robert Eisberg and Robert Resnick（John Wiley and Sons，1974）.

4."prototype jet packs have been able to keep test pilots aloft"：Jetpack Dreams：One Man's Up and Down（But Mostly Down）Search for the Greatest Invention That Never Was，Mac Montandon（Da Capo Press，2008）.

5.Iron Man，written by Mark Fergus，Hawk Ostby，Art Marcum，and Matt Holloway and directed by Jon Favreau（Marvel Studios，2008）.

6."According to the World Health Organization"："How Hard Is It to Convert Seawater to Fresh Drinking Water？"Ethan Trex，Mental Floss（August 2009）.

7."Global consumption of energy，which in 2005"：Energy，Vaclav Smil（Oneworld Publications，2006）.

8."The surface of the Earth receives"：Ibid.

9."present production capacity"："High Growth Reported for the Global Photovoltaic Industry，"Reuters（Mar.3，2009）；"A Solar Grand Plan，"Ken Zweibel，James Mason，and Vasilis Fthenakis，Scientific American（Jan.2008）.

10."two scientists，Johannes Bednorz and Karl Müller"：The Path of No Resistance：The Story of the Revolution in Superconductivity，Bruce Schechter（Simon and Schuster，1989）.

11."'thermoelectrics'"：Thermoelectrics Handbook：Macro to Nano，edited by D.M.Rowe（CRC，2005）.

12."extract electrical power from random vibrations involves nanogenerators"："Self-Powered Nanotech，"Zhong Lin Wang，Scientific American（January 2008）；"Nanogenerators Tap Waste Energy to Power Ultrasmall Electronics，"Robert F.Service，Science 328，304（2010）.

13."In a battery，making use of essentially a reverse electrolysis process"：Batteries in a Portable World：A Handbook on Rechargeable Batteries for Non-Engineers，2nd Edition，Isidor Buchmann（Cadex Electronics，2001）；The Battery：How Portable Power Sparked a Technological Revolution，Henry Schlesinger（Smithsonian，2010）.

14."improvements in the energy content and storage capacity of rechargeable batteries"：Batteries in a Portable World：A Handbook on Rechargeable Batteries for Non-Engineers，2nd Edition，Isidor Buchmann（Cadex Electronics，2001）

15."Nanotextured electrodes"：-"Nanostructured Electrodes and the Low-Temperature Performance of Li-Ion Batteries，"Charles R.Sides and Charles R.Martin，Advanced Materials，17，128（2005）；"High-Rate，Long-Life Ni-Sn Nanostructured Electrodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries，"J.Hassoun，S.Panero，P.Simon，P.L.Tabema，and B.Scrosati，Advanced Materials，19，1632（2007）.

16."silicon nanoscale wires"："High-Performance Lithium Battery Anodes Using Silicon Nanowires，"C.K.Chan，H.Peng，G.Liu，K.Mcllwrath，X.F.Zhang，R.A.Huggins，and Y.Cui，Nature Nanotechnology 3，31（2008）.

17."Nanoscale filaments woven into textiles"："Smart Nanotextiles：A Review of Materials and Applications，"S.Coyle，Y.Wu，K.T.Lau，D.DeRossi，G.Wallace，and D.Diamond，Materials Research Society Bulletin 32（May 2007），p.434.

18."highly refined pharmaceutical delivery systems"："Less Is More in Medicine，"A.Paul Alivisatos，Scientific American Reports 17（2007），p.72.

后　记

1."Buck Rogers newspaper strips"：Buck Rogers in the 25th Century：The Complete Newspaper Dailies，vol.1，1929-1930，written by Philip Nowlan and drawn by Richard Calkins（Hermes Press，2008）.

2."New Wiring Idea May Make the All-Electric House Come True，"：Science Illustrated（May 1949）.

3."in 1960 sales of Superman comics"：The Ten-Cent Plague：The Great Comic-Book Scare and How It Changed America，David Hajdu（Farrar，Straus and Giroux，2008）.

4.Adventure Comics#247，written by Otto Binder and drawn by Al Plastino（DC Comics，1958）；reprinted in Legion of Superheroes Archives，vol.1（DC Comics，reissue edition，1991）.

5.Adventure#321，written by Edmond Hamilton and drawn by John Forte（DC Comics，June 1964）；reprinted in Showcase Presents Legion of Superheroes，vol.1（DC Comics，2007）.

6."Similarly，over at Marvel Comics"：See，for example，Marvel Masterworks Atlas Era Tales to Astonish，vol.1（Marvel Comics，2006）and vol.2（Marvel Comics，2008）；Marvel Masterworks Atlas Era Tales of Suspense，vol.1（Marvel Comics，2006）and vol.2（Marvel Comics，2008）；Amazing Fantasy Omnibus（Marvel Comics，2007）.

7.Tales to Astonish#13，"I Challenged Groot！the Monster from Planet X！"written by Stan Lee and Larry Lieber and drawn by Jack Kirby（Marvel Comics，Nov.1960）；reprinted in Marvel Masterworks Atlas Era Tales to Astonish，vol.2（Marvel Comics，2008）.

8.Strange Tales#90，"Orrgo...the Unconquerable，"written by Stan Lee and Larry Lieber and drawn by Jack Kirby（Marvel Comics，Nov.1961）.