1.研究设计
研究设计(Design)需要简单明了,因此比较容易撰写。对于非实验性研究设计,最好说明其是相关性(correlational)还是描述性(descriptive)、是横断面(cross-sectional)还是纵向性(longitudinal)、是回顾性(retrospective)还是前瞻性(prospective)研究。如示例2-27所示,该研究采用了描述性、横断面研究设计(descriptive,crosssectional design)。示例2-28中,该研究使用了纵向性研究(随访6年,采用了4次重复测量)。
示例2-27 研究设计举例1
Design and participants
For this study,a descriptive,cross-sectional study was applied using a convenience sample.The study was conducted during 2018 in a private hospital complex in southern Portugal.
示例2-28 研究设计举例2
Participants
We carefully selected participants from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety(NESDA),a multisite longitudinal study including four repeated assessments(TO-T3),spanning 6 years in total.
对于实验性研究设计,需要说明具体的设计方法;例如:(平行)随机对照试验(randomized clinical trial with two parallel groups)、交叉随机对照试验(randomized cross-over design)、前后对照试验(pre-post design)。同时,还可说明是多中心还是单中心(multicenter or single-center),是否采用了盲法等。如示例2-29所示,该研究属于随机对照试验,并采用了盲法。如示例2-30所示,该研究采用了多中心的随机对照试验设计。如示例2-31所示,该研究采用了前后对照的平行随机对照试验设计,且对研究对象进行了单盲。目前,多数实验性研究都需要在网上注册其实验方案。此时,在介绍研究设计时,便可以给出注册号。如示例2-32所示。
示例2-29 研究设计举例3
Design and setting
A blind,randomized clinical trial was performed in the Teaching Skills and Simulation Center at a Federal University in Brazil.
示例2-30 研究设计举例4
Research design and methods
The DPP was a multicenter randomized control trial with a median follow-up of 3.2 years among individuals at high risk for diabetes.
示例2-31 研究设计举例5
Study design
This was a single,participant-blinded,RCT with a prepost design,in which 2 parallel groups were compared,namely the TENS group and the control(sham-TENS)group.
示例2-32 研究设计举例6
Trial Design and Participants (https://www.daowen.com)
The study was a 16-week randomized clinical trial(Clinical-Trials.gov identifier:NCT02349477).
多数情况下,论文还会介绍研究开展的场所,例如,医院、社区、实验室等。如示例2-27和示例2-29所示,论文中在介绍该研究所采用研究设计的同时,还介绍了研究开展的场所。
有些作者可能汇报的是一个secondary analysis(二次分析),在方法学中,可以引用以前发表过的论文。如示例2-33所示,此研究属于二次分析,引用了该团队既往已发表的研究。特别值得注意的是,在撰写方法学时,要留意自己采用的研究设计存在的局限性,以便与后面的讨论相呼应。
示例2-33 研究设计举例7
Design
This was a secondary analysis of an ongoing multicenter longitudinal study aimed at measuring self-care in patients with MCC and their caregivers;the details of this study have been published previously(De Maria,Vellone,et al.,2019a).
在介绍研究设计或研究对象时,多数需要说明研究是否通过伦理审查(ethical approval)以及是否获得研究对象的知情同意。伦理审查的过程和严格程度因国家而异。一般情况下,期刊并不针对伦理审查所必须遵循的程序进行规定,但是要求说明该研究是否经过相关机构的伦理委员会审查(例如,大学或医院),以确保受试者得到保护,尤其是弱势群体(例如,儿童、孕妇、犯人)。不同期刊针对作者所需要提供的伦理审查证明的要求有所不同,有些期刊仅要求作者说明该研究已经获得伦理审查通过,有些期刊则要求作者详细说明获得哪个机构的伦理审查,还有些期刊要求作者提供伦理审查通过的信件或伦理审查编号。如果后期针对该研究存在任何疑问,则可联系该机构以核查作者所提供的信息是否真实。另外,对于涉及人的研究,还需要说明是否以及如何获得受试者的知情同意。对于不需要获取知情同意书的,需要说明原因。
如示例2-34所示,本研究中给出了伦理审查的机构以及编号,同时说明了研究对象同意参加该研究。如示例2-35所示,本研究仅提供了伦理审查机构的名称,同时也说明了已获取书面知情同意书(有时候也可获取口头或网络知情同意书verbal/online)。如示例2-36和示例2-37,知情同意被伦理审查委员会豁免。该研究采用了回顾性研究设计且仅收集了匿名数据进行分析。
示例2-34 伦理审查机构及知情同意
Ethical considerations
To conduct the study,permission was obtained from the Regional Ligurian Ethics Committee,on 11 April 2017(P.R.075REG2017).Participation in the study was voluntary,and each participant consented to take part.
示例2-35 伦理审查机构及书面知情同意
Ethical approval was obtained from the University of Oxford Central University Research Ethics Committee,and the UCL Medical School Committee on the Ethics of Human Research.Informed written consent was obtained from all participants.
示例2-36 知情同意被豁免
Study design and population
We performed a retrospective,single-center crosssectional analysis of all patients with a positive finding of Pneumocystis jirovecii from January 2000 to June 2017.Written informed consent was waived by the ethics committee due to the anonymized retrospective nature of the analysis.
示例2-37 通过伦理审查且知情同意被豁免
Materials and methods
This retrospective study was approved by our institutional research ethics committee as retrospective data analysis for medical imaging-based diagnoses,and the requirement for informed consent was waived.