参考文献

参考文献

[1] KAHN B E,BRANNIGAN R E.Obesity and male infertility[J].Curr Opin Urol,2017,27(5):441-445.

[2] ABADIE JM,LAMBERT HB.Effects of lubricants and wash solutions on semen evaluation in a fertility clinic laboratory[J].Lab Med,2014,45(2):116-119.

[3] CORONGIU E,GRANDE P,OLIVIERI V,et al.Large primary leiomyosarcoma of the seminal vesicle:A case report and literature revision[J].Arch Ital Urol Androl,2019,91(1):55-57.

[4] AITTOMAKI K,LUCENA J L D,PAKARINEN P,et al.Mutation in the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor gene causes hereditary hypergonadotropic ovarian failure[J].Cell,1995,82:959-968.

[5] ALACA R,GOKTEPE A S,YILDIZ N,et al.Effect of penile vibratory stimulation on spasticity in men with spinal cord injury[J].Am J Phys Med Rehabil,2005,84(11):875-879.

[6] SRILATHA B,ADAIKAN PG.Endocrine milieu and erectile dysfunction:is oestradiol-testosterone imbalance,a risk factor in the elderly?[J].Asian J Androl,2011,13(4):569-573.

[7] DURAIRAJANAYAGAM D.Lifestyle causes of male infertility[J].Arab J Urol,2018,16(1):10-20.

[8] ALI J I,GRIMES E M.Sperm morphology:unstained and stained smears in fertile and infertile men[J].Arch Androl,1989,22(3):191-195.

[9] SHUAI HL,YE Q,HUANG YH,et al.Comparison of conventional in vitro fertilisation and intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcomes in patients with moderate oligoasthenozoospermia[J].Andrologia,2015,47(5):499-504.

[10] OMOLAOYE TS,EL SHAHAWY O,SKOSANA BT,et al.The mutagenic effect of tobacco smoke on male fertility[J].Environ Sci Pollut Res Int,2021,11:327-332.

[11] VAN DER HORST HJ,DE WALL LL.Hypospadias,all there is to know[J].Eur J Pediatr,2017,176(4):435-441.

[12] ANDERSSON K E.Penile erectile function:recommendations for future research[J].Int J Impot Res,2000,12(Suppl 4):163-167.

[13] ANDRE S,TOUGH DF,LACROIX-DESMAZES S,et al.Surveillance of antigen-presenting cells by CD4+CD25+regulatory T cells inautoimmunity:immunopathogenesis and therapeutic implications[J].Am J Pathol,2009,174(5):1575-1587.

[14] ANN M,JEQUIER.Male infertility:a guide for the clinician[M].Oxford:Blackwell Science Ltd,2000:314-331.

[15] ARIENTI G,CARLINI E,PALMERINI C A.Fusion of human sperm to prostasomes at acidic p H[J].Membr Biol,1997,155(3):89-94.

[16] VICKRAM AS,SAMAD HA,LATHEEF SK,et al.Human prostasomes an extracellular vesicle-Biomarkers for male infertility and prostrate cancer:The journey from identification to current knowledge[J].Int J Biol Macromol,2020,146:946-958.

[17] MACEDO A JR,RONDON A,ORTIZ V.Hypospadias[J].Curr Opin Urol,2012,22(6):447-452.

[18] AVIDAN N,TAMARY H,DGANY O,et al.CatSper2,a human autosomal nonsyndromic male infertility gene[J].Eur J Hum Genet,2003,442:203-207.

[19] CHEMES HE.Phenotypic varieties of sperm pathology:Genetic abnormalities or environmental influences can result in different patterns of abnormal spermatozoa[J].Anim Reprod Sci,2018,194:41-56.

[20] ALAH MAR AT,CALOGERO AE,SINGH R,et al.Coenzyme Q10,oxidative stress,and male infertility:A review[J].Clin Exp Reprod Med,2021,48(2):97-104.

[21] BALK S P,KO Y J,BUBLEY G L.Biology of the prostate-specific antigen[J].J Clin Oncol,2003,21(2):383-391.

[22] QIAN C,CAO X.Dendritic cells in the regulation of immunity and inflammation[J].Semin Immunol,2018,35:3-11.

[23] COOLS M,WOLFFENBUTTEL KP,HERSMUS R,et al.Malignant testicular germ cell tumors in postpubertal individuals with androgen insensitivity:prevalence,pathology and relevance of single nucleotide polymorphism-based susceptibility profiling[J].Hum Reprod,2017,32(12):2561-2573.

[24] BERNIE J,ALAGIRI M.Tubeless barcat:apatient-friendly hypospadias procedure[J].Urology,2003,61(6):1230-1233.

[25] BHAT H,SUKUMAR S,NAIR T,et al.Successful surgical correction of ture diphallia,scrotal duplicaion,and associated hypospadias[J].J Pediatr Surg,2006,41(10):E13.

[26] BOLLMANN R,ENGEL S,PETZOLDT R,el al.Chlamydia trachomatis in andrologic patients-direct and indirect detection[J].Infection,2001,29(3):113-118.

[27] BORNMAN M S,SEVENSTER C B,DE MILANDER C,et al.The effect of semen processing on sperm morphology[J].Andrologia,1989,21(2):117-119.

[28] KOBORI Y,SUZUKI K,IWAHATA T,et al.Hormonal therapy(hCG and rh FSH)for infertile men with adult-onset idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism[J].Syst Biol Reprod Med,2015,61(2):110-112.

[29] BRACKETT N L,KAFETSOULIS A,IBRAHIM E,et al.Application of 2 vibrators salvages ejaculatory failures to 1 vibrator during penile vibratory stimulation in men with spinal cord injuries[J].J Urol,2007,177(2):660-663.

[30] BRACKETT N L,LYNNE C M.The method of assisted ejaculation affects the outcome of semen quality studies in men with spinal cord injury[J].Neuro Rehabilitation,2000,15(2):89-100.

[31] MART NEZ P,PROVERBIO F,CAMEJO MI.Sperm lipid peroxidation and pro-inflammatory cytokines[J].Asian J Androl,2007,9(1):102-107.

[32] RAMLAU-HANSEN C H,THULSTRUP A M,AGGERHOLM A S,et al.Is smoking a risk factor for decreased semen quality?A cross-sectional analysis[J].Human Reproduction,2007,22(1):188-196.

[33] CAMEJO M I.Relation between immunosuppressive PGE2 and IL-10 to pro-inflammatory IL-6 in semial plasma of infertile and fertil men[J].Arch Androl,2003,49(2):111-116.

[34] CARPI A,FABRIS FG,TODESCHINI G,et al.Large needle percutaneous aspiration biopsy of the testicle in men with nonobstructive azoospermia:technical performance[J].Biomed Pharmacother,2006,60:557-560.

[35] CIMADOR M,CATALANO P,ORTOLANO R,et al.The inconspicuous penis in children[J].Nat Rev Urol,2015,12(4):205-215.

[36] CAYAN S,KADIOGLU TC,TEFEKLI A,et al.Comparison of results and complications of high ligation surgery an microsurgical high inguinal varicocelectomy in the treatment of varicocele[J].Urology,2000,55(5):750-754.

[37] CAYAN S,SHAVAKHABOV S,ROGERS D,et al.A practical approach to testicular biopsy interpretation for male infertility[J].Arch Pathol Lab Med,2010,34:1198-1204.

[38] GONSIOROSKI A,MOURIKES VE,FLAWS JA.Endocrine disruptors in water and their effects on the reproductive system[J].Int J Mol Sci,2020,21(6):1929.

[39] CHEN D,ZHONG J,CHEN S R.Effect of needle-pricking in treating functional Anejaculation and its influence on sex hormone levels[J].Zhong guo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi,2009,29(11):1026-1028.

[40] KURODA S,USUI K,SANJO H,et al.Genetic disorders and male infertility[J].Reprod Med Biol,2020,19(4):314-322.

[41] CHUNQI WU.Overview of developmental and reproductive toxicity research in China:history,funding mechanisms,and frontiers of the research[J].Birth Defects Res,2010,89:9-17.

[42] CLEMENTS K M,SHIPLEY C F,COLEMAN D A,et al.Azoospermia in an 8-month-old boar due to bilateral obstruction at the testis/epididymis interface[J].Can Vet,2010,51(10):1130-1134.

[43] CUI D,HAN G,SHANG Y,et al.Antisperm antibodies in infertile men and their effect on semen parameters:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Clin Chim Acta,2015,444:29-36.

[44] SALONIA A,BETTOCCHI C,BOERI L,et al.European Association of Urology guidelines on sexual and reproductive health-2021 update:male sexual dysfunction[J].Eur Urol,2021,80(3):333-357.

[45] COOPER T G.The epididymis,cytoplasmic droplets and male fertility[J].Asian J Androl,2011,13(1):130-138.

[46] LOTTI F,CORONA G,COCCI A,et al.The prevalence of midline prostatic cysts and the relationship between cyst size and semen parameters among infertile and fertile men[J].Hum Reprod,2018,33(11):2023-2034.

[47] CUI D,HAN W,SHANG W G,et al.Antisperm antibodies in infertile men and their effect on semen parameters:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Clinica Chimica Acta,2015,444:29-36.

[48] CURI S,ARIAGNO J,REPETTO H,et al.Laboratory methods for the diagnosis of asthenozoospermia[J].Arch Androl,2002,48:177-180.

[49] D KAPOOR,T H JONES.Smoking and hormones in health and endocrine disorders[J].European Journal of Endocrinology,2005,152:491-499.

[50] LACHANCE C,LECLERC P.Mediators of the Jak/STAT signaling pathway in human spermatozoa[J].Biol Reprod,2011,85(6):1222-1231.

[51] DAVID BALDWIN,ANDREW MAYERS.Sexual side-effects of antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs[J].Advances in Psychiatric Treatment,2003,9:202-210.

[52] DE LEENER A,MONTANELLI L,VAN DURME J,et al.Presence and absence of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor mutations provide some insights into spontaneous ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome physiopathology[J].J Clin Endocr Metab,2006,91:555-562.

[53] DE SANTI MM,GARDI C,LUNGARELLA G.Severe teratospermia in an infertile man with bronchiectasis[J].Fertil Steril,1985,44(6):849-852.

[54] DERE H OWEN,DAVID F KATZ.A review of the physical and chemical properties of human semen and the formulation of a semen simulant[J].Journal of Andrology,2005,26(4):459-469.

[55] DIEMER T,HUWE P,LUDWIG M,el al.Influenceof autogenous leucocytes and Escherichia coli on sperm motility parameters in vitro[J].Andrologia,2003,35(2):100-105.

[56] DODE C,TEIXEIRA L,LEVILLIERS J,et al.Kallmann syndrome:mutations in the genes encoding prokineticin-2 and prokineticin receptor-2[J].PLoS Genet,2006,2(10):e175.

[57] GUNES S,ESTEVES SC.Role of genetics and epigenetics in male infertility[J].Andrologia,2021,53(1):e13586.

[58] DOHLE GR.Inflammatory-associated obstructions of the male reproductive tract[J].Andrologia,2003,35(5):321-324.

[59] DONKOL RH.Imaging in male-factor obstructive infertility[J].World J Radiol,2010,2(5):172-179.

[60] EBERHARD NIESCHLAG,HERMANN M BEHRE,SUSAN NIESCHLAG.Andrology:male reproductive health and dysfunction[M].3rd ed.Berlin Heidelberg:Springer-Verlag,2010:365-390.

[61] E C CROWNE,S M SHALET,W H WALLACE,et al.Final height in boys with untreated constitutional delay in growth and puberty[J].Archives of Disease in Childhood,1990,65:1109-1112.

[62] EDWARD V YOUNGLALL,ALISON C HOLLOWAY,WARREN G FOSTER.Environmental and occupational factors affecting fertility and IVF success[J].Human Reproduction Update,2005,11(1):43-57.

[63] ELDER J S.Congenital anomalies of the genitalia[M]//WALSH P C,RETIK A B,VAUGHAN E D,et al.Campbell's urology,Vol 2.7th ed.Philadelphia:Saunders,1998:2122-2123.

[64] ELZANATY S,RICHTHUFF J,MAIM J,et al.The impact of epididymal and accessory sex gland function on sperm motility[J].Hum Reprod,2002,17(11):2904-2911.

[65] EVANTHIA DIAMANTI-KANDARAKIS,JEAN-PIERRE BOURGUIGNON,LINDA C GIUDICE,et al.Endocrine-disrupting chemicals:an endocrine society scientific statement[J].Endocrine review,2009,30:293-342.

[66] MOTRICH RD,SALAZAR FC,BRESER ML,et al.Implications of prostate inflammation on male fertility[J].Andrologia,2018,50(11):e13093.

[67] FANG X,CHEN C,CAI J,et al.Genome-wide methylation study of whole blood cells DNA in men with congenital hypopituitarism disease[J].International journal of molecular medicine,2019,43(1):155-166.

[68] FIJAK M,BHUSHAN S,MEINHARDT A.Immunoprivileged sites:the testis[J].Methods Mol Biol,2011,677:459-470.

[69] TANG M,LIU BJ,WANG SQ,et al.The role of mitochondrial aconitate(ACO2)in human sperm motility[J].Syst Biol Reprod Med,2014,60(5):251-256.

[70] FONSECA V,JAWA A.Endothelial and erectile dysfunction,diabetes mellitus,and the metabolic syndrome:common pathways and treatments?[J].Am J Cardiol,2005,96(12B):13-18.

[71] VERDI A,NASR-ESFAHANI MH,FOROUZANFAR M,et al.The effect of recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone on sperm quality,chromatin status and clinical outcomes of infertile oligozoospermic men candidate for intracytoplasmic sperm injection:a randomized clinical trial[J].Int J Fertil Steril,2021,15(1):1-7.

[72] FORESTA C,BETTELLA A,MORO E,et al.Inhibin B plasma concentrations in infertile patients with DAZ gene deletions treated with FSH[J].Eur J Endocrinol,2002,146:801-806.

[73] FOUAD R KANDEEL,RONALD S SWERDLOFF JON L PRYOR.Male reproductive dysfunction pathophysiology and treatment[M].New York:Informa Healthcare USA,2007:245-260.

[74] AKHVLEDIANI ND,REVA IA,CHERNUSHENKO AS,et al.Sperm retrieval techniques in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia[J].Urologiia,2021,9(4):106-113.

[75] WITHERSPOON L,DERGHAM A,FLANNIGAN R.Y-microdeletions:a review of the genetic basis for this common cause of male infertility[J].Transl Androl Urol,2021,10(3):1383-1390.

[76] FUJISAWA M,KANZAKI M,OKUDA Y,et al.Stem cell factor in human seminal plasma as a marker for spermatogenesis[J].Urology,1998,51(3):460-536.

[77] SI YUMING,OKUNO MAKOTO.Activation of mammalian sperm motility by regulation of microtubule sliding via cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate-dependent phosphorylation[J].Biol Reprod,1995,53:1081-1087.

[78] MILOSTIC-SRB A,VCEV A,TANDARA M,et al.Importance of zinc concentration in seminal fluid of men diagnosed with infertility[J].Acta Clin Croat,2020,59(1):154-160.

[79] HOMAN G F,DAVIES M,NORMAN R.The impact of lifestyle factors on reproductive performance in the general population and those undergoing infertility treatment:a review[J].Human Reproduction Update,2007,13(3):209-223.

[80] GAUR D S,TALEKAR M,PATHAK V P.Effect of cigarette smoking on semen quality of infertile men[J].Singapore Med J,2007,48(2):119-123.

[81] GERALDINE DELBÈS,BARBARA F Hales,BERNARD ROBAIRE.Toxicants and human sperm chromatin integrity[J].Mol.Hum.Reprod,2010,16(1):14-22.

[82] GINA M SOLOMON,TED SCHETTLER.Environment and health:endocrine disruption and potential human health implications[J].CMAJ,2000,163(11):1471-1476.

[83] GREEN T,FLASH S,REISS A L.Sex differences in psychiatric disorders:what we can learn from sex chromosome aneuploidies[J].Neuropsychopharmacology,2019,44(1):9-21.

[84] GUZICK D S,OVERSTREET J W,FACTOR-LITVAK P,et al.Sperm morphology,motility,and concentration in fertile and infertile men[J].N Engl J Med,2001,345(19):1388-1393.

[85] GWENDOLINE DE FLEURIAN,JEANNE PERRIN,et al.Occupational exposures obtained by questionnaire in clinical practice and their association with semen quality[J].J Androl,2009,30(5):566-579.

[86] HALLAK J,SHARMA R K,PASQUALOTTO F F,et al.Creatine kinase as an indicator of sperm quality and maturity in men with oligospermia[J].Urology,2001,58:446-517.

[87] HARARI O,GRONOW M,BOURN H,et al.High fertilization rate with intracytoplasmic sperm injection in mosaic klinefecter's syndrome[J].Fertil Steril,1995,63:182-184.

[88] HARGREAVE T B.Fertility and infertility[M]//CHISHOLM G D,FAIR W R.Scientific Foundations of Urology.3rd ed.Oxford and Chicago:Heinemann Medical Books and Year Book Medical Publishers,Inc,1990:410-419.

[89] HATZIMOURATIDIS K,AMAR E,EARDLEY I,et al.Guidelines on male sexual dysfunction:erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation[J].Eur Urol,2010,57(5):804-814.

[90] HEDGER M P.Macrophages and the immune responsiveness of the testis[J].J Reprod Immunol,2002,57(1/2):19-34.

[91] HENKEL R,LUDWIG M,SCHUPPE H C,et al.Chronic pelvic pain syndrome/chronic prostatitis affect the acrosome reaction in human spermatozoa[J].World J Urol,2006,24(1):39-44.

[92] HIBI H,KATO K,MITSUI K,et al.The treatment with tranilast,a mast cell blocker,for idiopathic oligozoospermia[J].Arch Androl,2001,47:107-111.

[93] PATHAK US,BALASUBRAMANIAN A,BEILAN JA,et al.Vasoepididymostomy:an insight into current practice patterns[J].Transl Androl Urol,2019,8(6):728-735.

[94] HONG-GANG LI,XIAO-FANG DING,AI-HUA LIAO,et al.Experssion of CatSper family transcripts in the mouse testis during post-natal development and human ejaculate spermatozoa:relationship to sperm motility[J].Molecular Human Reproduction,2007,13:299-306.

[95] HOUGH S R,KAPROTH M T,FOOTE R H.Induction of the acrosome reaction and zona-free hamster oocyte penetration by a bull with complete teratospermia versus a half brother with normal sperm[J].J Androl,2002,23(1):98-106.

[96] HOVAV Y,ALMAGOR M,YAFFE H.Comparison of semen quality obtained by electroejaculation and spontaneous ejaculation in men suffering from ejaculation disorder[J].Hum Reprod,2002,17(12):3170-3172.

[97] HOVAV Y,SIBIRAKY O,POLLACK RN,et al.Comparison between the first and the second electroejaculation qualities obtained from neurologically intact men suffering from anejaculation[J].Hum Reprod,2005,20(9):2620-2622.

[98] HOVAV Y,YAFFE H,ZENTNER B,et al.The use of ICSI with fresh and cryopreserved electroejaculates from psychogenic anejaculatory men[J].Hum Reprod,2002,17(2):390-392.

[99] HOWES L,JONES R.Interactions between zona pellucida glycoproteins and sperm proacrosin/acrosin during fertilization[J].Reprod Immunol,2002,53(2):181-185.

[100] HSIAO CHANG CHAN,YE CHUN RUAN,QIONG HE,et al.The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator in reproductive health and disease[J].The Journal of Physiology,2009,587(10):2187-2195.

[101] LOEBENSTEIN M,THORUP J,CORTES D,et al.Cryptorchidism,gonocyte development,and the risks of germ cell malignancy and infertility:a systematic review[J].J Pediatr Surg,2020,55(7):1201-1210.

[102] NASRALLAH F,HAMMAMI MB,OMAR S,et al.Semen creatine and creatine kinase activity as an indicator of sperm quality[J].Clin Lab,2020,66(9):10.

[103] CARSON SA,KALLEN AN.Diagnosis and management of infertility:a review[J].JAMA,2021,326(1):65-76.

[104] BUCHLIS J G,IRIZARRY L.Comparison of final heights of growth hormone-treated vs.untreated children with idiopathic growth failure[J].J Clin Endocrinol Metab,1998,83(4):1075-1079.

[105] MENG J.Sertoli cell-specific deletion ofthe androgen receptor compromises testicular immune privilege in mice[J].Biol.Reprod,2011,85:254-260.

[106] STUKENBORG JB,MITCHELL RT,SODER O.Endocrine disruptors and the male reproductive system[J].Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab,2021,35(5):101567.

[107] JARVI K,LACROIX J M,JAIN A,et al.Polymerase chain reaction-based detection of bacteria in semen[J].Fertil Steril,1996,66(3):463-467.

[108] JONES B C,O'BRIEN M,CHASE J,et al.Early hypospadias surgery may lead to a better long-term psychosexual outcome[J].J Urol,2009,182(Suppl 4):1744-1749.

[109] JOSEPH CONGENI,STEPHEN F MILLER,CYNTHIA L BENNETT.Awareness of genital health in young male athletes[J].Clin J Sport Med,2005,15(1):22-26.

[110] GUTHAUSER B,BOITRELLE F,PLAT A,et al.Chronic excessive alcohol consumption and male fertility:a case report on reversible azoospermia and a literature review[J]Alcohol Alcohol,2014,49(1):42-44.

[111] KAFETSOULIS A,IBRAHIM E,ABALLA T C,et al.Abdominal electrical stimulation rescues failures to penile vibratory stimulation in men with spinal cord injury:a report of two cases[J].Urology,2006,68(1):204-211.

[112] KALAHANIS J,ROUSSO D,KOURTIS A,et al.Round-headed spermatozoa in semen specimens from fertile and subfertile men[J].J Reprod Med,2002,47(6):489-493.

[113] JIANN BP.The office management of ejaculatory disorders[J].Transl Androl Urol,2016,5(4):526-540.

[114] SADEGHI S,GARCI A-MOLINA A,CELMA F,et al.Morphometric comparison by the ISAS CASA-DNAf system of two techniques for the evaluation of DNA fragmentation in human spermatozoa[J].Asian J Androl,2016,18(6):835-839.

[115] KENMOCHI N,YOSHIHAMA M,HIGA S,et al.The human ribosomal protein L6 gene in a critical region for Noonan syndrome[J].J Hum Genet,2000,45:290-293.

[116] KHERA M,LIPAHULTZ L I.Evolving approach to the varicocele[J].Urol clin North Am,2008,35(2):183-189.

[117] BOEDT T,VANHOVE AC,VERCOE MA,et al.Preconception lifestyle advice for people with infertility[J].Cochrane Database Syst Rev,2021,4(4):CD008189.

[118] K O KOBAYASHI,M D,NAOYA MASUMORI,et al.Inhibition of seminal emission is the main cause of anejaculation induced by a new highly selectiveα1a-blocker in normal volunteers[J].J Sex Med,2008,5:2185-2190.

[119] KOCAK I,YENISEY C,DUNDAR M,et al.Relationship between seminal plasma interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha 1evels with semen parameters in fertile and infertile men[J].Urol Res,2002,30(4):263-267.

[120] KONG X B,MA H G,LI H G,et al.Blockade of epithelial sodium channels improves spermmotility in asthenospermia patients[J].Int J Androl,2009,32:330-336.

[121] HU Y,CAO S,WU S,et al.Comparison of the effects of different testicular sperm extraction methods on the embryonic development of azoospermic men in intracytoplasmic sperm injection(ICSI)cycles:a retrospective cohort study[J].Biomed Res Int,2021:5515247.

[122] AKHVLEDIANI ND,REVA IA,CHERNUSHENKO AS,et al.Sperm retrieval techniques in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia[J].Urologiia.2021(4):106-113.

[123] LI N,WANG T,HAN D S.Structural,cellular and molecular as-pects of immune privilege in the testis[J].Front Immunol,2012,3:152.

[124] ALLEN MJ,SHARMA S.Noonan Syndrome[J].Treasure Island(FL):StatPearls Publishing,2021,7:25.

[125] LIN W W,KIM E D,QUESADA E,et al.Unilatreal testicular injury from external trauma:evaluation of semen quality and endocrine parameters[J].Urology,1998,159:841-843.

[126] SU JS,FARBER NJ,VIJ SC.Pathophysiology and treatment options of varicocele:an overview[J].Andrologia,2021,53(1):e13576.

[127] LU LF.Mast cells are essential intermediaries in regulatory T-cell tolerance[J].Nature,2006,442(7106):997-1002.

[128] LUNSTRA D D,WISE T H,FORD J J.Sertoli cells in the boar testis:changes during development and compensatory hypertrophy after hemicastration at different age[J].Biol Reprod,2003,68:140-150.

[129] LOPES AC,PEIXE TS,MESAS AE,et al.Lead exposure and oxidative stress:a systematic review[J].Rev Environ Contam Toxicol,2016,236:193-238.

[130] AXELSSON J,SABRA S,RYLANDER L,et al.Association between paternal smoking at the time of pregnancy and the semen quality in sons[J].PLoS One,2018,13(11):e0207221.

[131] MAGNUS O,BREKKE I,ABYHOLM T,et al.Effects of seminal plasma from normal and asthenozoospermic men on the progressive motility of washed human sperm[J].Int J Androl,1991,14(1):44-51.

[132] SMITH-HARRISON LI,PIOTROWSKI J,MACHEN GL,et al.Acquired buried penis in adults:a review of surgical management[J].Sex Med Rev,2020,8(1):150-157.

[133] MANE S B,OBAIDAH A,DHENDE N P,et al.Urethral duplication in children:our experience of eight cases[J].J Pediatr Urol,2009,5:363-367.

[134] MARTÍNEZ-PASTOR F,MARTÍNEZ F,ALVAREZ M,et al.Cryopreservation of Iberian red deer(Cervus elaphus hispanicus)spermatozoa obtained by electroejaculation[J].Theriogenology,2009,71(4):628-638.

[135] MATALLIOTAKIS I,PANIDIS D,VLASSIS G,et al.The evaluation of morphological abnormalities of human spermatozoa in fertile and infertile men[J].Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol,1996,66(1):65-68.

[136] ALBREIKI M,ALMAQBALI M,ALRISI K,et al.Prevalence of antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction among psychiatric outpatients attending a tertiary care hospital[J].Neurosciences(Riyadh),2020,25(1):55-60.

[137] MATTHEW R AVENARIUS,MICHAEL S Hildebrand,YUZHOU ZHANG,et al.Human male infertility caused by mutations in the CATSPER1 channel protein[J].The American Journal of Human Genetics,2009,84:505-510.

[138] GOLDSTEIN AT,PUKALL CF,BROWN C,et al.Vulvodynia:assessment and treatment[J].J Sex Med,2016,13(4):572-590.

[139] BATISTA RL,COSTA EMF,RODRIGUES AS,et al.Androgen insensitivity syndrome:a review[J].Arch Endocrinol Metab,2018,62(2):227-235.

[140] KOVAC JR,LABBATE C,RAMASAMY R,et al.Effects of cigarette smoking on erectile dysfunction[J].Andrologia,2015,47(10):1087-1092.

[141] JING MENG,ANNE R GREENLEE,CHLOE J TAUB,et al.Sertoli cell-specific deletion of the androgen receptor compromises testicular immune privilege in mice[J].Biol Reprod,2011,85(2):254-260.

[142] CHIANG C,MAHALINGAM S,FLAWS JA.Environmental contaminants affecting fertility and somatic health[J].Semin Reprod Med,2017,35(3):241-249.

[143] MIRONE V,FUSCO F,ROSSI A,et al.Tadalafil and vardenafil vs sildenafil:a review of patientpreference studies[J].BJU Int,2009,103(9):1212-1217.

[144] MISRAHI M,MEDURI G,PISSARD C,et al.Comparison of immunocytochemical and molecular features with the phenotype in a case of incomplete male pseudoherma-phroditism associated with a mutation of the LH receptor[J].J Clin Endocrin Metab,1997,82:2159-2165.

[145] MONIEZ S,PIENKOWSKI C,LEPAGE B,et al.Noonan syndrome males display sertoli cell-specific primary testicular insufficiency[J].European journal of endocrinology,2018,179(6):409-418.

[146] SANDOVAL-SALINAS C,SAFFON JP,CORREDOR HA.Quality of clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of erectile dysfunction:a systematic review[J].J Sex Med,2020,17(4):678-687.

[147] LIU H,XU X,HAN T,et al.A novel homozygous mutation in the FSHR gene is causative for primary ovarian insufficiency[J].Fertil Steril,2017,108(6):1050-1055.

[148] LOH-DOYLE J,PATIL MB,NAKHODA Z,et al.Three-Piece inflatable penile prosthesis placement following pelvic radiation:technical considerations and contemporary outcomes[J].J Sex Med,2018,15(7):1049-1054.

[149] WANG J,WANG T,DING W,et al.Efficacy of antioxidant therapy on sperm quality measurements after varicocelectomy:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Andrologia,2019,51(10):e13396.

[150] MUININGA J.Long-term outcome of different type 1-stage hypospadias repair[J].J Urol,2005,174:1544.

[151] N CHERRY,H MOORE,R MCNAMEE,et al.Occupation and male infertility:glycol ethers and other exposures[J].Occup Environ Med,2008,65:708-714.

[152] RESTREPO B,CARDONA-MAYA W.Antisperm antibodies and fertility association[J].Actas Urol Esp,2013,37(9):571-578.

[153] NUININGA J E,DE GIER R P,VERSCHUREN R,et al.Long-term outcome of different type 1-stage hypospadias repair[J].J Urol,2005,174:1544-1548.

[154] OHL D A,SONKSEN J,BOLLING R.New stimulation pattern for electroejaculation based on physiological studies[J].J Urology,2000,163(Suppl):1522-1525.

[155] STREDELE R,APFELBECK M,MAINUSCH M,et al.Undescended testis:current pathways of diagnostics and treatment[J].MMW Fortschr Med,2018,160(12):58-61.

[156] PALERMO G D,SCHLEGEL P N,SILLS E S,et al.Births after intracytoplasmic injection of sperm obtained by testicular extraction from men with nonmosaic Klinefelter's syndrome[J].N Engl JMed,1998,338(9):588-590.

[157] PAN C C,YANG A H,CHIANG H.Malignant perivascular epithelioid cell tumor involving the prostate[J].Arch Pathol Lab Med,2003,127:e96-e98.

[158] PANAYIOTIS M ZAVOS,JUAN R CORREA,et al.An electron microscope study of the axonemal ultrastructure in human spermatozoa from male smokers and nonsmokers[J].Fertil Sterilt,1998,69(3):430-434.

[159] PANAYIOTIS M ZAVOS,JUAN R CORREA,et al.Effects of seminal plasma from cigarette smokers on sperm viability and longevity[J].Fertility and Sterility,1998,69(3):425-429.

[160] SHA YW,DING L,WU JX,et al.Headless spermatozoa in infertile men[J].Andrologia,2017,49(8):10.

[161] YUE HX,JIANG M,LI FP,et al.Semen quality and sperm morphologic study of infertile men with varicocele[J].Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue,2005,11(12):933-935.

[162] PASQUALOTTO F F,SHARMA R K,POTTS J M,et al.Seminal oxidative stress in patients with chronic prostatitis[J].Urology,2000,55(6):881-885.

[163] PATEL R,SHUKLA A,LEONE N,et al.Split onlay skin flap for the salvage hypospadias repair[J].J Urol,2005,173(5):1718-1720.

[164] PAUL CLAMAN.Men at Risk:occupation and male infertility[J].Sexuality,Reproduction&Menopause,2004,2(1):19-26.

[165] PAVONE C,CALDARERA E,LIBERTI P,et al.Correlation between chronic prostatitis syndrome and pelvic venous disease[J].Eur Urol,2000,37(4):400.

[166] PEERAYEH S N,YAZDI R S,ZEIGHAMI H.Association of Ureaplasma urealyticum infection with varicocele-related infertility[J].J Infect Dev Ctries,2008,2(2):116-119.

[167] PERNICE F,MAZZA G,PUGLISI D,et al.Nonrobertsonian translocation t(6;11)is associated with infertility in an oligoazoospermic male[J].Fertil Steril,2002,78:192-194.

[168] PETTERSSON M,EISFELDT J,SYK LUNDBERG E.Flanking complex copy number variants in the same family formed through unequal crossing-over during meiosis[J].Mutation research,2018,8:121-124.

[169] PIRONCHEVA G,MITEVA K,RUSSEV G C,et al.The effect of prostaglandin E1 on in vitro transcription of sperm chromatin,isolated from patients with azoospermia[J].Teratospermia and chronic prostatitis,1998,53(5/6):421-424.

[170] PITTELOUD N,QUINTON R,PEARCE S,et al.Digenic mutations account for variable phenotypes in idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism[J].J.Clin.Invest,2007,117:457-463.

[171] POHL H,JOYCE G,WISE M,et al.Cryptorchidism and hypospadias[J].J Urol,2007,177(5):1646-1651.

[172] NGUYEN HMT,GABRIELSON AT,HELLSTROM WJG.Erectile dysfunction in young men:a review of the prevalence and risk factors[J].Sex Med Rev,2017,5(4):508-520.

[173] PENG Z,YANG L,DONG Q,et al.Efficacy and safety of tadalafil once-a-day versus tadalafil on-demand in patients with erectile dysfunction:a systematic review and meta-analyses[J].Urol Int,2017,99(3):343-352.

[174] PUKAZHENTHI B S,WILDT D E,HOWARD J G.The phenomenon and significance of teratospermia in felids[J].J Reprod Fertil Suppl,2001,57:423-433.

[175] RAJENDER S,SINGH L,THANGARAJ K.Phenotypic heterogeneity of mutations in androgen receptor gene[J].Asian J Androl,2007,9(2):147-179.

[176] RAJFER J,ALIOTTA P J,STEIDLE C P,et al.Tadala dosed once a day in men with erectile dysfunction:a randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled study in the US[J].Int J Impot Res,2007,19(1):95-103.

[177] RALPH D J,WYLIE K R.Ejaculatory disorders and sexual function[J].BJU International,2005,95(9):1181-1186.

[178] RAMADAN A SALEH,ASHOK AGARWAL,RAKESH K SHARMA.Effect of cigarette smoking on levels of seminal oxidative stress in infertile men:a prospective study[J].Fertil Steril,2002,78(3):491-499.

[179] RAMASWAMY S,MARSHALL G R,MCNEILLY A S,et al.Dynamics of the follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH)-inhibin B feedback bop and its role in regulatin spermatogenesis in the adult rhesus monkey(Macaca Mulatta)as revealed by unilateral orchidectomy[J].Endocrinology,2000,141:18-27.

[180] REGE N N,DATE J,KULKARNI V,et al.Effect of Y virilin on male infertility[J].J Postgrad Med,1997,43(3):64-67.

[181] KALEZIC A,MACANOVIC B,GARALEJIC E,et al.Level of NO/nitrite and 3-nitrotyrosine in seminal plasma of infertile men:correlation with sperm number,motility and morphology[J].Chem Biol Interact,2018,291:264-270.

[182] RICHARD IVELL.Lifestyle impact and the biology of the human scrotum[J].Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology,2007,5:15.

[183] RICHARD M SHARPE.Lifestyle and environmental contribution to male infertility[J].British Medical Bulletin,2000,56(3):630-642.

[184] CLAUDIA RIVAL,LIVIA LUSTIG,RADU IOSUB,et al.Identification of a dendritic cell population in normal testis and in chronically inflamed testis of rats with autoimmune orchitis[J].Cell Tissue Res,2006,324(2):311-318.

[185] ROBERT KUNZLE,MICHAEL D MUELLER,WILLY HANGGI.Semen quality of male smokers and nonsmokers in infertile couples[J].Fertil Steril,2003,79:287-291.

[186] ROLDAN ERS.Assessments of sperm quality integrating morphology,swimming patterns,bioenergetics and cell signalling[J].Theriogenology,2020,150:388-395.

[187] ROSS G T.Disorders of the ovary and female reproductive tract[M]//WILSON J D,FOSTER D W.William textbook of endocrinology.7th ed.Philadelphia:WB Saunders,1985:206-258.

[188] SZCZYGIEL M,JARUZELSKA J,KURPISZ M.Molecular analysis of protein 4.1 gene in teratozoospermic and azoospermic patients[J].Ginekol Pol,2000,71(1):21-25.

[189] ROY A C,LIAO W X,CHEN Y,et al.Identification of 7 novel mutations in LH beta-subunit gene by SSCP[J].Molec.Cell Biochem,1996,165:151-153.

[190] RUBY H N NGUYEN,ALLEN J WILCOX,Rolv Skjaerven,et al.Men's body mass index and infertility[J].Human Reproduction,2007,22(9):2488-2493.

[191] MECZEKALSKI B,PODFIGURNA-STOPA A,SMOLARCZYK R,et al.Kallmann syndrome in women:from genes to diagnosis and treatment[J].Gynecol Endocrinol,2013,29(4):296-300.

[192] SAFARINEJAD M R.Midodrine for the treatment of organic anejaculation but not spinal cord injury:a prospective randomized placebo-controlled double-blind clinical study[J].Int J Impot Res,2009,21(4):213-220.

[193] SANDRINE SEPANIAK,THIERRY FORGES,HUBERT GERARD,et al.The influence of cigarette smoking on human sperm quality and DNA fragmentation[J].Toxicology,2006,223:54-60.

[194] SARKAR O,BAHRAINWALA J,CHANDRASEKARAN S,et al.Impact of inflammation on male fertility[J].Front Biosci,2011,3:89-95.

[195] SCHLEGEL P N.Male infertility:evaluation and sperm retrieval[J].Clin Obster Gynecol,2006,49(1):55-72.

[196] MANGUM CL,PATEL DP,JAFEK AR,et al.Towards a better testicular sperm extraction:novel sperm sorting technologies for non-motile sperm extracted by microdissection TESE[J].Transl Androl Urol,2020,9(Suppl 2):S206-S214.

[197] SCHUBBERT S,ZENKER M,ROWE S L,et al.Germline KRAS mutations cause Noonan syndrome[J].Nature Genet,2006,38:331-336.

[198] SHAI SHEFI,PHIROZ E TARAPORE,THOMAS J WALSH.Wet heat exposure:a potentially reversible cause of low semen quality in infertile men[J].International Braz J Urol,2007,33(1):50-57.

[199] SHALGI R,DOR J,RUDAK E,et al.Penetration of sperm from teratospermic men into zona-free hamster eggs[J].Int J Androl,1985,8(4):285-294.

[200] SHANSKE A,SACHMECHI I,PATEL D K,et al.An adult with 49,XYYYY karyotype:case report and endocrine studies[J].Am J Med Genet,1998,12,80(2):103-106.

[201] SICILIANO L,TARANTINO P,LONGOBARDI F,et al.Impaired seminal antioxidant capacity in human semen with hyperviscosity or oligoasthenozoospermia[J].J Androl,2001,22:798-803.

[202] SILVEIRA L F G,STEWART P M,THOMAS M,et al.Novel homozygous splice acceptor site Gn-RH receptor(GnRHR)mutation:human GnRHR'knockout'[J].J.Clin.Endocr.Metab,2002,87:2973-2977.

[203] SMRKOLJ T,VIRANT-KLUN I,SINKOVEC J,et al.Epididymovasostomy as the first-line treatment of obstructive azoospermia in young couples with normal spermatogenesis[J].Reprod Biomed Online,2010,20(5):594-601.

[204] SODERLUND D,CANTO P,DE LA CHESNAYE E,et al.A novel homozygous mutation in the second transmembrane domain of the gonadotrophin releasing hormone receptor gene[J].Clin.Endocr,2001,54:493-498.

[205] SOKOL R Z.Endocrinology of male infertility:evaluation and treatment[J].Semin Reprod Med,2009,27(2):149-158.

[206] SOLER J M,PREVINAIRE J G,PLANTE P,et al.Midodrine improves ejaculation in spinal cord injured men[J].J Urol,2007,177(9):1181-1185.

[207] SONKSEN J,OHL D A,WEDEMEYER G.Sphincteric events during penile vibratory ejaculation and ejectroejaculation in men with spinal cord injuries[J].J Urol,2001,165(2):426-429.

[208] SONKSEN J,OHL D A.Penile vibratory stimulation and electroejaculation in the treatment of ejaculation dysfunction[J].Int J Androl,2002,25(6):324-332.(https://www.daowen.com)

[209] STEPHEN LAFRANCHI MD,CHERYL E HANNA,MANDEL,et al.Constitutional delay of growth:expected versus final adult height[J].Pediatrics,1991,87(1):82-87.

[210] STOOPS M A,ATKINSON M W,BLUMER E S,et al.Semen cryopreservation in the Indian rhinoceros(Rhinoceros unicornis)[J].Theriogenology,2010,73(8):1104-1115.

[211] SZERMAN-JOLY E,SAUVALLE A,IZARD J,et al.Comparison of two techniques used to collect normal and motile sperm[J].Int J Androl,1989,12(3):199-205.

[212] KERMES K,PUNAB M,LIVUKENE K,et al.Anaerobic seminal fluid micro-flora in chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome patients[J].Anaerobe,2003,9(3):117-123.

[213] ATHOTA JP,BHAT M,NAMPOOTHIRI S,et al.Molecular and clinical studies in 107 Noonan syndrome affected individuals with PTPN11 mutations[J].BMC Med Genet,2020,21(1):50.

[214] TERRY T TURNER,JEFFREY J LYSIAK.Oxidative stress:a common factor in testicular dysfunction[J].J Androl,2008,29(5):488-498.

[215] TETREAU R,JULIAN P,LYONNET D,et al.Intratesticular varicocele:an easy diagnosis but unclear physiopathologic characterisitics[J].J Ultrasound Med,2007,26(12):1767-1773.

[216] TINA KOLD JENSEN1,JENS PETER BONDE,MICHAEL JOFFE.The influence of occupational exposure on male reproductive function[J].Occupational Medicine,2006,56:544-553.

[217] TOURNAYE H.Update on surgical sperm recovery the European view[J].Hum Fertil(Camb),2010,13(4):242-246.

[218] TRACEY J WOODRUFF,SARAH J,JANSSEN,et al.Environmental impacts on reproductive health and fertility[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2010:145-160.

[219] TSUTSUI T,KURITA A,KIRIHARA N,et al.Testicular compensatory hypertrophy related to hemicastration in prepubertal dogs[J].Vet Med Sci,2004,66(9):1021-1025.

[220] TUREK-PLEWA J,TRZECIAK W H.Gene symbol:AR.Disease:androgen insensitivity syndrome[J].Hum Genet,2006,119(3):361.

[221] TURI T,MOILANEN J,KAUKORANTA S,et al.Testicular biopsy gun needle biopsy in collecting spermatozoa for intracytoplasmatic injection,cryopreservation and histology[J].Hum Reprod,1998,14:1274-1278.

[222] COLACO S,MODI D.Genetics of the human Y chromosome and its association with male infertility[J].Reprod Biol Endocrinol,2018,16(1):14.

[223] VALDES-SOCIN H,SALVI R,DALY A F,et al.Hypogonadism in a patient with a mutation in the luteinizing hormone beta-subunit gene[J].New Eng.J.Med,2004,351:2619-2625.

[224] VAN DER BURGT I,BRUNNER H.Genetic heterogeneity in Noonan syndrome:evidence for an autosomal recessive form[J].Am J Med Genet,2000,94:46-51.

[225] VANDEKERCKHOVE P,LILFORD R,VAIL A,et al.Bromocriptine for idiopathic oligo/asthenospermia[J].Cochrane Database Syst Rev,2000,6(2):152.

[226] GRICE PT,LIU J,GABRIELSON AT,et al.Drug delivery options and therapeutic advances in the management of erectile dysfunction[J].Expert Opin Drug Deliv,2020,17(9):1259-1268.

[227] VLACHOPOULOS C,IOAKEIMIDIS N,ROKKAS K,et al.Cardiovascular effects of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors[J].J Sex Med,2009,6(3):658-674.

[228] VORONA E,ZITZMANN M,GROMOLL J,et al.Clinical,endocrinological,and epigenetic features of the 46,XX male syndrome,compared with 47,XXY Klinefelter patients[J].Clin Endocrinol Metab,2007,92(9):3458-3465.

[229] WALSH P,RETIK A,BORER J,et al.Campbell's urology[M].8th ed.Philadelphia:WB.Saunders,2002.

[230] W B SCHILL,F H COMHAIRE,T B HARGREAVE.Andrology for the Clinician[M].Berlin Heidelberg:Springer-Verlag,2006:57-66.

[231] TAKESHIMA T,YUMURA Y,KURODA S,et al.Effect of varicocele repair in patients with nonobstructive azoospermia[J].J Reprod Med,2017,62(5-6):311-316.

[232] WEIN A J,KAVOUSSI L R,NOVICK A C,et al.Campbell-Walsh Urology[M].9th ed.Pennsylvania:Elsevier Science,2007:3893-3935.

[233] World Health Organization.WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen[R].5th ed.Geneva:World Health Organization,2010.

[234] HUANG C,ZHU HL,XU KR,et al.Mycoplasma and ureaplasma infection and male infertility:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Andrology,2015,3(5):809-816.

[235] COLSON MH,CUZIN B,FAIX A,et al.Erectile dysfunction:up-date data and clinical guidelines[J].Rev Med Suisse,2019,15(642):583-589.

[236] YIGAL GAT,ZVI ZUKERMAN,JOANA CHAKRABORTY,et al.Varicocele,hypoxia and male infertility.Fluid Mechanics analysis of the impaired testicular venous drainage system[J].Human Reproduction,2005,20(9):2614-2619.

[237] ZHU W W,ZHAO S T,XUE S P,et al.Immune privilege and innate immunity in the testis(in Chinese)[J].Chin Sci Bull(Chin Ver),2014,59:2652-2662.

[238] WEIN,NOVICK.坎贝尔-沃尔什泌尿外科学[M].郭应禄,周利群,译.北京:北京大学医学出版社,2009:4.

[239] 丁智勇,张大虎,陈怀波,等.80例输精管道梗阻性无精子症的临床诊断及治疗[J].中国性科学,2016,25(09):87-89.

[240] 安辉,周燕虹,杨录军,等.硝酸羟胺亚慢性染毒对大鼠睾丸生殖细胞的影响[J].中华劳动卫生职业病杂志,2006,24(9):556-557.

[241] 张明君,郭贤坤,曾凡慧,等.rh TNF-a对人正常精子超微结构的实验研究[J].湖北民族学院学报(医学版),2008(01):9-12.

[242] 刘鹏,毛剑敏,孙建明.生精2号方对少弱精子症精浆α-葡糖苷酶、锌及精子形态的影响[J].国际检验医学杂志,2018,39(19):2383-2385.

[243] 曾进.现代泌尿肿瘤学[M].武汉:湖北科学技术出版社,1996.

[244] 王雁林,李清春,刁兴华,等.逆行射精患者尿液中精子处理行人工受精后妊娠1例[J].滨州医学院学报,2011,34(02):159-160.

[245] 李欣泽,杨舟.超声造影在睾丸扭转诊疗中的应用进展[J].中国误诊学杂志,2019,14(05):238-240.

[246] 王焕军,彭洋,张繁,等.常染色体显性多囊肾病相关精道梗阻所致男性不育的MRI特征[J].中华放射学杂志,2019(02):115-120.

[247] 陈利生,唐庆来,吉正国,等.射精障碍所致男性不育的诊治[J].中国性科学,2005,14:7-10.

[248] 高志翔,刘晓龙.隐匿阴茎的诊治进展[J].中国男科学杂志,2021,35(01):73-75,80.

[249] 段梦婷.Kallmann综合征研究进展[J].国际儿科学杂志,2020,47(10):713-717.

[250] 邓敏,赵洪福.男性不育症患者促黄体生成素、抗精子抗体指标水平及其与精子前向运动的相关性分析[J].标记免疫分析与临床,2019,26(04):650-653.

[251] 程一民.CatSper在人精子趋化中的作用与机制研究[D].南昌:南昌大学,2019.

[252] 丁晓芳,熊承良.尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活因子在精子趋化运动中的作用初探[J].中华男科学杂志,2005,11:309-412.

[253] 丁晓芳,张帆,官黄涛,等.尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活因子对小鼠精子体外授精能力的影响[J].生殖医学杂志,2007,16:366-367.

[254] 李华强.慢性前列腺炎对男性不育及性功能障碍的影响及临床治疗分析[J].中国卫生标准管理,2021,12(12):43-46.

[255] 高宝山.外翻法激光包皮环切术(附1070例报告)[J].临床泌尿外科杂志,2003,18(1):45.

[256] 聂芳.内分泌六项指标与多囊卵巢综合征合并不孕症的相关性[J].实验与检验医学,2021,39(04):938-941.

[257] 王磊,李朋,韩邦旻,等.上海男科学临床诊治研究回顾与展望[J].上海医学,2021,44(07):455-459.

[258] 曾庆琪,王劲松,卞廷松,等.中西医结合男科新进展[J].世界中医药,2013,8(04):477-479.

[259] 郭应禄,李宏军.前列腺炎[M].2版.北京:人民军医出版社,2007.

[260] 中国抗癌协会泌尿男生殖系肿瘤专业委员会,中国临床肿瘤学会前列腺癌专家委员会,中国肿瘤医院泌尿肿瘤协作组,等.泌尿男生殖系统肿瘤多学科团队诊治组织与实施规范中国专家共识(2020年版)[J].中国癌症杂志,2020,30(04):313-320.

[261] 何恢绪,梅骅.尿道下裂外科学[M].2版.北京:人民军医出版社,2008.

[262] 沈一丁,诸林峰,王晓豪,等.尿道下裂术后再发阴茎下弯的处理策略[J].临床小儿外科杂志,2021,20(02):177-180.

[263] 张翼飞,梁朝朝.精液延迟液化与慢性前列腺炎的研究进展[J].中华男科学杂志,2007(01):53-56.

[264] 花家福,乔培民,陈超.精液迟缓液化症的研究及治疗[J].男性学杂志,1990,2:40.

[265] 黄澄如.实用小儿泌尿外科学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2006.

[266] 黄平治,李永海.男性不育[M].北京:科学技术文献出版社,1990:116-126.

[267] 黄庆录,杨体泉.尿道下裂手术治疗进展[J].中国误诊学杂志,2009,9:5808-5809.

[268] 黄宇烽,潘连军,黄卫东.男科医师手册[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2009:159-410.

[269] 江洪涛,杨江根.睾丸女性化症诊治探讨[J].中国男科学杂志,2008,22(12):56-58.

[270] 晋连超,郝树铭,刘坤玲.袖套式包皮环切术治疗包皮过长和包茎[J].泰山医学院学报,2004,25(1):48-49.

[271] 孔祥斌,李红钢,熊承良,等.CatSper1在小鼠睾丸发育过程中的动态表达及与人精子活力的关系[J].生殖医学杂志,2007,16(3):187.

[272] 高媛媛,张兹镇,张亚.先天性尿道下裂自然病因研究进展[J].临床小儿外科杂志,2021,20(01):81-85.

[273] 李森恺.尿道下裂学[M].北京:科学出版社,2008.

[274] 汪亚玲,李玉华,胡洪亮,等.精液液化异常的中、西医机制与治疗研究进展[J].中国男科学杂志,2020,34(02):76-80.

[275] 李治安.临床超声影像学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2003:1140-1148,1702-1717.

[276] 高莎,陈杰,余海燕.XYY综合征患儿的认知[J].中华妇幼临床医学杂志(电子版),2019,15(04):459-462.

[277] 刘菲,蒲力力.环境内分泌干扰物对男性生殖健康影响的研究进展[J].生殖医学杂志,2006,15(6):425-427.

[278] 刘继红.男科手术学[M].北京:北京科学技术出版社,2006:171-175.

[279] 张敏建,邓日森,张新安,等.男性不育症初诊患者治疗前精液参数波动规律探讨[J].中国男科学杂志,2020,34(04):26-31.

[280] 刘继红,熊承良.性功能障碍学[M].北京:中国医药科技出版社,2004.

[281] 刘继红,杨俊.雄激素对男性生育的调控作用[J].中国男科学杂志,2007,21(7):67-70.

[282] 刘明学,杨振宇.内分泌干扰因子在尿道下裂病因学中的研究进展[J].中华小儿外科杂志,2006,27(7):383-385.

[283] 刘新民.实用内分泌学[M].北京:人民军医出版社,1986:132-148.

[284] 刘月洁,邓世洲,白文俊,等.前列腺囊肿所致梗阻性无精症的诊断与治疗[M].中国男科学杂志,2008,22(7):32-34.

[285] 刘子龙,吴昌杰,魏育英,等.自发流产患者配偶精子浓度及其某些有关因素分析[J].同济医科大学学报,1998,27:80.

[286] 罗丽兰.不孕与不育[M].2版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2009.

[287] 罗胜萍,吴蓉,刘自刚.男性不育患者精浆锌含量的变化分析[J].中国实验诊断学,2009,13(6):828-829.

[288] 马乐,潘柏年,陈宝英.男性不育与辅助生殖技术[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2002:124-132.

[289] 明钰,商学军,熊承良,等.尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活因子对雄性大鼠生育力影响的实验研究[J].中华男科学杂志,2006,12:963-967.

[290] MARK H BEERS.默克家庭诊疗手册[M].赵小文,译.北京:人民卫生出版社,2006.

[291] 那彦群,郭震华.实用泌尿外科学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2009:497-508.

[292] 王东东,辛航.显微睾丸取精术治疗唯支持细胞综合征效果分析(附79例报告)[J].河南外科学杂志,2020,26(03):43-45.

[293] 欧建平,庄广伦.抗精子抗体对辅助生殖的影响[J].中华男科学,2003,9(3):214-217.

[294] 綦海燕,祝海.前列腺疾病基础研究与诊疗新进展[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2009.

[295] 邱湘宁,肖嵘,武昆.男性生殖道感染与不育症[J].中国计划生育学杂志,2004,9:574-576.

[296] 邱翠华,邵方,李静.中西医结合治疗精液不液化临床观察[J].实用中医药杂志,2021,37(07):1159-1160.

[297] 史轶繁.协和内分泌和代谢学[M].北京:科学出版社,2000:912-915.

[298] 宋春生.《欧洲泌尿外科学会勃起功能障碍诊治指南(2009年版)》简介[J].中国男科学杂志,2010,24(2):64-66.

[299] 刘雯,房格,于瑞梅,等.精浆生化指标与性激素在无精子症不同病理分型患者中的差异及临床意义[J].检验医学与临床,2021,18(19):2820-2823,2826.

[300] 索永善,叶玲玲,马川花,等.雷达微波辐射对精子形态的影响[J].中华男科学,2007,13(12):1132-1133.

[301] 谭秉盛,赵玉玮.小儿隐匿阴茎的诊断与治疗[J].大连医科大学学报,2004,26(2):104-105.

[302] 吴卓.解脲支原体、沙眼衣原体感染与男性不育关系病例对照的Meta分析[D].太原:山西医科大学,2013.

[303] 刘俊江,李明泉,周慧敏,等.内分泌科疾病诊断标准[M].北京:科学技术文献出版社,2009.

[304] 郭立华,郝春生,牛志尚,等.小阴茎头畸形伴尿道下裂的临床研究[J].中华泌尿外科杂志,2017,38(11):866-869.

[305] 方燕华,吕福通,刘凤琼.男性不育症患者生殖道支原体感染及药敏分析[J].中外医学研究,2020,18(22):81-83.

[306] 王丽波,曹丽华,麻宏伟,等.强直性肌营养不良症1例[J].中国实用儿科杂志,2010,25(5):403-404.

[307] 王少金.男性生殖系疾病[M].吉林:吉林科学技术出版社,1986:326-358.

[308] 程汉波,郝磊,袁慧星,等.前列腺囊肿诊治分析[J].现代泌尿生殖肿瘤杂志,2018,10(01):36-38.

[309] 王涛,刘继红.欧洲泌尿外科学会射精功能障碍诊疗指南[J].中国男科学杂志,2005,19:68-70.

[310] 王先军,杨二江,李一明.B超引导前列腺囊肿穿刺硬化剂治疗19例报告[J].中华男科学杂志,2006,12:270.

[311] 吴永明,王志强.精液高黏稠性的研究进展[J].临床检验杂志,2021,39(04):284-286.

[312] 王古道.男性不育症的诊断与治疗现状[J].中国临床医生,2012,40(09):24-28.

[313] 马征兵,李智勇.密度梯度离心法处理逆行射精患者尿液内精子用于人工授精的临床效果观察[J].实用医学杂志,2011,27(20):3731-3733.

[314] 吴宏飞,钱立新.精道造影术在精道疾病诊断中的应用[J].中华男科学,2004,10(4):243-249.

[315] 齐伟,吴畏,徐杰,等.经直肠实时超声引导精囊镜在治疗射精管梗阻性无精子症的效果分析[J].中华男科学杂志,2021,27(02):129-133.

[316] 吴阶平.吴阶平泌尿外科学[M].济南:山东科学技术出版社,2012.

[317] 郭震华,那彦群.实用泌尿外科学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2013.

[318] 吴阶平,裘法祖.黄家驷外科学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2002.

[319] 吴明章,曾超文,张慧君.男性生殖病理学[M].上海:上海科学普及出版社,1996.

[320] 谢华.中国汉族儿童尿道下裂遗传易感性研究[D].上海:上海交通大学,2017.

[321] JAY L GROSFELD,JAMES A O'NEILL,ERIC W FONKALSRUD.小儿外科学[M].吴晔明,译.北京:北京大学医学出版社,2009:1911-1942.

[322] 赵康乐.经尿道输尿管镜技术联合非那雄胺治疗慢性精囊炎反复血精临床效果观察[J].慢性病学杂志,2017,18(12):1384-1386.

[323] 夏同礼,孔祥田,宓培,等.我国成人前列腺非特异性炎[J].中华泌尿外科杂志,1995,16(12):711.

[324] 刘磊.小儿隐睾手术年龄相关影响因素分析[D].银川:宁夏医科大学,2020.

[325] 熊承良,黄勋彬,夏文家,等.人精子中尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活因子及其受体的分布[J].生殖与避孕,1996,16(6):422-424.

[326] 熊承良,刘继红,廖爱华.生殖疾病学[M].福州:福建科学技术出版社,2007.

[327] 周蓉.胰激肽原酶促精液液化效果的评价[D].武汉:华中科技大学,2009.

[328] 熊承良,吴明章,刘继红,等.人类精子学[M].武汉:湖北科学技术出版社,2002.

[329] 熊承良,夏文家,涂仁标,等.精液液化不良男子与正常人精浆尿激酶活性的研究[J].生殖医学杂志,1994,3:87.

[330] 熊承良,夏文家,周洁玲,等.精液液化不良与精子活率低下患者精浆中尿激酶含量研究[J].同济医科大学学报,1997,26(2):120-122.

[331] 熊承良,孔祥斌,李红钢.上皮细胞钠通道α亚基在大鼠和人睾丸、精子中的表达及其与精子活力的关系[J].中国计划生育学杂志,2007,15(3):155.

[332] 徐万华,张青,王斌,等.儿童睾丸固定术中所见的中肾管异常[J].中华小儿外科杂志,2006,27(2):81-83.

[333] 唐勇,李养群,杨喆,等.阴茎阴囊转位的整形外科治疗[J].中华整形外科杂志,2016,32(05):351-353.

[334] 杨国宗,曾宏翔,黄凌,等.男性不育患者细胞因子水平的检测及意义[J].中国实验诊断学,2009,13(5):794-796.

[335] 中国医师协会生殖医学专业委员会生殖男科学组弱精子症诊疗中国专家共识编写组.弱精子症诊疗中国专家共识[J].中华生殖与避孕杂志,2021,41(07):593-599.

[336] 叶尘宇,朱玉华,王立伟.抗抑郁药相关性功能障碍的研究进展[J].中华精神科杂志,2008,41(3):187-189.

[337] 叶敏,张元芳.现代泌尿外科理论与实践[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2005:122-123,203-204,207-208.

[338] 张华锋,夏龙.“四步法”袖套式改良术在门诊包皮过长患者的临床应用[J].中华男科学杂志,2020,26(10):958-959.

[339] 罗辉,李红娜.超声引导下经皮穿刺活检在睾丸及附睾病变中的应用价值[J].中国实验诊断学,2013,17(11):2047-2048.

[340] 张大勇,张玮,温海霞,等.IL-2对抗精子抗体大鼠精子顶体酶活力的影响[J].哈尔滨医科大学学报,2003,37(1):34-36.

[341] 张国强,茅凯黎,陆佳荪,等.“Y2V”成形术矫治包茎[J].临床泌尿外科杂志,2002,17:364-365.

[342] 张国强,杨波,茅凯黎.隐匿阴茎的分型及处理原则[J].临床泌尿外科杂志,2003,18(1):34-35.

[343] 张青萍,邓友斌.超声诊断临床指南[M].2版.北京:科学出版社,2005.

[344] 张威,张玮,倪江.一氧化氮对精子功能的影响[J].中华男科学,2000,6(4):255-257.

[345] EMILA TANAGHO,JACKW MCANINC.史密斯泌尿外科学[M].张小东,译.北京:人民卫生出版社,2005:3.

[346] 张炎,黄文涛,高新.横向双针套叠显微输精管附睾管吻合术治疗梗阻性无精症[J].中华腔镜泌尿外科杂志(电子版),2009,3(2):154-156.

[347] 中国医师协会生殖医学专业委员会生殖男科学组畸形精子症诊疗中国专家共识编写组.畸形精子症诊疗中国专家共识[J].中华生殖与避孕杂志,2021,41(07):600-609.

[348] JEAND WILSON.哈里逊内科学[M].赵华月,译.12版.北京:人民卫生出版社,1994:2064-2116.

[349] 中国医师协会生殖医学专业委员会生殖男科学组少精子症诊疗中国专家共识编写组.少精子症诊疗中国专家共识[J].中华生殖与避孕杂志,2021,41(07):586-592.

[350] 周永昌,郭万学.超声医学[M].4版.北京:科学技术文献出版社,2003:1672-1676.

[351] 庄乾元,韩见知.先天性泌尿生殖系疾病[M].武汉:湖北科学技术出版社,2001.

[352] ROWE P,ROWE,COMHAIRE,et al.世界卫生组织男性不育标准化检查与诊疗手册[M].李铮,张忠平,黄翼然,译.北京:人民卫生出版社,2007.

[353] AL-KANDARI AM,ALENEZI A.Cost burden of male infertility investigations and treatments:A survey study[J].Urol Ann,2020,12(4):314-318.

[354] INHORN MC,PATRIZIO P.Infertility around the globe:new thinking on gender,reproductive technologies and global movements in the 21st century[J].Hum Reprod Update,2015,21(4):411-426.

[355] LV MQ,GE P,ZHANG J,et al.Temporal trends in semen concentration and count among 327 373 Chinese healthy men from 1981 to 2019:a systematic review[J].Hum Reprod,2021,36(7):1751-1775.

[356] LOFRANO-PORTO A,BARRA GB,GIACOMINI LA,et al.Luteinizing hormone beta mutation and hypogonadism in men and women[J].N Engl J Med,2007,357(9):897-904.

[357] BERGER K,SOUZA H,BRITO VN,et al.Clinical and hormonal features of selective follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH)deficiency due to FSH beta-subunit gene mutations in both sexes[J].Fertil Steril,2005,83(2):466-470.

[358] CAPOZZI A,SCAMBIA G,PONTECORVI A,et al.Hyperprolactinemia:pathophysiology and therapeutic approach[J].Gynecol Endocrinol,2015,31(7):506-510.

[359] 张帅,唐达星,傅君芬.雄激素不敏感综合征的临床处理研究进展[J].中华小儿外科杂志,2021,42(09):856-864.

[360] 中国医师协会生殖医学专业委员会生殖男科学组无精子症诊疗中国专家共识编写组.无精子症诊疗中国专家共识[J].中华生殖与避孕杂志,2021,41(7):573-585.

[361] SCHLEGEL PN,SIGMAN M,COLLURA B,et al.Diagnosis and treatment of infertility in men:AUA/ASRM guideline part I[J].Fertil Steril,2021,115(1):54-61.

[362] SKORACKA K,EDER P,LYKOWSKA-SZUBER L,et al.Diet and nutritional factors in male(In)fertility-underestimated factors[J].J Clin Med,2020,9(5):1400.

[363] LUNDY SD,SANGWAN N,PAREKH NV,et al.Functional and taxonomic dysbiosis of the gut,urine,and semen microbiomes in male infertility[J].Eur Urol,2021,79(6):826-836.

[364] CORBETT GA,CROSBY DA,MCAULIFFE FM.Probiotic therapy in couples with infertility:a systematic review[J].Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol,2021,256:95-100.

[365] 周青松,曾凡春,张祯雪,等.复方氨基酸胶囊联合维生素E治疗特发性弱精子症的临床研究[J].中华男科学杂志,2016,22(4):343-346.

[366] 郭军.“脑-心-肾-精室”轴在中医男科学中的理论构建及应用[J].世界中西医结合杂志,2020,15(8):1553-1556.

[367] 王福,俞旭君.生精胶囊在男性不育症中的临床应用中国专家共识[J].中华男科学杂志,2019,25(4):368-371.

[368] 胡剑麟,孙健,陈威,等.黄精赞育胶囊对弱精子症患者精子线粒体膜电位的影响[J].中华男科学杂志,2017,23(12):1116-1120.

[369] 郭军,赵丰,刘胜京,等.基于网络药理学探讨灵归方治疗少弱精子症的作用机制[J].世界中西医结合杂志,2020,15(10):1828-1834,1840.

[370] 张开舒,傅龙龙,商学军,等.麒麟丸治疗少弱精子症的临床研究进展[J].中华男科学杂志,2017,23(10):938-941.

[371] 张兴源,潘连军.仙鹿口服液联合左卡尼汀口服液治疗精子DNA损伤的临床观察[J].中国男科学杂志,2015,29(12):56-59.

[372] 杨长海,孙中义,王波,等.还少胶囊治疗少弱精子症的多中心临床观察[J].中华男科学杂志,2018,24(7):635-639.

[373] 华众,陈如兵,王晨,等.罗补甫克比日丸对弱精子症患者精液质量及精浆相关生化指标的影响[J].中华男科学杂志,2020,26(11):1020-1024.

[374] 欧阳斌,耿强.针刺治疗男性不育症的疗效及作用机制述评[J].中国中西医结合杂志,2018,38(5):520-522.

[375] 韩瑞钰,邓佩佩,马婧,等.不育男性精浆中硒含量与精液质量、精浆中微量元素以及脂肪因子等指标的相关性研究[J].中国男科学杂志,2021,35(04):12-16.

[376] 杨晓玉,刘贵华,安淼.男性生殖相关基因检测专家共识[J].中华男科学杂志,2020,26(09):844-851.

[377] 吴明章,曾超文,张慧君.男性生殖病理学[M].上海:上海科学普及出版社,1996.

[378] 曾春花,熊承良,官黄涛,等.少、弱精子症患者精浆、精子和血清中锌及性激素水平的相关分析[J].中国计划生育学杂志,2007,15:352-355.

[379] KONG XB,MA HG,LI HG,et al.Blockade of epithelial sodium channels improves spermmotility in asthenospermia patients[J].Int J Androl,2009,32:330-336.

[380] JENSEN CFS,FODE M,FEDDER J,et al.Surgical testicular extraction of spermatozoa in men with non-obstructive azoospermia[J].Ugeskr Laeger,2019,181(5):V07180477.

[381] CITO G,COCCIA ME,SESSA F,et al.Testicular fine-needle aspiration for sperm retrieval in azoospermia:a small step toward the technical standardization[J].World J Mens Health,2019,37(1):55-67.

[382] SHIH KW,SHEN PY,WU CC,et al.Testicular versus percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration for patients with obstructive azoospermia:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Transl Androl Urol,2019,8(6):631-640.

[383] CARPI A,FABRIS FG,TODESCHINI G,et al.Large needle percutaneous aspiration biopsy of the testicle in men with nonobstructive azoospermia:technical performance[J].Biomed Pharmacother,2006,60:557-560.

[384] TURI T,MOILANEN J,KAUKORANTA S,et al.Testicular biopsy gun needle biopsy in collecting spermatozoa for intracytoplasmatic injection,cryopreservation and histology[J].Hum Reprod,1998,14:1274-1278.

[385] PUNJANI N,KANG C,SCHLEGEL PN.Two decades from the introduction of microdissection testicular sperm extraction:how this surgical technique has improved the management of NOA[J].J Clin Med,2021,10(7):1374.

[386] WEEDIN JW,KHERA M,LIPSHULTZ LI.Varicocele repair in patients with nonobstructive azoospermia:a meta-analysis[J].J Urol,2010,183:2309-2315.

[387] CERILLI LA,KUANG W,ROGERS D.A practical approach to testicular biopsy interpretation for male infertility[J].Arch Pathol Lab Med,2010,34:1198-1204.

[388] HARARI O,GRONOW M,BOURN H,et al.High fertilization rate with intracytoplasmic sperm injection in mosaic klinefecter's syndrome[J].Fertil Steril,1995,63:182-184.

[389] ALMAGOR M,DAN-GOOR M,HOVAV Y,et al.Spontaneous pregnancies in severe oligoasthenozoospermia[J].Hum Reprod,2001,16:1780-1811.

[390] PERNICE F,MAZZA G,PUGLISI D,et al.Nonrobertsonian translocation t(6;11)is associated with infertility in an oligoazoospermic male[J].Fertil Steril,2002,78:192-194.

[391] BOULOUX P,WARNE DW,LOUMAYE E.Efficacy and safety of recombinant human folliclestimulating hormone in men with isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.FSH Study Group in Men's Infertility[J].Fertil Steril,2002,77:270-273.

[392] CURI S,ARIAGNO J,REPETTO H,et al.Laboratory methods for the diagnosis of asthenozoospermia[J].Arch Androl,2002,48:177-180.

[393] STAHL PJ,SCHLEGEL PN.Genetic evaluation of the azoospermic or severely oligozoospermic male[J].Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol,2012,24(4):221-228.

[394] FORESTA C,BETTELLA A,MERICO M,et al.Use of recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone in the treatment of male factor infertility[J].Fertil Steril,2002,77:238-244.

[395] FORESTA C,BETTELLA A,MORO E,et al.Inhibin B plasma concentrations in infertile patients with DAZ gene deletions treated with FSH[J].Eur J Endocrinol,2002,146:801-806.

[396] FU J,LI L,LU G.Relationship between microdeletion on Y chromosome and patients with idiopathic azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia in the Chinese[J].Chin Med J(Engl),2002,115:72-75.

[397] HALLAK J,SHARMA RK,PASQUALOTTO FF,et al.Creatine kinase as an indicator of sperm quality and maturity in men with oligospermia[J].Urology,2001,58:446-517.

[398] HIBI H,KATO K,MITSUI K,et al.The treatment with tranilast,a mast cell blocker,for idiopathic oligozoospermia[J].Arch Androl,2001,47:107-111.

[399] MOSTAFA T,ANIS TH,EL-NASHAR A,et al.Varicocelectomy reduces reactive oxygen species levels and increases antioxidant activity of seminal plasma from infertile men with varicocele[J].Int J Androl,2001,24:261-265.

[400] REVELLI A,BERGANDI L,MASSOBRIO M,et al.The concentration of nitrite in seminal plasma does not correlate with sperm concentration,sperm motility,leukocytospermia,or sperm culture[J].Fertil Steril,2001,76:496-500.

[401] SICILIANO L,TARANTINO P,LONGOBARDI F,et al.Impaired seminal antioxidant capacity in human semen with hyperviscosity or oligoasthenozoospermia[J].J Androl,2001,22:798-803.

[402] TZSCHACH A,THAMM B,IMTHURN B,et al.Absence of Yq microdeletions in infertile men[J].Arch Androl,2001,47:167-171.

[403] WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION.WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen[R].5th ed.Geneva:World Health Organization,2010.

[404] 熊承良,沈继云,周洁玲,等.尿激酶对弱精症患者精子活率影响的研究[J].生殖医学杂志,1995,4(3):164-166.

[405] AVIDAN N,TAMARY H,DGANY O,et al.CatSper2,a human autosomal nonsyndromic male infertility gene[J].Eur J Hum Genet,2003,442:203-207.

[406] BALERCIA G,ARNALDI G,FAZIOLI F,et al.Coenzyme Q10 levels in idiopathic and varicoceleassociated asthenozoospermia[J].Andrologia,2002,34(2):107-111.

[407] CHIANG HS,WEI HJ,CHEN YT.Genetic screening for patients with azoospermia and severe oligo-asthenospermia[J].Int J Androl,2000,23(2):20-25.

[408] FOLGERO T,BERTHEUSSEN K,TORBERGSEN T,et al.Mitochondrial disease and reduced sperm motility[J].Human Reprod,1993,8:1863-1868.

[409] HONG GANG LI,XIAO FANG DING,AI HUA LIAO,et al.Experssion of CatSper family transcripts in the mouse testis during post-natal development and human ejaculate spermatozoa:relationship to sperm motility[J].Molecular Human Reproduction,2007,13:299-306.

[410] HUSZAR G,VIGUE L,MORSHEDI M.Sperm creatine phosphokinase M-isoformratios and fertilizing potential of men:a blinded study of 84 couplestreated with in vitro fertilization[J].Fertil Steril,1992,57:882.

[411] VANDEKERCKHOVE P,LILFORD R,VAIL A,et al.Clomiphene or tamoxifen for idiopathic oligo/asthenospermia[J].Cochrane Database Syst Rev,2000(2):151.

[412] ADIGA SK,KUMAR P.Influence of swim-up method on the recovery of spermatozoa from different types of semen samples[J].J Assist Reprod Genet,2001,18(3):160-164.

[413] ALI JI,GRIMES EM.Sperm morphology:unstained and stained smears in fertile and infertile men[J].Arch Androl,1989,22(3):191-195.

[414] SZERMAN-JOLY E,SAUVALLE A,IZARD J,et al.Comparison of two techniques used to collect normal and motile sperm[J].Int J Androl,1989,12(3):199-205.

[415] 罗丹峰,汪锦飘,吴少焜.中西医结合治疗精液迟缓液化症的临床研究[J].中国实用医药,2009,4(14):22-24.

[416] 朱勇,葛晓东,李享,等.中医药治疗精液不液化的临床研究进展[J].中国性科学,2020,29(07):103-106.