Translation
七、合并译法
所谓合并译法，简称合译法，是指把原文中两个或两个以上的词合译成一个词，将两个或两个以上的简单句合译为一个句子，或将一个复合句在译文中用一个简单句来表达。
（一）英汉互译中的词语合译
A．同义词的合译
英汉两种语言中都有连用同义词以强调其表达的意思的情况，英语常用的是成对词，而汉语常用的是一条前后两个部分为同一意思的四字成语或两条同义成语。翻译中在处理这类表达时，把两个或两个以上的同义词合译成一个词，使译文意思清楚，结构整齐，避免重复或累赘。
1．fair and square 公平
2．hard and fast 严格
3．forgive and forget 宽容
4．right and proper 正确
5．cozy and comfortable 舒适
6．植树造林 plant trees
7．痴心妄想 wishful thinking／fond dream
8．粗心大意 careless／negligent
9．丰功伟绩 great（or magnificent）contributions
10．灵丹妙药 miraculous cure／heal-all
B．非同义词的合译
将内在意义存在一定相关性的一些非同义词合译在一起，能使译文信息圆满的同时，文字更易为读者所接受。
1．It smelled a sweet，intense smell of fruit．
译文：它发出了水果的浓香味。
2．The soft green of the trees had changed to wiry branches．
译文：树木已经枝枯叶落。
3．My idyll would have been perfect had it not been for a persistent bee that began buzzing around me．
译文：要不是有个蜜蜂在我身边嗡嗡个不停，我一定会非常安闲自在。
英语和汉语各有其独特的语言表达模式。比如英语词语搭配力比较强，一个动词和一个介词都可与多个词搭配，在翻译时，可考虑用汉语的固定搭配，或者四字结构去翻译，不需逐词译出。这样使得译文更加流畅，更符合汉语的语言习惯。
1．I was examined and re-examined．
译文：我受到再三诘问。
2．Kino hurrying towards his house，felt a surge of exhilaration．
译文：基洛加快步伐，兴致勃勃地朝自己家走去。
3．All the ones we have seen here have four-star abilities with five-star ambitions．
译文：我们在此看到的所有人都是些眼高手低之辈。
4．We should stick to the Four Cardinal Principles and press ahead with reform and opening-up．
译文：我们应该坚持四项基本原则，改革开放。
（二）英译汉中的句子合译
英译汉中，一般是把一个英语句子译成一个汉语句子。但是，由于英汉两种语言的句子结构、修辞手段和表达习惯不同，翻译时不能一律把每个英文句子都译成一个汉语句子，否则就可能出现句子臃肿，层次不清或语气不畅等弊病。因此必要时可以把一个英语复合句或两个甚至两个以上的英语简单句译成一个汉语简单句。这种减句量的翻译方法即为合译法。利用合译法可省掉部分重复的词语或句子成分，使译文更加紧凑明确，也更符合汉语表达习惯。
A．简单句与简单句合译为汉语单句
1．He would miss many things and many people．He would miss Mary．
译文：他会想念许许多多往事，许许多多朋友，也会想起玛丽。
2．A draft is an order to pay．It is made out by an exporter and presented to the importer，usually through a bank．
译文：汇票是索款的票据，由出口商开出，一般通过银行提示给进口商。
3．His eyes were triumphantly cold．There was no light in them，no feeling，no interest．
译文：他的目光傲慢冷酷，呆滞无光，淡漠无情。
4．This novel is of no great literary merit．It is merely a pot-boiler．
译文：这部小说纯属胡编乱造，没有多大文学价值。
5．People are the same everywhere．They are born．They are babies．They are children．They are adults．They grow old．They die．
译文：各地的人都是一样的。人们生下来都要经历从婴儿、儿童、成年人直至衰老死亡的各个人生阶段。
B．主从复合句合译为汉语单句
1．I was wandering when I saw a notice outside a Sunday School．
译文：闲逛时看到主日学校门外贴着一张广告。
2．I can understand your point of view even though I disagree with it．
译文：就算我不同意你的观点我也能谅解。
3．Americans have a great range of customs and habits that at first may seem puzzling to a visitor．
译文：美国人有许多风俗习惯在陌生人看来是颇为费解的。
C．并列复合句合译为汉语单句
1．The Post Office was helpful，and Marconi applied in June 1896 for the world’s first radio patent．
译文：在英国邮局的帮助下，马可尼于1896年6月申请了世界上第一项无线电专利。
2．Sulfuric acid enters into the manufacture of explosives，dye-stuffs and drugs；it is used in sugar refining and in the preparation of fertilizers．
译文：硫酸被用来制造炸药、染料、药物、食糖和化肥等。
D．多个英语简单句合译为一个汉语联合复句
1．Confucius was a believer in moral action and in what we today call human development．He advocated the establishment of harmony within the social order．
译文：孔子信仰道德的行为，信仰我们今天所说的人的发展，提倡在社会秩序内建立和谐。
2．Young people don’t hesitate to attempt one thing after another．Eager to experiment，they welcome new ideas．They are restless and alive and never satisfied．They seek perfection．
译文：年轻人总是不停地探索，急于实验，乐于接受新的思想。他们充满活力，永不满足，追求尽善尽美。
3．Towards evening，the attack of the French slackened in its fury．They had other foes besides the British to engage，or were preparing for a final onset．
译文：将近傍晚，法军的攻势逐渐松懈，或许因为它们除了英国人之外还有别的交战敌人，或许正在准备发动最后的一次总攻击。
（三）汉译英中的句子合译
汉语强调意合，句子结构较为松散，往往简单句居多，而且句与句之间经常没有显见的连接词语。而英语强调形合，其句子如参天大树，无数细枝末节的信息会利用各种连接手段串联起来，成为大树的繁茂枝叶。鉴于英汉语言中存在此差异，翻译时常常需要通过各种可能的方式将细碎的汉语短句连接起来，合译为逻辑合理、关系紧密的英语长句。常见翻译方法有如下三类：
A．使用从句
采用状语从句、定语从句、同位语从句等将多个汉语短句译为长句。
a．使用状语从句
汉语短句之间往往存在着因果、转折、条件等逻辑关系。翻译时，首先要弄清汉语的句法结构，理顺汉语各短句间的逻辑关系，可添加恰当的连接词将此类汉语短句转为状语从句。例如：
1．这位美术爱好者对着倾斜的龙柏凝视片刻，灵感的火花瞬间映亮心窗。
译文：The amateur artist was staring at the bent cypress when inspiration flashed into his mind．
2．讲动武，祥子不能打个老人，也不能打个姑娘。他的力量没地方用。（老舍：《骆驼祥子》）
译文：It was impossible for Xiangzi to hit an old man or a woman，so there was no where for him to use his strength．
3．外面下着瓢泼大雨，他哪儿也去不了，只能待在家看书。
译文：Because it was raining cats and dogs outside ，he could go nowhere but stayed at home reading books．
b．使用定语从句
在汉语中，如果两个句子中有重复出现的名词或名词短语，翻译时可以尝试将其中处于次要位置的句子处理为定语从句，重复的名词（短语）用关系词which、that、who等替代。
1．子曰：“人无远虑，必有近忧。”(https://www.daowen.com)
译文：Confucius said，“He who does not think of the future is certain to have immediate worries．”
2．任何一个人，如果不努力学习新东西，都会被时代所淘汰。
译文：Any person who fails to master new things will be left behind the times．
3．香港是购物天堂，对各国游客产生了巨大的诱惑力。
译文：Hong Kong is a shopping mecca that greatly attracts tourists from all over the world．
c．使用同位语从句
在英语中，同位语从句的作用是对先行词进行具体的解释和说明。如果汉语中的短句A解释和说明了短语B中的某个名词，翻译时可以尝试将短句A译为短句B的同位语从句。
1．数月后报纸上登出一则消息，爱丁堡大学将新开设中文课。
译文：A couple of months later，newspapers carried the news that Edingburg University was going to offer a course of the Chinese language．
2．发展是硬道理，我们都必须坚持这一原则。
译文：We should all embrace the principle that development is the absolute truth．
3．许多人得出这样的结论：从长远来看，花钱请专业人员来干比自己动手更经济。
译文：Many people have come to the conclusion that the expense of paying professionals to do work is，in the long run，less than that of doing it themselves．
B．使用非谓语动词结构
采用现在分词、过去分词、动词不定式等将多个汉语短句译为长句。
a．使用分词
英语中存在大量的现在分词和过去分词，这两者兼具动词、形容词和副词的特性，可在句子中充当主语、宾语、定语和状语等。汉译英时可酌情将一些汉语短语译为分词，连接到主句上。
1．爱丽丝站在我身边，帮我拿起电报。她的手在微微颤动。
译文：Her hands slightly trembling ，Alice helped me to pick up the telegram．
2．阿Q没有说完话，拔步便跑；追来的是一匹很肥大的黑狗。
译文：Leaving his sentence unfinished，Ah Q took to his heels as fast as he could，followed by a huge fat black dog．
3．我们必须抓住新的机遇，迎接新的挑战，采取更加有力的措施，以更为积极的姿态扩大对外开放，力争对外贸易和吸收外资有新的增长。
译文：We must seize new opportunities and meet new challenges，opening ourselves wider to the outside world more actively，and taking more effective measures to expand foreign trade and absorb more foreign funds．
b．使用不定式短语
动词不定式在英语中应用广泛，具有名词、形容词和副词的句法功能，同时又具有动词的某些特性，有时态和语态的变化。动词不定式可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语等。
1．只要有耐心去练，任何人都可以熟练地使用筷子享用中餐。
译文：Anyone can use chopsticks well enough to enjoy a Chinese meal as long as he patiently practices．
2．这个问题不解决，势必严重损害两国之间的关系。
译文：The failure to settle this issue is bound to impair the relations between the two countries seriously．
3．中国的房子通常都坐北朝南，以便接受冬天的阳光和夏日的清风。
译文：Chinese houses usually face the south so as to have warm sunshine in winter and cool breezes in summer．
C．使用短语
a．使用名词短语
书面英语中存在较多的名词短语，有些名词短语带有鲜明的动作特征，能用简短的内容传递出丰富的信息。汉译英时，可尝试将一些动词短语或短句译为名词短语，充当译文的主语或宾语等，使译文的表达更简练，句子结构更紧凑。
1．杭州是中国的“丝绸之府”，丝绸产品品种繁多。
译文：Hangzhou，the home of silk in China ，boasts a great variety of silk products．
2．月饼是圆的，象征团圆的意思。
译文：The mooncakes are round，a symbol of the reunion of the family．
3．西安是古丝绸之路的起点，也是中国历史上建都最多的城市之一。
译文：Xi’an，the starting point of the ancient Silk Road，was capital intermittently for many dynasties in Chinese history．
b．使用介词短语
英语中很多介词短语都含有动词性语义，译时可以酌情将一些短句译为带有动词性语义的介词短语。例如，介词behind、against可分别表示“支持”和“反对”之意，with，without可分别表示“有”和“没有”之意，还有很多此类介词等。
1．北京是世界历史文化名城，有3 000多年的历史，有着众多的名胜古迹。
译文：Bejing is a famous historical and cultural city in the world，with numerous sites of interest and a history of 3，000 years．
2．现有800多家中药制药厂，年产量超过40万吨，品种达5 000多个。
译文：There are more than 800 pharmaceutical factories of Chinese drugs with annual production over 400，000 tons in more than 5，000 varieties．
3．上海博物馆是一座大型中国古代艺术博物馆，共有3个展厅和11个专馆，总面积38 000平方米。
译文：The Shanghai Museum is a large museum of ancient Chinese art，totaling 38，000 square meters，with three exhibition halls and eleven galleries．
小结
由于英汉两种语言在词汇构成和句子结构上存在的差异，在英汉互译中需要适当依据实际情况采用必要的合并译法，这种译法在句子的汉译英中体现得更加突出，译者需要熟练掌握这种方法，以便使译文更加简洁自然、流畅地道。
＼思考与练习＼
一、思考并简要回答以下问题。
1．英译汉时的复句的合译应该注意些什么？
2．汉译英时句子的合译有哪些方法？
3．在词语的合译中，英译汉和汉译英的不同点是什么？
二、句子英译汉：运用合并译法翻译以下句子。
1．Some trains carry trucks and take them to other places．Then the trucks can travel on the roads．
2．It seemed to him that he was being very cool and logical and that she was putting him deliberately in the wrong．
3．Darkness fell．An explosion shook the earth．It did not shake his will to go to the front．
4．I pulled up a chair and sat down．I sat with my legs wide apart at first．But this struck me as being irreverent and too familiar．So I put my knees together and let my hands rest loosely on them．
5．The young man was very miserable．He had no money for him．All his savings had been stolen．
6．He took out a match and lit the candle．A light lit up the darkness．
7．The liquid water is heated so that it becomes steam．
8．The judge said it was difficult to comprehend why the police acted so in this matter．
三、句子汉译英：运用合并译法翻译以下句子。
1．离公园几个街区便是与公园平行的克莱门特街。那儿有几十家民族餐厅，热闹得如同第二个唐人街。
2．中国是一个大国，百分之八十的人口从事农业，但耕地面积只占土地面积的十分之一，其余为山脉、森林、城镇和其他用地。
3．和平是促进发展的前提条件，发展则是维护和平的重要基础。
4．中国人喝茶的历史较短，三国以后江南人才开始喝茶。
5．我爱北京。我特别爱黎明前的北京。
6．中国古代的读书人要想替国家做事，必须先把家庭治理好。
7．据我所知，今天有许多嘉宾要致词祝贺。这真是令人期待。
8．为了进行真实细致的考察，他很少乘车坐船，几乎全靠双脚翻山越岭，长途跋涉；为了弄清大自然的真相，他总是挑选道路艰险的山区、人迹稀少的森林进行考察。
四、段落英译汉。
I was helping father on the winnower．It was right then I got the idea．I could whack a chunk off the end of that bar of chocolate．Mother would be sure miss it，but before she had any idea who had done it，I could confess I’d taken it．Probably I would not even get a spanking．
I waited until mother was out feeding the chickens．Then I told father I thought I’d go in for a drink of water．I got the bar down，but I heard mother coming just when I had the knife ready to whack．So I slipped the chocolate into the front of my shirt and left quickly．Before I went back to help father，I went to the barn and hid the chocolate there．
五、段落汉译英。
中国画线条简单，却能给人无限的想象空间。所以中国人看画，事实上是在心里作画。也许有人会问：中国的山水画家为什么老是喜欢画一些简陋的茅屋，而不画高大的建筑呢？这是因为中国人觉得物质生活是短暂的，人的精神却是永恒的。一个人如果领悟了天地的辽阔，山水的悠久，他还能不觉察自己的渺小，而变得谦虚吗？