References
［1］ P.Wang，N.M.Fiaschi-Taesch，R.C.Vasavada，D.K.Scott，A.Garcia-Ocana，A.F.Stewart.Diabetes mellitus—advances and challenges in human beta-cell pro-liferation，Nat.Rev.Endocrinol.11(4)(2015)201-212.
［2］ M.Cnop，N.Welsh，J.C.Jonas，A.Jörns，S.Lenzen，D.L.Eizirik.Mechanisms of pancreaticβ-cell death in type 1 and type 2 diabetes many differences，few simi-larities，Diabetes 54(Suppl 2)(2005)S97-107.
［3］ D.Liu，D.Pavlovic，M.C.Chen，M.Flodstrom，S.Sandler，D.L.Eizirik.Cytokines induce apoptosis in beta-cells isolated from mice lacking the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase，Diabetes 49(7)(2000)1116-1122.
［4］ M.Stumvoll，B.J.Goldstein，T.W.van Haeften.Type 2 diabetes：principles of pa-thogenesis and therapy，Lancet 365(9467)(2005)1333-1346.
［5］ M.Alsahli，J.E.Gerich.Hypoglycemia，Chronic kidney disease，and diabetes mellitus，Mayo Clin.Proc.89(11)(2014)1564-1571.
［6］ R.P.Robertson，J.Harmon，P.O.Tran，Y.Tanaka，H.Takahashi.Glucose toxicity inβ-cells：type 2 diabetes，good radicals gone Bad，and the glutathione connection，Diabetes 52(3)(2003)581-587.
［7］ A.J.Meijer，P.Codogno.Autophagy：a sweet process in diabetes，Cell Metab.8(4)(2008)275-276.
［8］ F.Cecconi，B.Levine.The role of autophagy in mammalian development：cell makeover rather than cell death，Dev.Cell 15(3)(2008)344-357.
［9］ K.Mao，D.J.Klionsky.AMPK activates autophagy by phosphorylating ULK1，Circ.Res.108(7)(2011)787-788.
［10］ N.Mizushima，B.Levine.Autophagy in mammalian development and differentiation，Nat.Cell Biol.12(9)(2010)823-830.
［11］ A.Eisenberg-Lerner，S.Bialik，H.U.Simon，A.Kimchi.Life and death partners：apoptosis，autophagy and the cross-talk between them，Cell Death Differ.16(7)(2009)966-975.
［12］ C.P.Commission.Chinese Pharmacopoeia Chinese Pharmacopoeia，The Medicine Science and Technology Press of China，2015，pp.1431-1432.(https://www.daowen.com)
［13］ C.Xin，Z.Xia，J.Cheng，M.Lin，G.Li.Xiaokeping mixture inhibits diabetic nephropathy in streptozotocin-induced rats through blocking TGF-β1/Smad7 signaling，Drug.Des.Dev.Ther.9(2015)6269-6274.
［14］ I.Vermes，C.Haanen，H.Steffens-Nakken，C.Reutellingsperger.A novel assay for apoptosis flow cytometric detection of phosphatidylserine expression on early apoptotic cells using fluorescein labelled annexin V，J.Immunol.Methods 184(1)(1995)39-51.
［15］ L.Xia，Y.Su，H.Wang，Z.Li，X.Yao，R.Wang，J.Li，Z.Li.Investigations in the effects of Xiaokeping reducing blood glucose，J.Shandong Coll.Tradit.Chin.Med.3(1985)13-14.
［16］ Y.Yuan.Production process and clinical effects of Xiaokeping，a new proprietary Chinese medicine，Qilu Pharma.Aff.2(1985)26-30.
［17］ H.S.Jung，K.W.Chung，J.Won Kim，J.Kim，M.Komatsu，K.Tanaka，Y.H.Nguyen，T.M.Kang，K.-H.Yoon，J.-W.Kim，Y.T.Jeong，M.S.Han，M.-K.Lee，K.-W.Kim，J.Shin，M.-S.Lee.Loss of autophagy diminishes pancreaticβ-cell mass and function with resultant hyperglycemia，Cell Metab.8(4)(2008)318-324.
［18］ J.Wu，F.Kong，Q.Pan，Y.Du，J.Ye，F.Zheng，H.Li，J.Zhou.Autophagy protects against cholesterol-induced apoptosis in pancreaticβ-cells，Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun.482(4)(2017)678-685.
［19］ B.Xiao，R.Heath，P.Saiu，F.C.Leiper，P.Leone，C.Jing，P.A.Walker，L.Haire，J.F.Eccleston，C.T.Davis，S.R.Martin，D.Carling，S.J.Gamblin.Structural basis for AMP binding to mammalian AMP-activated protein kinase，Nature 449(7161)(2007)496-500.
［20］ D.-H.Kim，D.D.Sarbassov，S.M.Ali，J.E.King，R.R.Latek，H.Erdjument-Bromage，P.Tempst，D.M.Sabatini.m TOR interacts with raptor to form a nutrient-sensitive complex that signals to the cell growth machinery，Cell 110(2)(2002)163-175.
［21］ J.S.Moon，U.Karunakaran，S.Elumalai，I.-K.Lee，H.W.Lee，Y.-W.Kim，K.C.Won.Metformin prevents glucotoxicity by alleviating oxidative and ER stress-induced CD36 expression in pancreatic beta cells，J.Diabetes Complicat.31(1)(2017)21-30.
［22］ M.Shimoda，Y.Kanda，S.Hamamoto，K.Tawaramoto，M.Hashiramoto，M.Matsuki，K.Kaku.The human glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue liraglutide preserves pancreatic beta cells via regulation of cell kinetics and suppression of oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress in a mouse model of diabetes，Diabetologia 54(5)(2011)1098-1108.
［23］ X.Lai，X.Kang，L.Zeng，J.Li，Y.Yang，D.Liu.The protective effects and genetic pathways of thorn grape seeds oil against high glucose-induced apoptosis in pancreaticβ-cells，BMC Complement.Altern.Med.14(2014)10.
［24］ Y.Jin，S.Liu，Q.Ma，D.Xiao，L.Chen.Berberine enhances the AMPK activation and autophagy and mitigates high glucose-induced apoptosis of mouse podocytes，Eur.J.Pharmacol.794(2017)106-114.