Glossary

[1]The relation between the embassy and the Ch'ing court，the author，and his journey has been studied by J.J.L.Duyvendak in his“The Last Dutch Embassy to the Chinese Court（1794-1795），”T'oung Pao，no.34（June 1938），p.1，and a supplementary note in ibid.，no.35（1940）p.329.George R.Loehr，“A.E.van Braam Houckgeest，the First American at the Court of China，”Princeton University Library Chronicle，no.15（1954），p.179，studied the book as well as the life of the author.

[2]The main source of his biography is Moreau de Saint Méry's Advertisement attached to his translation of van Braam，Voyage de l'ambassade de la Compagnie des Indes Orientales Hollandaises，vers l'Empereur de la Chine，dans les années 1794-1795（Philadelphia，1797-1798）；hereafter referred to as Voyage.It is an important translation into French by Moreau de Saint Méry from the original Dutch manuscript.

[3]Loehr，“A.E.van Braam，”p.188.

[4]Duyvendak，“The Last Dutch Embassy.”appendix 2，pp.116-131.

[5]Ibid.，p.43.

[6]A.E.van Braam Houckgeest，Voyage de l'Ambassade de la Compagnie des Indes Orientales Hollandaises（Paris，Garnery，and Strasbourg：Levrault，1798），2 vols.This is a pirated edition of volume 1 of the Philadelphia edition.The English translation is entitled An Authentic Account of the Embassy of the Dutch East-India Company，to the Court of the Emperor of China，in the Years 1794-1795（London：R.Phillips，1798），2 vols.See Howard C.Rice，Jr.，Shih-kang Tung，and Frederick W.Mote，East & West，Europe's Discovery of China，& China's Response to Europe，1511-1839（Princeton，N.J.：Princeton University，1957），p.74.The quotations in this paper are based on the Englishlanguage edition；each has been checked with the original French-language edition.

[7]Duyvendak，“The Last Dutch Embassy，”p.43.During the fifty-day journey，van Braam traveled by water only one or two days.See ibid.，appendix 1.

[8]Voyage，p.72；English translation（here-after abbreviated as E），vol.1，p.96.

[9]Voyage，pp.72-73；E，vol.1，pp.96-97.

[10]George Stubbs's“Labourers”（1785，enamel on biscuit and earthenware，Tate Gallery，London）shows European wheelbarrows with a much wider wheel.

[11]Sung Ying-hsing，T'ien-kung k'ai-wu（1637 edn.，rpt.；Peking：Chung-hua shu-chü，1959）.2，p.246.The edition most modern authors use，however，is slightly different from the original 1637 edition，which had been lost for hundreds of years until its reappearance in the late 1950s.The drawing adapted in this paper is from a 1637 edition.I examined the corresponding drawing（drawing 70）in the later Ch'ing editions.No significant difference can be discerned for the barrows；the back-grounds are，however，entirely different.But both show a mountainous landscape.See also the English translation of the work：T'ienkung k'ai-wu，Chinese Technology in the Seventeenth Century，trans.E.T.Z Sun and S.C.Sun（University Park：Pennsylvania State University Press，1966），pp.183-185.

[12]Ch'en Shou，San-kuo chih（Peking：Chung-hua shu-chü，1959），33，p.896.But what“wooden cattle”actually were is controversial.The term has also been used to refer to seeddrills（see the section“Seed-drill［La semoir］”below）.Luo Kuan-chung，San-kuo yeni（Peking：Jen-min wen-hsüeh ch'u-pan-she，1985），102，pp.876-878，provides a detailed description of“wooden cattle.”Most scholars refer to the records in Kao Ch'eng's Shih-wu chi-yüan（Hsi-yin hsüan edn.，preface dated 1447），8，pp.2-3，and Ch'en Shih-tao's Houshan t'an-ts'ung（Pao-yen-t'ang mi-chi edn.），4，pp.la-b.Both Kao and Ch'en were Sung scholars.

[13]Voyage，p.115；E，vol.1，p.152.

[14]Father Matin's work is quoted in the English version of the Voyage.The quotation appears in the“glossary”prior to the translation.Pages of this glossary are unnumbered.In the glossary，items of Chinese technological invention are arranged alphabetically，and a brief comment is attached to each of them.The author of the glossary is not identified，although it seems possible that he was one of the English translators.

[15]Liu Hsien-chou，Chung-kuo chi-hsieh kung-ch'eng fa-ming shih（Peking：K'o-hsüeh ch'upan-she，1962），p.58，photograph by Chou Hsü-tung.Judging by the picture，the present sail-cart is larger than that described by van Braam.I attempted to find a mention of the device in the Ming-Ch'ing“informal jotting”（pi-chi），but to no avail.

[16]Voyage，p.124；E，vol.1，p.164.

[17]Voyage，p.134；E，vol.1，p.178.

[18]Ch'en Meng-lei，“K'ao-kung tien，”Ku-chin t'u-shu chi-ch'eng（1726 edn.rpt.；Taipei：Wenhsing ch'u-pan kung-ssu，1964），174，pp.435-436；the English translation is mine.

[19]Duyvendak，“The Last Dutch Embassy，”p.69.

[20]Ibid.，pp.86-88.The edict was dated December 22，1794，and took two months to reach the embassy.

[21]Voyage，p.281；E，vol.2，p.85.Van Braam mentioned here that two wheels were attached to the machine.When the drawing he provided is compared to information from other Chinese sources，however，the use of the term“wheels”becomes confusing.

[22]Han-shu（Ssu-pu pei-yao edn.），24a，p.13.It is worth noting that in a different edition of the Han-shu（Peking：Chung-hua shu-chü，1962），24a，p.1139，it is called“ou-li.”

[23]Wang An-shih，Lin-ch'uan hsien-sheng wen-chi（Ssu-pu ts'ung-k'an edn.），11，p.4b，“Louchung.”

[24]Wang Chen，“Nung-ch'i t'u-p'u chi，”Nung-shu（1313 edn.，rpt.；Peking：Nung-yeh ch'upan-she，1981），2，pp.211-212.

[25]For metric equivalents of ancient Chinese measurements，see Ch'iu Lung，Chung-kuo ku-tai tu-liang-heng t'u-chi（Tokyo：Misuzu shobō，1985），p.66.Later，in the Ming dynasty，Hsü Kuang-ch'i cited Wang Chen in his Nung-cheng ch'üan-shu（Peking：Chung-hua shu-chü.1956），21，pp.426-427.For further discussions of the“sowing machine”（seed-drill），see Joseph Needham.Science and Civilisation in China（Cambridge：Cambridge University Press.1984），vol.6.2，pp.262 ff.

[26]Voyage，pp.302-303；E，vol.2.p.114.

[27]Pei-ching t'u-shu-kuan ts'an-k'ao-pu，“Chung-kuo li-tai nung-chü t'u i-lan piao”，T'u-shu kuan，no.3（1963），pp.21-24.

[28]Fang Chuang-yu，“Chan-kuo i-lai chung-kuo pu-li fa-chan wen-t'i shih-t'an，”K'ao-ku，no.7（1964），pp.355-362.(https://www.daowen.com)

[29]Lu Kuei-meng，Lei-ssu ching（I-men kuang-tu edn.），pp.2-3.Unlike most traditional Chinese writings，this book is not divided into chüan.

[30]Voyage，p.281；E，vol.2，p.85.A man-powered plow was first recorded by Wang Cheng.See his“Tai-keng t'u-shuo，”in Chu-ch'i t'u-shuo（Ssu-k'u ch'üan-shu edn.，rpt.；Taipei：Shang-wu yin-shu-kuan，1983），3，pp.58-59.

[31]Ch'ü Ta-chün，Kuang-tung hsin-yü（preface by P'an Lei，dated 1700）.16，p.17b.

[32]In van Braam's diary，the village is referred to as“Fan-koun.”

[33]Voyage，p.275；E，vol.2，p.78.

[34]Voyage，p.275；E，vol.2，p.79.

[35]Van Braam was not the only European visitor attracted by the way a Chinese tinker worked.John Henry Gray also recorded a Chinese tinker in his book China：Laws，History，and Customs（London：Macmillan，1878）.A drawing of a tinker in which the furnace and the box for his apparatus are clearly shown appears in vol.2，p.192.Two pots and two candlesticks sitting at the top of the box were apparently what the tinker would work on or had just repaired.The box，the furnace，and the bamboo hat all confirm van Braam's descriptions of the same objects.

[36]For example，Wang Chen，Nung-shu（1313）；Sung Ying-hsing，T'ien-kung k'ai-wu（1637）；Hsü Kuang-ch'i，Nung-chen'g ch'üan-shu（1639）；Emperor K'ang-hsi，Keng-chih t'u（1696）；Ch'en Meng-lei，Ku-chin t'u-shu chi-ch'eng（1726）；and Eh-erh-t'ai，Shou-shi t'ung-k'ao（1742）.