反对意见及其回应
成瘾的意义观是根据原子语言学理论来表达的。在面对熟悉的反对意见时,它似乎站得住脚,但并不是所有的意见都得到了充分的答复,仍然存在一些问题有待解决。
根据那些持有原子信息论意义观的人的观点,原型和意义整体论从一开始就注定要失败,因为任何事物的意义都会影响到所有事物的意义。这个论点认为,通过学习改变意义之后,所有的意义都被改变了。这被认为是不可接受的,因为没有人会牢牢把握自己的信仰和欲望,更不用说两个人能够相互理解。在不断变化的内部和外部环境中,我们的概念状态空间在不断变化,尽管这并不是我们的对手想让我们思考的程度。我们对人、事件和对象的概念通过变化保持可识别性,因为它们彼此之间的关系保持相似。例如,我对叔叔的概念被新信息显著改变时,我对婶婶的概念也会发生重大变化,甚至可能还有我对晚餐和镇静剂的概念。但这并不意味着世界已经面目全非。一个概念的变化对另一个概念的影响随着它们之间的“距离”的增大而减小。更重要的是,当概念被正确理解时,就像从思想中涌现出来的概念,反过来又从物理过程中涌现出来一样,很明显,我们并不持有它们,而是根据需要重新构建它们。这意味着微小的差异被忽略了。我们在某一特定场合形成的概念,与我们在其他场合形成的概念非常接近,足以让我们正常运作。我们应该注意到,沟通失败的可能性在整体看来保留了这个现象:成瘾的个体之间的对话和那些从来没有成瘾,甚至一群自我界定的成瘾者,人们不同的偏好和模式似乎常常表现出沟通误解。如果这是一个缺陷,那它是我们天性的缺陷,而不是我们理论的缺陷。
还有另一种担忧需要考虑。以原型为中心的意义整体主义可能会威胁到那些相信有科学的人,他们要求的世界是一个能接触到的单一、明确的世界。在某些人看来,我们的理论似乎表明,不存在单一的科学体系、单一的研究领域、单一的正确理论,因此,它似乎会动摇我们作为知者的稳定性。这并不意味着我们的理论是错误的。无论是人类还是其他动物的大脑,其创造意义的方式与哲学家和其他人几千年来所描绘的方式大不相同。现在,我们必须重新思考如何解释我们的信念、知识、科学和其他类型的研究,而不是试图根据关于知识、科学和其他研究的教条观点来考虑我们应该如何。这种批评似乎与哲学家的假设背道而驰,而不是与意义整体论背道而驰。
最后,还有一个潜在的问题,不是关于原型本身,也不是关于整体主义,而是关于我们所阐述的关于成瘾的观点。本章提出的理论是一个广义的意义理论,因此,成瘾者和非成瘾者之间发生的沟通失败并不是这些群体所特有的,而是适用于任何具有不同概念框架的个体或群体。此外,标志着戒除毒瘾的格式塔转变,以及由“诱因”引发的复发,同样适用于PTSD 的“闪回”,或因发现配偶出轨或失业而带来的绝望。有人指责说,所提供的意义理论并没有特别提到成瘾模式,对此我想说的是,这些事实非但没有削弱理论的适用性,反而支持了理论的真实性。事实上,意义水平作为成瘾的一种自然特征,可以用来描述许多不同的人类体验:这个观点很有可能是正确的,因为它展示了人类这个高度复杂的物理系统是如何被非常真实的非物理过程改变的,和成瘾者和其他人群没有太大的不同。成瘾者是受他们所构建的世界固有价值观的驱使,在与当地和全球环境的互动中采取行动的人。没有充分的理由说成瘾者是因为某种疾病或基因突变而成为成瘾者,尽管他们可能在某些数量上与非成瘾人群存在某种遗传差异,而且他们可能通过成瘾行为导致自己患病。然而,也没有理由说成瘾者成心伤害自己和他人,因为他们在权衡了自己的选择之后,固执地选择从事成瘾行为,就像其他人可能使用的那样。在决定采取行动时,与那些批评或治疗成瘾者相比,那些成瘾者是在一个不同的概念空间进行推理。更重要的是,因为意义本质上是动态的和相互关联的,没有理由说情况不能改变。
【注释】
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