Translation
九、长句译法
由于表达复杂思想逻辑的需要,英汉语言中都存在一定数量的长句。这些长句的理解和翻译具有一定难度,需要掌握相关技巧,结合具体句法特征进行合适处理才能译出其确切含义,并使译文在结构和逻辑上符合译入语表达习惯。
(一)英语长句的译法
翻译英语长句时,首先需要分析各部分间的语法关系及逻辑关系,弄清整个句子的中心内容及各层意思,接着根据汉语的特点、表达习惯和方式,正确地译出原文的意思。英语长句的常见译法主要有以下三种:顺序法、变序法、拆译法。
A.顺序法
当英语长句的内容叙述层次与汉语基本一致时,可以按照英语原文表达的层次顺序翻译成汉语,从而使译文与英语原文的顺序基本保持一致。为了使前后语气衔接,亦可增加必要的词语。例如:
1.But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited,and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their“expectation of life”,the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials.
该句的主干结构为It is realized that...,it为形式主语,that引导主语从句及并列的it is even possible to...结构,其中的不定式作真正的主语,the time...是expectation of life的同位语,进一步解释其含义,而time后面的句子是它的定语从句。依照原文顺序全句可译为:
可是现在人们意识到,其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的,人们甚至还可以比较合理地估计出这些矿物质“有望存在多少年”,也就是说,经过若干年后,这些矿物的全部已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽。
更多采用顺序法的例句如下:
2.Prior to the twentieth century,women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individuals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture.
译文:在20世纪以前,小说中的妇女像都是一个模式。她们没有任何特点,因而无法成为具有个性的人;她们还要屈从于由男性主宰的文化传统强加给她们的种种束缚。
3.It is quite obvious that the organization of such a computer becomes rather complex,since one must ensure that a mix-up does not occur among all the various problems and that the correct information is available for the computer when it is called for,but if not,the computation will wait until it is available.
译文:十分明显,这样一台计算机的结构变得相当复杂,因为必须保证它在处理各种各样的问题时不产生混淆,而且计算机所需的正确信息可随要随有,如果一时没有,就要等到有了再进行计算。
B.变序法
英语的部分长句在表达顺序上与汉语表达习惯不同,甚至完全相反,这时就需要从原文后面开始译,逆着原文的顺序来表达,或是适当改变语序,以符合汉语表达习惯。举例如下:
1.It therefore becomes more and more important that,if students are not to waste their opportunities,there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.
该句由一个主句,一个条件状语从句和一个宾语从句构成,“……变得越来越重要”是主句,也是整个句子的中心内容。全句包含三个谓语结构,分别表达了三层含义:①……变得越来越重要;②如果要使学生充分利用他们的机会;③得为他们提供大量更为详尽的信息,作更多的指导。为使译文更加符合中文表达习惯,此句可采用变序法翻译如下:
因此,②如果要使学生充分利用他们(上大学)的机会,③就得为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详尽的信息,作更多的指导。①这个问题显得越来越重要了。
译文表达变成了②—③—①的顺序。更多例子如下:
2.①A crimson blush came over Juliet’s face,②yet unseen by Romeo by reason of the night,③when she reflected upon the discovery which she had made,yet not meaning to make it,of her love to Romeo.
译文:朱丽叶想到自己无意中让罗密欧知道了她对他的爱,脸上就泛起了一阵红晕;可是因为夜色昏暗,罗密欧没有看见。(注:译文顺序变成了③—①—②)
3.①I immediately stopped what was to me the almost incredible practice of②having the president’s bed from the White House flown ahead③whenever he traveled outside Washington④so that he would never have to sleep in a strange bed.
译文:我立即停止了一种在我看来几乎是难以置信的惯例:总统离开华盛顿外出旅行,无论到什么地方,他在白宫睡的床要事先用飞机运到,这样他就永远不必睡陌生的床了。(注:译文顺序变成了①—③—②—④)
C.拆译法
倘若英语长句中的主语或主句与修饰成分的关系不是特别紧密,或者句中的并列成分较多,便可依据汉语中多用短句的表达习惯,将长句拆分成若干短句来翻译。为使句意前后连贯,有必要在适当的位置增加少量词语以增加衔接度,有时还需要适当调整语序。
1.①I must say that②his statement was laudable for its frankness and③quite plausible④on the basis of premises which,I’m afraid,are invalid⑤in the context of the United Nations Charter.
在此长句中,I must say...作为主句引导了后面的整个宾语从句,②③的表语成分较长,可以考虑拆成短句来表达,④⑤分别包含两个介宾短语,意义上相对独立,亦可采用汉语小句分而述之。译文如下:
应当说,他发言坦率,这是值得称赞的,听起来也颇有道理,然而按照联合国宪章的精神,这些话所依据的前提恐怕是站不住脚的。
请看更多译例:
2.The president said at a press conference dominated by questions on yesterday’s election results that he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a widespread defeat,which in the end would deprive the Republican Party of long-held superiority in the House.
译文:在一次记者招待会上,问题集中于昨天的选举结果,总统就此发了言。他说他不能解释为什么共和党遭到了这么大的失败,这一失败最终会使共和党失去在众议院长期占有的优势。
3.As my Lady Crawley was not one of these personages,and a woman,moreover,so indolent and void of character as not to be of the least consequence in her own house,Rebecca soon found that it was not all necessary to cultivate her good will—indeed,impossible to gain it.(from Vanity Fair)
译文:克劳利太太并非这种会影响她安适的人,她慵惰懒散,毫无个性,在自己家里也啥事都做不了主,所以吕贝卡很快就发现,自己压根儿没必要去讨她欢心——其实也不可能讨得她的欢心。(曹明伦 译)
以上三种译法是翻译英语长句时最常用的方法,必要时也可以综合使用。
(二)汉语长句的译法
汉语长句是指字数偏多、结构复杂、包含多层意思的句子。汉语长句与英语长句相比,具有两个显著的特点:一是从形式上看大多是并列结构,但实际上汉语句子各成分之间存在不同的逻辑关系,因此在翻译之前需要首先确定原句各成分之间的实际关系;二是汉语长句注重意合,各成分之间很少有连词连接,所以在翻译时有必要遵从英语的行文习惯,注意长短句结合,避免“连动句”(run-on sentence)和一味的并列结构。综合来看,汉语长句英译经常运用的方法有顺译法、合并法、断句法、变序法。其中合并法在前面第七单元已讲解,本章举例说明其他三种译法。
A.顺译法
如果汉语长句的内容结构与英文表达方式比较一致,在翻译时便可按原文顺序进行对译。这种方法多用于单一主语的句子,但译者在译文中要捋清全句的信息重心。
1.我给那些因为在近旁而极响的爆竹声惊醒,看见豆一般大的黄色的灯火光,接着又听得毕毕剥剥的鞭炮,是四叔家正在“祝福”了;知道已是五更将近时候。
原文叙述的主要事件包括我被爆竹声惊醒、看见灯光、听见鞭炮声,知道“祝福”了以及推算时间,这几层意思是按照事情发生的先后顺序展开的,译文也可以照此顺序译出,在形式和内容上忠实于原文,同时要注意在分句间添加必要的关联词。
译文:I was woken up by the noisy explosion of crackers close at hand and,from the faint glow shed by the yellow oil lamps and the bangs of fireworks as my uncle’s household celebrated the sacrifice,I knew that it must be nearly dawn.
以下译例同样采用了顺译法:
2.我们喝茶时,我不停地打量着她,看她那纤纤玉手,典雅的举止,亮晶晶的黑眼睛,清秀而没有表情的面庞。(https://www.daowen.com)
译文:When we had tea,I could not take my eyes from her small,delicate hands,the graceful way she moved,her bright,black eyes,and expressionless clear face.
3.在长期的大统一过程中,经济、文化交往把中国各民族紧密地联系在一起,从而形成了相互依存、相互促进、共同发展的关系,创造和发展了中华文明。
译文:During the long process of unification,economic and cultural exchanges brought the people of all ethic groups in China closely together,giving shape to a relationship of interdependence,mutual promotion and mutual development among them and contribution to the creation and development of the Chinese civilization.
B.断句法
断句法也叫分译法或拆分法,是指译者根据汉语长句的内容,先将其切分为数个意群,再逐一翻译的方法。之所以采用断句,是因为汉语句子结构比较松散,而英语句子结构比较严谨。
1.盛夏炎日,一走进浙江莫干山的林间小道就汗止心凉,加上清风拂煦,浑身有说不出的舒坦,忍不住要赞叹一声:莫干山,好一个清凉世界!
译文:No matter how hot it is“outside”,once you step onto the trail through the forest on Mogan Mountain in Zhejiang Province,the sweat withdraws from your body.In addition,the breeze refreshes you with a gentle caress.How cool it is!
分析:原文是一个长句,包含三层意思:第一层意思是盛夏走进莫干山的林间小道汗止心凉;第二层是莫干山的微风给人以舒坦的感觉;第三层则是作者由此发出的感叹。译文将原文译成三句话,把其中的三层意思清楚明了地呈现了出来。
2.灾难深重的中华民族,一百年来,其优秀人物奋斗牺牲,前赴后继,摸索救国救民的真理,是可歌可泣的。
译文:For a hundred years,the finest sons and daughters of the disaster-ridden Chinese nation fought and sacrificed their lives,one stepping into the breach as another fell,in quest of the truth that would save the country and the people.This moved us to songs and tears.
3.要充分重视自然科学理论包括现代数学、高能物理、分子生物学等基础理论的研究,忽视这一点就不能掌握和运用世界上先进的科学技术成果,不能很好地解决我们建设中遇到的重大问题。
译文:Full attention must be paid to theoretical research in the natural sciences,including such basic subjects as modern mathematics,high energy physics and molecular biology.Negligence in this respect will make it impossible for us to master and apply the results of advanced science and technology in the world to solve important problems in our construction.
C.变序法
汉民族在思维上历来注重悟性和直觉,强调“先发生的事先说,后发生的事后说”,语义通过语序表达出来。而英美人偏重理性思维,其语义通过逻辑关系表达出来。由于两种语言在语序上的差别,我们在翻译汉语长句时,尤其遇到修饰成分比较多的时候,就需要改变语序,有时甚至不得不将顺序完全颠倒,以符合英语的表达习惯。例如:
1.我们①为了照顾大局,②于同年秋末③在第三方的调解下,④开诚布公地⑤多次⑥强烈要求贵方赔偿我们的一切损失。
分析:本句状语颇多。如顺译,一方面会使主语“我们”和谓语部分“强烈要求”相距甚远,增加了读者的理解负担和心理负担,另一方面主语后状语过多过于复杂,句子的“尾巴”太大,句子显得沉重不堪。因此,我们应该考虑分割状语分布,保持句子平衡,使译文清晰易懂。
译文:③With the third party acting as an intermediary,①to take the interest of the whole into account,we⑥strongly demand④with frankness and sincerity⑤many times②at the end of the autumn of the same year that you should compensate for all our losses.
2.①四十年来,②武汉杂技③在继承了传统杂技技巧的基础上,④大胆吸收⑤其他姊妹艺术之长,⑥运用多种手段⑦将布景、灯光、服饰、道具、美术融为一体,⑧使杂技表演成为综合性的表演艺术。
译文:①For 40 years,③based on traditional techniques,②Wuhan acrobatics has④absorbed bravely⑤the strong points of other sister arts⑦and mixed together scenery,lighting,costume and fine arts⑥by using all kinds of artistic methods⑧so that the acrobatic performance becomes a comprehensive art of performance.
3.①合资企业的产品可有一部分在国内市场销售,②但为能满足合资企业再生产和③其他方面对外汇的需要,④至少应有70%的产品外销⑤以赚取外汇。
译文:①A portion of the products of the joint venture may be sold at domestic market④while at least 70% must be exported⑤to obtain foreign exchange②in order to meet the joint venture’s requirement for reproduction and③other outlays on foreign currency.
小结
英语长句和汉语长句各有自身的结构特点。英语长句是由“主语+谓语”扩展开来,在衔接方式上注重形合,而汉语是一种重意合、主题显著的语言,句中的主谓成分有时难以确认,在长句中尤其如此。两者的区别还体现在语序上,因此在英汉长句互译过程中尤其需要重视语序的调整。以上方法是最为常用的长句翻译方法,在实际操作中往往需要灵活和综合运用。
\思考与练习\
一、思考并简要回答以下问题。
1.造成英语长句的原因有哪些?
2.翻译英语长句时所用的变序法依据何在?
3.造成汉语长句的原因是什么?
二、句子英译汉:运用括号内提示技巧翻译以下长句。
1.From the standpoint of the developing countries,the next decade should see a greatly accelerated program for scientific and technological cooperation,aimed at wide-spread dissemination of technology for meeting the basic needs of men,such as nutrition,shelter,communications,health and sanitation.(顺序法)
2.A few stars are known which are hardly bigger than the earth,but the majority are so large that hundreds of thousands of earths could be packed inside each and leave room to spare;here and there we come upon a giant star enough to contain millions of millions of earths.(顺序法)
3.And he knew how ashamed he would have been if she had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born,and the kind of people among whom he was born.(变序法)
4.The president said that at a press conference dominated by questions on yesterday’s election results that he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a widespread defeat,which in the end would deprive the Republican Party of long-held superiority in the House.(拆译法)
5.When Smith was drunk,he used to beat his wife and daughter;and the next morning,with a headache,he would rail at the world for its neglect of his genius,and abuse,with a good deal of cleverness,and sometimes with perfect reason,the fools,his brother painters.(拆译法)
三、句子汉译英:运用括号内提示技巧翻译以下长句。
1.上海针织公司由37个企业组成,生产规模大,且拥有众多的名牌产品,如“菊花牌”“鹅牌” 和“三枪牌”,公司每年的销售额高达13亿元人民币。(顺译法)
2.请你方考虑,今后货物一经订妥,就不可撤销,我们认为,这样才有助于更好地合作。(顺译法)
3.每天下午四五点钟喝上一杯茶,吃一点烤面包或饼干,相互之间再闲聊几句,这种情景在英国到处可见。(变序法)
4.当他们活着一天,总要尽量多工作、多学习,不肯虚度年华,不让时间白白地浪费掉。(顺译法+合并法)
5.接着,他继续设想,鸡又生鸡,用鸡卖钱,钱买母牛,母牛繁殖,卖牛得钱,用钱放债,这么一连串的发财计划,当然也不能算是生产的计划。(断句法)
四、段落英译汉。
Not too many decades ago it seemed“obvious”both to the general public and to sociologists that modern society has changed people’s natural relations,loosened their responsibilities to kin and neighbors,and substituted in their place superficial relationships with passing acquaintances.However,in recent years a growing body of research has revealed that the“obvious”is not true.It seems that if you are a city resident,you typically know a smaller proportion of your neighbors than you do if you are a resident of a smaller community.But,for the most part,this fact has few significant consequences.It does not necessarily follow that if you know few of your neighbors you will know no one else.
五、段落汉译英。
青藏铁路(Qinghai-Tibet Railway)是西部大开发(Western Development Program)的标志性工程,是中国新世纪四大工程之一。该铁路东起青海西宁,西至西藏拉萨,全长1 956公里。青藏铁路是世界上线路最长、海拔(elevation)最高的高原铁路,被誉为“天路”(Road to the Heaven)。青藏铁路的建设者们克服了常年动土、高原缺氧、生态脆弱和天气恶劣四大工程难题。青藏铁路为青海和西藏的经济发展及旅游资源开发提供了广阔空间。