2.1　Sample Collection

Samples of the O.sinensis host insect(Thitarodes sp.)were isolated from the natural O.sinensis，which contained both the stroma and the moth cadaver.Fresh specimens were purchased in a local market in Guoluo，Qinghai Province，China(Latitude 34.48°N，Longitude 100.23°E).All fresh O.sinensis specimens were washed thoroughly on site in running water with gentle brushing，soaked in 75%ethanol for 10min for surface sterilization and washed again 3 times with sterile water.These samples were snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen immediately after sampling，transported to our laboratory by using the solid carbon dioxide，and stored at—80℃until further use.The natural O.sinensis was preliminarily identified based on morphological characteristics(Shrestha et al.，2010).(https://www.daowen.com)