注释
注释
引言
为了能受益于新法案：Patricia Clark,“Obamacare Encourages Baby Boutiques to Bet on Breast Pumps”, Bloomberg Business Week, August 26, 2013。
“靓妈”已经与25项不同的保险计划：对阿曼达·科尔的电话采访，2014年8月6日。
到2020年，美国吸奶器市场：Breast Pumps Market (Manual, Single, Double Electric and Hospital Grade Breast Pumps)—Global Industry Analysis, Size, Volume,Share, Growth, Trends and Forecast, 2014–2022, Transparency Market Research,2013。
科尔住在曼哈顿：“Nursing on Cloud Nine,”New York Family, August 6, 2013。
她的店还开设了一系列课程：old.yummymummy store.com/classes。
就连教皇方济各也于2015年：Caroline Bologna,“Pope Francis Welcomes Mothers to Breastfeed in the Sistine Chapel,”The Huffington Post, January 12, 2015,http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/12/pope-francis-breastfeeding_n_6456314.html。
数年前发起于新西兰的：biglatchon.org。
哺乳倡导组织“最好的给孩子”：www.bestforbabes.org/nursing-in-public hotline-855-nip-free。
实际上，有些哺乳主义者：Melissa Bartick,“Making the Case: Effective Language for Breastfeeding Advocacy,”Massachusetts Breastfeeding Coalition, March 2007, http://massbreastfeeding .org/advocacy/making-the-case/。
不久前，超模吉赛尔·邦辰：Sara Nathan,“Smug Mother Gisele Bundchen Says There‘Should Be a Law’Forcing Women to Breastfeed for Six Months,”Mail Online, August 4, 2010。
在一次采访中：电话采访，2014年8月6日。
他们之所以用母乳喂孩子：例如，有一个博客把母乳喂养行动与本地有机食品和可持续屋顶花园结合了起来。（http://civileats.com/2011 /02/22/tea-partiers milk-anger-over-breastfeeding.）
“减少父母旷工的情况……”：Melissa Bartick and Arnold Reinhold,“The Burden of Suboptimal Breastfeeding in the United States: A Pediatric Cost Analysis,”Pediatrics 125, No.5 (April 2010): e1048–e1056, http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/search?author1=Melissa+Bartick&sortspec=date&submit=Submit。
卫生官员明确表示：“New York City Health Department Launches‘Latch On NYC’Initiative to Support Breastfeeding Mothers,”New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, May 9, 2012, www.nyc.gov/html/doh/html /pr2012/pr01312.shtml。
吃母乳的孩子开始吃固体食物后：“The New WIC: Food and Focus Breastfeeding,”Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, June 2, 2009。这部分内容来自密苏里州的WIC诊所为新妈妈提供的一份两页的手册，该手册改编自科罗拉多州的WIC诊所提供的类似资料。Health.mo.gov/living/families/…/LWPBFFFoodPkgEducation.doc。
哺乳可以传播艾滋病毒的证据：John B. Ziegler et al.,“Postnatal Transmission of AIDS-Associated Retrovirus from Mother to Infant,”The Lancet 325, No.8434 (April 1985): 896–898。
然而，全世界的公共卫生官员：Edith White, Breastfeeding and HIV/AIDS: The Research, the Politics, the Women's Responses (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1999)。
等到世界卫生组织：www.anotherlook.org/presentations.php。
但实际上美国的哺乳率：“More Mothers Are Breastfeeding: African American Mothers Need More Support,”Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2013/p0207_breast _feeding.html。
不过，另一方面的真相是：2007年的数据见“Provisional Breastfeeding Rates by Socio-demographic Factors, Among Children Born in 2007 (Percent +/–half 95%Confidence Interval),”National Immunization Survey, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/data/NIS_data /2007/socio-demographic_any.htm。2010年的数据见“Rates of Any and Exclusive Breastfeeding by Socio-demographics Among Children Born in 2010 (Percentage +/-half 95% Confidence Interval),”National Immunization Survey, CDC, HHS, www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/data/nis_data/rates-any -exclusive-bf socio-dem-2010.htm。
“这样一来，我们的帮助……”：Sarah Maslin,“Helping Hands Also Expose NY Divide,”New York Times, November 16, 2012。
“每次员工需要吸奶时”：www.ncsl.org/issues -research/health/breastfeeding state-laws.aspx。
但还有足足30%的职场母亲：US Department of Health and Human Services(HHS), Health Resources and Services Administration, Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Women's Health USA 2011 (Rockville, MD: HHS, 2011), www.mchb.hrsa.gov/whusa11/hstat/hsrmh/pages/233ml.html。
由于近十年来吸奶器市场：Michael Johnsen,“Breast feeding Grows into Destination Category,”Drug Store News 30, No.6 (May 19, 2008): 52。
许多首屈一指的医生和研究人员：对托马斯·法利博士的采访，2014年8月5日，纽约市；对迈克尔·克雷默博士的采访，2013年12月12日，加拿大蒙特利尔市。
一家名为普罗莱塔生物科技的公司：Andrew Pollack,“Breast Milk Becomes a Commodity, with Mothers Caught Up in Debate,”New York Times, March 20, 2015。
外面裹了一层：www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1256200/Daniel-Angerers breast-milk-cheese-sale-chef-s-Klee-Brasserie-New-York.html。
我在《大西洋月刊》上看到：Hanna Rosin,“The Case Against Breast-Feeding,”The Atlantic, April 2009。
第一章 转变潮流：从奶粉到母乳
古代文献表明：Emily E. Stevens et al.,“A History of Infant Feeding,”Journal of Perinatal Education 18, No.2 (spring 2009): 32–39。
早在公元前950年：同上。
波士顿的一项研究表明：Jacqueline H. Wolf,“Public Health Then and Now,”American Journal of Public Health 93, No.12 (December 2003): 2001。
在1912年的芝加哥：同上，2003。
可选择的范围似乎又扩大了：同上，2002。
许多医生还会让母亲：Lynn Y. Weiner,“Reconstructing Motherhood: The La Leche League in Postwar America,”Journal of American History 80, No.4 (March 1994): 1365–1366。
从1956年七个朋友组织的：同上，1359。
有历史学者认为：Christina G. Bobel,“Bounded Liberation: A Focused Study of La Leche League International,”Gender and Society 15, No.1 (February 2001): 135。
“社会不鼓励我们提问……”：Molly M. Ginty,“Our Bodies, Ourselves Turns 35 Today,”Women's eNews, May 2004, http://womensenews.org/story/health/040504/our-bodies -ourselves-turns-35-today。
只给了一条相关建议：Boston Women's Health Collective, Women and Their Bodies: A Course, 1970, 175, www.ourbodiesourselves.org/cms/assets/uploads/2014/04/Women-and-Their-Bodies-1970.pdf。
当时的女性喜欢看《美好家园》：Bobel,“Bounded Liberation,”140。
“如果我们一边说着……”：Mary Ann Cahill, Seven Voices, One Dream(Schaumburg, IL: La Leche League International, 2001), 151。
虽然全场听众起立为她鼓掌：同上，133—134。
“如果有哪位母亲打算……”：Linda M. Blum and Elizabeth A. Vandewater,“Mother to Mother: A Maternalist Organization in Late Capitalist America,”Social Problems 40, No.3 (August 1993): 288；引自La Leche League International, The Womanly Art of Breastfeeding (Franklin Park, IL: La Leche League International, 1981) 271。
1971年是最低点：“Ross Labs Breastfeeding Statistics,”KellyMom, http://kellymom.com/fun /trivia/ross-data/。
“哺乳母亲”之所以吸引她：Blum and Vandewater,“Mother to Mother,”300;Bobel,“Bounded Liberation,”146。
这些婴儿多来自非洲和东南亚：Ramon Martinez,“A Global Overview of the Magnitude, Disparities and Trend of Infant Mortality in the World: 1950–2011,”Health Intelligence, March 2013, http://healthintelligence.drupalgardens.com/content/global overview-magnitude-disparities-and-trend-infant-mortality-world-1950-2011。
在苏联，多数婴儿：Christopher Davis and Murray Feshbach, Rising Infant Mortality in the USSR in the 1970s, Series P-95, No.74 (Washington, DC: US Bureau of Census, September 1980)。
疟疾、麻疹、受伤、婴儿猝死综合征：Kathryn M. Andrews et al.,“Mortality,Infant,”in Marshall M. Haith and Janette B. Benson, eds., Encyclopedia of Infant and Early Childhood Development (Waltham, MA: Academic Press, 2008), 343–359。
但是在婴儿死亡率最高的非洲和东南亚：同上。
为了占领国际市场：Lauren Pomerantz,“Death, Diarrhea, and Developing Nations: Nestlé and the Ethics of Infant Formula,”TeachSpace, summer 2001, www.teachspace.org /personal/research/nestle/title.html. Pomerantz also notes that“by 1977,Nestlé had 81 plants in 27 non-industrialized countries, and 728 sales centers in all parts of the world.”。
雀巢占了其中50%的份额：Stephen Solomon,“The Controversy over Infant Formula,”New York Times, December 6, 1981, 1–6, www.nytimes.com/1981/12/06/magazine/the-controversy-over-infant-formula.html。
在巴西，广告中最常见的产品：同上，6。
“假设有100名婴儿……”：同上。
这些“雀巢护士”一边帮助母亲：同上。
卫生官员赞同如下观点：Pomerantz,“Death, Diarrhea, and Developing Nations”。
1981年，在《纽约时报》的一篇文章中：Solomon,“The Controversy over Infant Formula,”6。
1979年，印度尼西亚的研究人员：同上。
甚至可能花去一个贫穷家庭：Joanna Moorhead,“Milking It,”The Guardian,May 15, 2007, www.theguardian.com/business /2007/may/15/medicineandhealth.lifeandhealth。
1979年在印度尼西亚开展的：Solomon,“The Controversy over Infant Formula,”6。
孟加拉国的一名医生表示：Moorhead,“Milking It”。
牙买加的一位母亲：Solomon,“The Controversy over Infant Formula”。
“在热带国家……”：同上。
在这篇报道中，穆勒不仅：Mike Muller,“The Baby Killer: A War on Want Investigation into the Promotion and Sale of Powdered Baby Milks in the Third World,”War on Want, London, March 1974。
“这件事当然轻而易举！……”：对伊迪斯·怀特·弗莱彻的采访，2014年9月19日。
“这些顾问一般20多岁……”：同上。
“WIC的客户可能是一个……”：同上。
竟然一直持续到现在：Anwar Fazal,“Message to IBFAN’s 30th Anniversary on 12 Oct 2009,”IBFAN, 2009, www.ibfan.org/art/Anwar_Fazal_-_message_to_IBFAN %27s_30th1.pdf. Further, according to an online poll conducted in 2005,Nestlé is among the top four most boycotted companies in the world. See Ian Johnston,“Nestlé: The World’s Biggest Food Company and One of the‘Most Boycotted,’”London Telegraph, September 2009, www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/zimbabwe/6235566/Nestle -the-worlds-biggest-food-companyand-one-of-the-most-boycotted.html。
第二章 哺乳：社会共识
1963年，贝蒂·弗里丹的著作：Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (New York: W. W. Norton, 1963)。
斯坦能关注的问题：Keri Philips,“Second Wave Feminism,”ABC Radio National, October 13, 2013. Transcript and audio recording of interview available online: www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/rearvision /second-wave feminism/4983136#transcript。
你很可能也践行过：Kate Pickert,“The Man Who Remade Motherhood,”Time,May 21, 2012。
很多践行亲密育儿法的母亲：同上。
孩子长大一些后：Elizabeth Pantley, The No-Cry Sleep Solution for Toddlers and Preschoolers: Gentle Ways to Stop Bedtime Battles and Improve Your Child's Sleep (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005)。
在《时代》周刊的那篇文章里：P i c k e r t ,“T h e M a n W h o R e m a d e Motherhood”。
法国哲学家、女权主义者：Elisabeth Badinter, The Conflict: How Modern Motherhood Undermines the Status of Women (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2011)。
博客作者、女权主义者杰西卡·瓦伦蒂：Jessica Valenti, Why Have Kids?A New Mom Explores the Truth About Parenting and Happiness (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2012)；Ayelet Waldman, Bad Mother: A Chronicle of Maternal Crimes, Minor Calamities, and Occasional Moments of Grace (New York: Doubleday,2009)。
职场母亲对自己的评价就更差了：Leslie Morgan Steiner, ed., Mommy Wars:Stay-at-Home and Career Moms Face Off on Their Choices, Their Lives, Their Families(New York: Random House, 2007)。
但这样的选择也相当于：“Animal Feed,”GRACE Communications Foundation,www.sustainabletable.org/260/animal-feed。
“公平贸易”这个词：Adam Carlson,“Are Consumers Willing to Pay More for Fair Trade Certified Coffee?”accessed October 2013, http://economics.nd.edu /assets/31977/carlson_bernoulli.pdf；亦见于“Coffee,”Fairtrade Canada, http://fairtrade.ca/en/products/coffee-0。
在北美的每一座城市：Deloitte, Best Practices in Local Food: A Guide for Municipalities, Ontario Municipal Knowledge Network and Association of Municipalities of Ontario, www.roma.on.ca/ROMA-Docs/Reports/2013Best Practicesin LocalFoodAGuideforMunicipalitie.aspx。
例如2010年发布的：US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Support Breastfeeding (Washington, DC: HHS,Office of the Surgeon General, 2011)。
“大自然母亲网”：Jennifer Chait,“6 Green Reasons Why Breastfeeding Is the Best Feeding,”Mother Nature Network, August 1, 2009, www.mnn.com /family/family activities/stories/6-green-reasons-why-breast feeding-is-the-best-feeding。
还有一个致力于绿色生活：Cherise Udell,“Breastfeeding Is an Environmental Issue,”Care2, May 9, 2013, www.care2.com /greenliving/breastfeeding-is-an environmental-issue.html。
一名社会活动者如是说：Jill Fehrenbacher,“Chef Daniel Angerer Defends Cheese Made from Wife's Breast Milk,”Inhabitat, March 9, 2010, http://inhabitat.com/chef-daniel-angerer-defends-cheese-made-from-wife’s-breast-milk。
一名自称为环保主义者的女子：Udell,“Breastfeeding Is an Environmental Issue”。
他们建议那些：例如Bess Bedell,“Biblical Breastfeeding,”A Warrior Mom(blog), August 12, 2012, https://awarriormom.wordpress.com/2012/12/09/biblical breastfeeding/。
我用谷歌在短短20分钟内：Nancy Campbell,“Breastfeeding God’s Way,”Above Rubies, accessed: October 2013, www.aboverubies.org/index.php/component/content/ article?id=322；Marsha Bearden,“What God Says About Breastfeeding,”Mothering from the Heart, accessed March 5, 2012, http://motheringfromtheheart.com/whatgod.htm。
她提出了各种证据：Heidi Bingham,“Breastfeeding by Design: Part 1,”Cornerstone, 1998, www.internetarchaeology.org/y2k/1989/famtopics/brfding.html。
母乳喂养不仅能消除：“Breastfeeding,”Gentle Christian Mothers, www.gentlechristianmothers.com/topics/breastfeeding.php。
这些母亲利用智慧设计论：Rex D. Russell,“Design in Infant Nutrition,”Acts &Facts 24, No.1 (1995), www.icr.org /article/design-infant-nutrition。
最后他总结道：“如此了不起的……”：同上。
丈夫对于家中之事：Bingham,“Family Topics”。
基督教赋予男女的职责：S. Michael Houdmann,“How Does the Bible Define a Good Christian Family?”Got Questions Ministries, accessed: October 2013, www.gotquestions.org/Christian-family.html。
“上帝给女人制定的计划”：Campbell,“Breastfeeding God’s Way”。
“如果你心中有此想法……”：Bingham,“Breastfeeding by Design: Part 1”。
“如果我们心中抗拒……”：Campbell,“Breastfeeding God’s Way”。
为什么有无数基督教组织：Lauren Markoe,“Breastfeeding Is on the Rise but in Church It’s Still an Issue,”Religion News Service, January 2, 2014; Rachel Marie Stone,“Breast-Feeding in the Back Pew: Why Are We So Uncomfortable When Nursing Mothers Imitate God in Church?”Christianity Today, December 12, 2012；Jennifer Laycock,“Mistaken Attitudes About Breastfeeding in Public,”The Lactivist Blog,November 30, 2005, http://thelactivist.blogspot.ca/2005/11/mistaken-attitudes-about breastfeeding.html。
他还对记者说：Mandy Velez,“Pope Francis Supports Breastfeeding Enough to Know It Needs to Happen in Public,”Huffington Post, December 18, 2013, www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/12/18/pope-francis-supports-breastfeeding-moms_n_4467719.html。
上帝为人类造的母乳：Bedell,“Biblical Breastfeeding”。
既然上帝为母亲提供了：同上。
“对我而言，哺乳不只是……”：同上。
第三章 医学研究：哺乳真的有用吗？
他在2001年撰写了一份极具影响力的报告：Michael S. Kramer and Ritsuko Kakuma, The Optimal Duration of Exclusive Breastfeeding: A Systematic Review(Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 2002)。
“越来越多的证据表明”：Annette E. Buyken et al.,“Effects of Breastfeeding on Health Outcomes in Childhood: Beyond Dose-Response Relations,”American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 87, No.6 (June 2008): 1964。
当时，在已发表的医学研究：Anne L. Wright and Richard J. Schanler,“The Resurgence of Breastfeeding at the End of the Second Millennium,”Journal of Nutrition 131, No.2 (February 2001): 4215–4255。
在两个组中，多数母亲：Michael S. Kramer,“Methodological Challenges in Studying Long-Term Effects of Breast-Feeding,”in Gail Goldberg et al., eds., Breast Feeding: Early Influences on Later Health (New York: Springer Science, 2009), 130–132。
《美国医学会杂志》上的一篇文章：Ruth A. Lawrence,“Breastfeeding in Belarus,”Journal of American Medical Association 285, No.4 (January 2001): 463–464。
某项研究常被人们引用：Aviva Mimouni-Bloch et al.,“Breastfeeding May Protect from Developing Attention-Deficit /Hyperactivity Disorder,”Breastfeeding Medicine 8, No.4 (August 2013): 363–367。
有一些整合分析的结论：例如，Ip等人总结道：“没有足够的高质量数据来证明母乳喂养与心血管疾病和婴儿死亡率之间的关系。”见Stanley Ip et al.,“Breastfeeding and Maternal and Infant Health Outcomes in Developed Countries,”Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No.153 (Rockville, MD: AHRQ, April2007)。
1990—2007年，在已发表的研究中：“How Science Goes Wrong: Scientific Research Has Changed the World, Now It Needs to Change Itself,”The Economist,October 19, 2013, http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21588069-scientific research-has-changed-world-now-it-needs-change-itself-how-science-goes-wrong。
科研人员担心：Christopher G. Owen et al.,“The Effect of Breastfeeding on Mean Body Mass Index Throughout Life: A Quantitative Review of Published and Unpublished Observational Evidence,”American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 82, No.6(December 2005): 1298–1307。
这张单子肯定长得不可思议：“7 Ways Breastfed Babies Become Healthier Adults,”AskDrSears, accessed December 2013, http:// www.askdrsears.com/topics/breastfeeding/why-breast-best/7-ways-breastfed-babies-become-healthier-adults。
而且每个人列的内容都不一样：Moises Velasquez-Manoff,“Who Has the Guts for Gluten?”New York Times, Opinion Pages, February 24, 2013, www.nytimes.com/2013/02/24/opinion /sunday/what-really-causes-celiac-disease.html。
“如今，科学已经击退了……”：Anemona Hartocollis,“Running for Your Life,”New York Times, November 5, 2010, www.nytimes.com/2010/11/07/nyregion/07farley.html。
但与其他哺乳宣传活动相比：“New York City Health Department Launches‘Latch On NYC’Initiative to Support Breastfeeding Mothers,”New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, May 9, 2012, www.nyc.gov/html/doh/html /pr2012/pr013-12.shtml。
他不愿对母乳喂养的益处：对托马斯·法利博士的采访，2014年8月5日，纽约市。
2001年发表在《美国医学会杂志》：Michael S. Kramer et al.,“Promotion of Breastfeeding Intervention Trial (PROBIT): A Randomized Trial in the Republic of Belarus,”Journal of American Medical Association 285, No.4 (January 2001): 417。
通过进一步研究吃母乳：Michael S. Kramer et al.,“Infant Growth and Health Outcomes Associated with 3 Compared with 6 Mo of Exclusive Breastfeeding,”American Journal for Clinical Nutrition 78, No.2 (August 2003): 294。
此外，PROBIT研究发现：Kramer et al.,“Promotion of Breastfeeding Intervention Trial,”413。
“我们可以在体外……”：对克雷默的采访，2013年12月12日。
母乳含有的人乳寡糖：Thierry Hennet et al.,“Decoding Breast Milk Oligosaccharides,”Swiss Medical Weekly 144 (February 14, 2014)；J. H. Brock,“Lactoferrin in Human Milk: Its Role in Iron Absorption and Protection Against Enteric Infection in the Newborn Infant,”Archives of Disease in Childhood 55, No.6(June 1980): 417–421；“Lactoferrin,”WebMD, 2009, www.webmd.com/vitamins supplements/ingredientmono-49-lactoferrin.aspx?activeingredientid=49&activeingredie ntname=lactoferrin。
鲁思·劳伦斯是这份期刊的编辑：David Meyers,“Breastfeeding and Health Outcomes,”Breastfeeding Medicine 4, No.S1 (October 2009): S13。
“有证据表明，每让6名孩子……”：同上。
“要减少1名因呼吸道疾病而住院的婴儿……”：Ip et al.,“Breastfeeding and Maternal and Infant Health,”40。
美国医疗保健研究与质量局的整合分析：同上，6。
根据这一评估，许多新生儿科室：Jae H. Kim et al.,“Challenges in the Practice of Human Milk Nutrition in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit,”Early Human Development 89, Suppl. 2 (2013): S35–S38；Sandra Sullivan et al.,“An Exclusively Human Milk–Based Diet Is Associated with a Lower Rate of Necrotizing Enterocolitis Than a Diet of Human Milk and Bovine Milk-Based Products,”Journal of Pediatrics 156, No.4 (December 28, 2009): 562–567。
PROBIT的初步研究显示：Kramer et al.,“Promotion of Breastfeeding Intervention Trial,”413–420。
然而，在受试婴儿长到六岁半时：Michael S. Kramer et al.,“Effect of Prolonged and Exclusive Breast Feeding on Risk of Allergy and Asthma: Cluster Randomised Trial,”British Medical Journal 335, No.7624 (2007): 4。
当时，这个特别工作组：American Academy of Pediatrics,“The Changing Concept of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: Diagnostic Coding Shifts, Controversies Regarding the Sleeping Environment, and New Variables to Consider in Reducing Risk,”Pediatrics 116, No.5 (November 2005): 1245–1255；亦见于Alison Steube,“The Risks of Not Breastfeeding for Mothers and Infants,”Review in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2, No.4 (Fall 2009): 222–213。
2009年，另一个特别工作组：http://stats.org/stories/2011/breastfeeding_risk_sids_jul11.html，作者提供了纸质的原始资料。
然而，两年过后的2011年：“SIDS and Other Sleep-Related Infant Deaths:Expansion of Recommendations for a Safe Infant Sleeping Environment,”Pediatrics(2011) 128: 1030–1039。
次年，澳大利亚的一个特别工作组：E. A. Mitchell et al.,“Scientific Consensus Forum to Review the Evidence Underpinning the Recommendations of the Australian SIDS and Kids Safe Sleeping Health Promotion Programme,”Journal of Pediatric Child Health 48 (October 2012): 626–633。
不过，随后的一项整合分析：F. R. Hauck et al.,“Breastfeeding and Reduced Risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis,”Pediatrics 128 (2011):103–110。
美国医疗保健研究与质量局的整合分析：Stanley Ip et al.,“A Summary of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality’s Evidence Report on Breastfeeding in Developed Countries,”Breastfeeding Medicine 4, No.1 (2009): 6。
此外，有研究表明：Linda Ferrante and Siri Hauge Opdal,“Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and the Genetics of Inflammation,”Frontiers in Immunology, February 20,2015, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4335605/。
在一部分案例中：Mohammad Alfelali and Gulam Khandaker,“Infectious Causes of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome,”Pediatric Respiratory Reviews 15 (2014):307–311。
“我们确实考虑过……”：对法利的采访，2014年8月5日。
降低SIDS风险并不在这10项益处之列：www2.aap.org/breastfeeding/policyonbr eastfeedinganduseofhumanmilk.html。
在剩下的7项研究中：Christopher G. Owen et al.,“Does Breastfeeding Influence Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Later Life? A Quantitative Analysis of Published Evidence,”American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 84, No.5 (November 2006): 1043–1054。
但在这6项研究中，只有3项：同上。
据他们估计，如果这种影响：同上。
患上这种白血病的概率：www.stats.org/stories/2011/Breast feeding_leukemia_nov11_11.html.作者提供了纸质的原始资料。
美国医疗保健研究与质量局的整合分析：Jeanne-Marie Guise et al.,“Review of Case Controlled Studies Related to Breastfeeding and Reduced Risk of Childhood Leukemia,”Pediatrics 116, No.5 (November 2005): 724–731。
该研究的作者提醒我们：Richard M. Martin et al.,“BreastFeeding and Childhood Cancer: A Systematic Review with Metaanalysis,”International Journal of Cancer 117, No.6 (December 2005): 1020–1031。
有一些研究表明：Steube,“The Risks of Not Breastfeeding for Mothers and Infants,”224。
另一项整合分析表示：Eyal Klement et al.,“Breastfeeding and Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis,”American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 80, No.5 (November 2004): 1342–1352。
母乳喂养能预防乳糜泻的可能性也很小：对克雷默的采访，2013年12月12日。
另外，虽然以色列的一项小型研究：Mimouni-Bloch et al.,“Breastfeeding May Protect from Developing Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder”。
但PROBIT研究发现母乳喂养：Kramer et al.,“Effect of Prolonged and Exclusive Breast Feeding”。
不过，克雷默提醒我：Michael S. Kramer et al.,“Breastfeeding and Child Cognitive Development: New Evidence from a Large Randomized Trial,”Journal of the American Medical Association 65, No.5 (May 2008): 582；Erik L. Mortensen et al.,“The Association Between Duration of Breastfeeding and Adult Intelligence,”Journal of the American Medical Association 287, No.22 (May 2002): 2365–2371。
“你不能仅仅因为自己给孩子哺乳……”：对克雷默的采访，2013年12月12日。在这篇报道研究结果的文章中，他解释道，7分之差并不算大，“又不是天才与弱智儿童之间的差别”。Molly Edmonds,“Does Breastfeeding Make Better Babies?”HowStuffWorks, 2013, http://health.howstuffworks.com/pregnancy-and parenting/baby-health/baby-care/breast-feeding-better.htm/printable。
这些系统偏差：对克雷默的采访，2013年12月12日。
这些文献在诸多问题上存在分歧：James W. Anderson et al.,“Breast-Feeding and Cognitive Development: A Meta-Analysis,”American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 70, No.4 (October 1999): 525–535；Anjali Jain et al.,“How Good Is the Evidence Linking Breastfeeding and Intelligence?”Pediatrics 109, No.6 (June 2002): 1044–1053。
最近，巴西的一项研究：Cesar G. Victora et al.,“Association Between Breastfeeding and Intelligence, Educational Attainment, and Income at 30 Years of Age: A Prospective Birth Cohort Study from Brazil,”The Lancet 3, No.4 (April 2015):e199-e205。
然而，分别发表于2006和2014年的：Geoff Der et al.,“Effect of Breast Feeding on Intelligence in Children: Prospective Study, Sibling Pairs Analysis, and Meta Analysis,”British Medical Journal 333, No.945 (November 2006)；Cynthia G. Colen and David M. Ramey,“Is Breast Truly Best? Estimating the Effects of Breastfeeding on Long-Term Child Health and Wellbeing in the United States Using Sibling Comparisons,”Social Science & Medicine 109 (May 2014): 55–65。
美国医疗保健研究与质量局的整合分析：Ip et al.,“A Summary of the Agency for Healthcare Research,”S17。
最近的研究和文献回顾：Richard M. Martin et al.,“Effects of Promoting Longer-Term and Exclusive Breastfeeding on Adiposity and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I at Age 11.5 Years: A Randomized Trial,”Journal of the American Medical Association 309, No.10 (March 2013): 1005–1013; Christopher G. Owen et al.,“Effect of Breast Feeding in Infancy on Blood Pressure in Later Life: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,”British Medical Journal 327, No.7425 (November 2003): 1；Michael S. Kramer et al.,“The Effect of Prolonged and Exclusive BreastFeeding on Dental Caries in Early School Age Children,”Caries Research 41, No.6 (2007): 484–488。
但一些不依赖记忆：Ip et al.,“A Summary of the Agency for Healthcare Research,”S24。
发表在《美国医学会杂志》上：Anette-G. Ziegler et al.,“Early Infant Feeding and Risk of Developing Type 1 Diabetes–Associated Autoantibodies,”Journal of the American Medical Association 290, No.13 (November 2003): 1721–1728。另一项2009年的整合分析表示，探寻母乳喂养与1型糖尿病之间的关联的研究结果“不一致”：见Steube,“The Risks of Not Breastfeeding for Mothers and Infants,”225。
美国医疗保健研究与质量局的整合分析：Martin et al.,“Breast-Feeding and Childhood Cancer”。
母乳喂养可以预防肥胖的观念：Malena Amusa,“Michelle Obama Urged to Speak Out for Breastfeeding,”WeNews, February 8, 2010, www.doulas.com/m/news/view/Michelle-Obama-speaks-about -Breastfeeding。
多项发表在顶级医学期刊上的研究：Cesar G. Victora et al.,“Anthropometry and Body Composition of 18 Year Old Men According to Duration of Breast Feeding:Birth Cohort Study from Brazil,”British Medical Journal 327, No.7240 (October 16,2003)；L. Li et al.,“Breast Feeding and Obesity in Childhood: Cross Sectional Study,”British Medical Journal 327, No.7240 (October 16, 2003)；Christopher G. Owen et al.,“Effect of Infant Feeding on the Risk of Obesity Across the Life Course: A Quantitative Review of Published Evidence,”Pediatrics 115, No.5 (May 1, 2005): 1367–1377；Michael S. Kramer et al.,“Effects of Prolonged and Exclusive Breastfeeding on Child Height, Weight, Adiposity, and Blood Pressure at Age 6.5 y: Evidence from a Large Randomized Trial,”Americal Journal of Clinical Nutrition 86, No.6 (December 2007): 1717–1721；Mohammadreza Vafa et al.,“Relationship Between Breastfeeding and Obesity in Childhood,”Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition 30, No.3(September 2012): 303–310; Richard M. Martin et al.,“Effects of Promoting Longer Term and Exclusive Breastfeeding on Adiposity and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I at Age 11.5 Years: A Randomized Trial,”Journal of the American Medical Association 309, No.10 (March 2013): 1005–1013；Colen and Ramey,“Is Breast Truly Best”。
克雷默认为，这就是科学界：对克雷默的采访，2013年12月12日。
第四章
丧失选择权
那一年，美国儿科学会发表：Arthur I. Eidelman and Richard J. Schanler,“Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk,”Pediatrics 129, No.3 (February 2012):e827。
包括《时代》周刊：Bonnie Rochman,“Why Pediatricians Say Breast-Feeding Is About Public Health, Not Just Lifestyle,”Time, February 29, 2012, http://healthland.time.com/2012/02/29/why-pediatricians-say-breast-feeding-is-about-public-health-not just-lifestyle。
“按照这样的表述……”：同上。
“你不用考虑应不应该……”：同上。
研讨会在罗切斯特大学举行：鲁思·劳伦斯是《哺乳医学》的编辑，是一名备受敬重的哺乳倡导者，也是始终支持PROBIT研究结果（见第二章）的一位医生。PROBIT研究发现，母乳喂养的种种益处要么非常小，要么完全不存在。
“人们认为，母乳喂养……”：Anthony Waddell, ed.,“Report of the Surgeon General’s Workshop on Breastfeeding & Human Lactation,”US Department of Health and Human Services, June 1984, 1, http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/NN/B/C/G/F。
这份蓝图敦促医生：Jacqueline H. Wolf,“Low Breastfeeding Rates and Public Health in the United States,”American Journal of Public Health 93, No.12 (December 2003): 2000–2010。
本杰明有些自相矛盾：US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS),The Surgeon General’s Call to Action to Support Breastfeeding (Washington, DC:HHS, Office of the Surgeon General, 2011), v, www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding /promotion/calltoaction.htm。
“如果婴儿更健康……”：同上，3。
美国医务总监解释道：同上，54。
她建议哺乳主义者：Melissa Bartick,“Making the Case: Effective Language for Breastfeeding Advocacy,”Massachusetts Breastfeeding Coalition, March 2007, http://mass breastfeeding.org/advocacy/making-the-case。
文章接着写道：同上。
她和一名叫阿诺德·莱因霍尔德：Melissa Bartick and Arnold Reinhold,“The Burden of Suboptimal Breastfeeding in the United States: A Pediatric Cost Analysis,”Pediatrics 125, No.5 (April 2010): e1048–e1056, http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/search?author1=Melissa+Bartick&sortspec=date&submit =Submit。
“如果90%的美国家庭……”：同上，e1048。
“几乎所有（关于母乳喂养有益健康的）数据”：HHS, The Surgeon General’s Call to Action, 2。
最后，巴蒂克得出了130亿美元：For a scathing critique of Bartick’s so-called study, see www.stats.org/stories/2011/Breastfeeding_leukemia_nov11_11.html. Source material available in print from author。
“那你是怎么选文献的呢？……”：对理查德·尚勒博士的电话采访，2014年8月6日。
举例来说，美国医疗保健研究与质量局的整合分析：Stanley Ip et al.,“Breastfeeding and Maternal and Infant Health Outcomes in Developed Countries”Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No.153 (Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, April 2007), 5。
而美国儿科学会的声明：Eidelman and Schanler,“Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk,”e830。
美国医疗保健研究与质量局的整合分析还得出如下结论：I p e t a l .,“Breastfeeding and Maternal and Infant Health Outcomes in Developed Countries”。
如前一章所述，这项整合分析：Stanley Ip et al.,“A Summary of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality’s Evidence Report on Breastfeeding in Developed Countries,”Breastfeeding Medicine 4, No.1 (2009): S24。
美国儿科学会的政策声明则再次援引：Eidelman and Schanler,“Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk,”e830。
美国医疗保健研究与质量局的整合分析指出：Ip et al.,“A Summary of the Agency for Healthcare Research,”S17。
而美国儿科学会的声明对此则引用了：Eidelman and Schanler,“Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk,”e830。
声明中就没有提到：对尚勒的采访，2014年8月6日。
它为该学会关于母乳喂养管理：Eidelman and Schanler,“Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk,”e827。
它明确指出，儿科医生：同上。
“评估母亲哺乳是否顺利”：“New York City Health Department Launches‘Latch On NYC’Initiative to Support Breastfeeding Mothers,”New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, May 9, 2010, www.nyc.gov/html/doh/html/pr2012/pr013-12.shtml。
“纽约哺乳”还包括64条：“NYSDOH Breastfeeding Quality Improvement in Hospitals (BQIH) Change Package,”New York State Department of Health, September 2014。
这样一来，配方奶粉就像：Mary Kay Linge,“Mayor Bloomberg Pushing NYC Hospitals to Hide Baby Formula So More New Moms Will Breast-Feed,”New York Post, July 29, 2012。
Feministe是一个受欢迎的女权主义网站：Esti commenting online at Caperton,“Latch On, NYC—OR ELSE,”Feministe, August 31, 2012, www.feministe.us/blog/archives /2012/07/31/latch-on-nyc-or-else/。
每年在美国出生的婴儿当中：USDA Food and Nutrition Service,“About WIC:WIC at a Glance,”US Department of Agriculture, February 2015, www.fns.usda.gov/wic/about-wic-wic-glance。
2014年，如果一个两口之家：USDA Food and Nutrition Service,“WIC Income Eligibility Guidelines,”US Department of Agriculture, February 2015, www.fns.usda.gov/wic/wic-income -eligibility-guidelines。
但对于那些通过WIC依靠政府：这些母亲都是穷人，其中黑人、西班牙裔、白人的占比分别为19%、39%、35%。这些百分比数据来自美国疾控中心，“Eligibility and Enrollment in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women,Infants, and Children (WIC)—27 States and New York City, 2007–2008,”Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 63, No.10 (March 2013): 189–193。
自1998年来，WIC按照要求：USDA Food and Nutrition Service,“Legislative History of Breastfeeding Promotion Requirements in WIC,”US Department of Agriculture, November 2013, www.fns.usda.gov/wic/about-wic-wic-glance, www.fns.usda.gov/wic/breastfeeding/bflegishistory.HTM。
根据这些条例，美国农业部允许：Every Mother, Inc.,“Using Loving Support to Grow and Glow in WIC: Breastfeeding Training for Local WIC Staff,”in cooperation with USDA, 2007, http://everymother.org/training_programs.php。
2009年，WIC决定向哺乳母亲：https://s3.amazonaws.com/aws.upl/nwica.org/breastfeeding_infographic2013.pdf。
这份套餐的内容包括：HHS, The Surgeon General’s Call to Action, 20。
相比不吃母乳的婴儿：“The New WIC: Food and Focus Breastfeeding,”Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, June 2, 2009。这部分内容来自密苏里州的WIC诊所为新妈妈提供的一份两页的手册，该手册改编自科罗拉多州的WIC诊所提供的类似资料。Health.mo.gov/living/families/…/LWPB FFFoodPkgEducation.doc。
用纯母乳喂养的母亲：同上。
在宝宝未满月时就索取：同上。
纯母乳喂养的宝宝也可获得：同上。
“我们不为任何人破例”：对纽约州西部天主教慈善会WIC主任谢丽尔·劳思（Cheryl Lauth）的采访，2014年10月29日。
而且常常是重复了：Caperton,“Latch On, NYC—OR ELSE”。
一名母亲哀叹道：Nicole,“Am I the only one who feels this way (wic and breastfeeding)?”Yahoo! Answers, June 4, 2010, http://answers.yahoo.com /question/ind ex?qid=20100604144306AA2kRTZ。
另一位母亲讲述了类似的故事：同上。
“照我的经历来看……”：Caperton,“Latch On, NYC—OR ELSE”。
还有一位母亲回忆说：对金·泰勒（Kim Taylor）的采访，2014年10月，得克萨斯州敖德萨市。
“有一次，WIC的人朝我大吼大叫……”：Elizabeth P.,“Why do people hate on mothers who receive WIC?”Yahoo! Answers, June 25, 2008, http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=200801242 10954AAUagip。
这些数据表明，非裔美国女性：2007年的数据见“Provisional Breastfeeding Rates by Socio-Demographic Factors, Among Children Born in 2007 (Percent +/–half 95% Confidence Interval),”National Immunization Survey, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/data/NIS_data/2007/socio-demographic_any.htm。2007年的数据见“Rates of Any and Exclusive Breastfeeding by SocioDemographics Among Children Born in 2010 (Percentage +/–half 95% Confidence Interval),”National Immunization Survey, CDC, HHS, www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/data/nis_data/rates-any-exclusive-bf socio-dem-2010.htm。
每年，调查结果在美国疾控中心的网站：Rachel Rettner,“Breastfeeding Rate Has Increased but Few Mothers Are Nursing for Recommended Time,”Huffington Post,March 15, 2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/07/breastfeeding-rate-has-in_n_2639043.html。
美国疾控中心承认，近年来：“More Mothers Are Breastfeeding: African American Mothers Need More Support,”Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,Department of Health and Human Services, www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2013/p0207_breast_feeding.html。
直接告诉读者：US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), An Easy Guide to Breastfeeding for African American Women (Washington, DC: HHS, Office on Women’s Health, 2006), 4。
最后，该指南告诫：同上，25。
一个男性画外音描述：A description of the ad, and of the controversy it sparked at the time, can be found here: Tatiana Morales,“Battle over Breastfeeding Ads,”CBS,December 13, 2003, www.cbsnews.com/2100–500165_162–590864.html。
这条广告不仅惹怒：同上。
批评者认为这条广告：Marc Kaufman and Christopher Lee,“HHS Toned Down Breast-Feeding Ads,”Washington Post Staff Writers, August 31, 2007, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/30/AR2007083002198.html；Suzanne Barston,“The Bull(shit) That Wouldn't Die: The 2003 DHHS Breastfeeding Ad Rears Its Ugly Head,”Fearless Formula Feeder, May 2, 2011, www.fearlessformulafeeder.com/2011/05/the-bullshit-that-wouldnt-die-the-2003-dhhs breastfeeding-ad-rears-its-ugly-head/。
一些有针对性的研究：Theola Labbe Dubose,“Program Seeks to Increase Breast-Feeding Among Black Women in District,”Washington Post, January 2, 2012,5；Jennifer Ludden,“Teaching Black Women to Embrace BreastFeeding,”National Public Radio, December 23, 2009；Barbara L. Philipp and Sheina Jean-Marie, African American Women and Breastfeeding (Washington, DC: Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies Health Policy Institute, 2007)。
这些研究通常表明：Philipp and Jean-Marie, African American Women and Breastfeeding, 5。
为了解释她们的这一倾向：Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,“Racial and Ethnic Differences in Breastfeeding Initiation and Duration, by State—National Immunization Survey, United States, 2004–2008,”Weekly Morbidity Report 59, No.11(March 26, 2010): 327–334。
至少在近20年来：Laura E. Caulfield,“WIC Based Interventions to Promote Breastfeeding Among African American Women in Baltimore: Effects on Breastfeeding Initiation and Continuation,”Journal of Human Lactation 14, No.1 (March 1998):15–22, jhl.sagepub.com/content/14/1/15.short?rss=1&ssource=mfc。
即便是“纽约哺乳”运动：对托马斯·法利博士的采访，2014年8月5日，纽约市。
她们觉得母乳喂养更适合：Linda M. Blum, At the Breast: Ideologies of Breastfeeding and Motherhood in the Contemporary United States (Boston: Beacon Press, 1999), 163。
“黑人母亲之所以不愿哺乳……”：同上，152。
布鲁姆采访的一些非裔美国母亲：同上，164—169。一名为非裔美国女性服务的哺乳顾问证实了布鲁姆的许多结论。该顾问解释了她服务的女性拒绝哺乳的原因。参见非裔美国哺乳主义者的网站Blacktating: Sarah Hill,“Guest Post:Breastfeeding Counselor Chronicles: African-American Moms,”Blacktating, July 20,2010, www.blacktating.com/2010/07/guest-post-breastfeeding-counselor.html。
医疗行业的规模：Steven Brill, America’s Bitter Pill: Money, Politics, Back Room Deals, and the Fight to Fix Our Broken Healthcare System (New York: Random House, 2015)。
同时，美国的医疗费用：Center for Consumer Information and Insurance Oversight,“Affordable Care Act Requires Insurance Companies to Justify High Rate Hikes,”Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, December 21, 2010, www.cms.gov/CCIIO/Resources/Fact-Sheets-and-FAQs/ratereview.html。
2012年的一项民意调查：“Health Care Statistics,”Health Care Problems, March 3, 2015, www.healthcareproblems.org/health-care-statistics.htm。
《平价医疗法案》让参加医保：Brill, America’s Bitter Pill。
“美国医疗总支出的75%”：Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,“Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion,”National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, May 9, 2014, www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/overview.htm。
美国卫生与公众服务部和疾控中心：同上。
多年来，公众和官方：Siddhartha Mukherjee, The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer (New York: Scribner, 2011)。
2013年1月，“每日科学”：Florida Atlantic University,“Obesity Approaching Cigarette Smoking as Leading Avoidable Cause of Premature Deaths Worldwide,”ScienceDaily, January 31, 2013, www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/01/130131083755.htm。
“照目前的速度发展下去……”：R. Morgan Griffin,“Obesity Epidemic‘Astronomical,’”WebMD, 2013, www.webmd.com/diet/features /obesity-epidemic astronomical。
第五章 上班边吸奶
有一家生产“免手持吸奶器胸罩”：“How to Use Hands Free Pump Bra,”YouTube Video, 1:43, posted by“handsfreepumpbra,”January 26, 2010, www.youtube.com/watch?v=TS83BjAnXT0。
一项研究发现，在有四个半月：Judith Labiner-Wolfe et al.,“Prevalence of Breast Milk Expression and Associated Factors,”Pediatrics 122, No.S2 (October 2008):S63。
美德乐是世界上数一数二：Michael Johnsen,“Breastfeeding Grows into Destination Category,”Drug Store News 30, No.6 (May 19, 2008): 52。
“靓妈”的店主阿曼达·科尔：对阿曼达·科尔的采访，2014年8月6日，纽约市。
有25%的哺乳母亲经常吸奶：Labiner-Wolfe et al.,“Prevalence of Breast Milk Expression and Associated Factors,”S63–S68。
大部分吸奶的女性：同上。
这些百分比对应的：Joyce A. Martin et al.,“Births: Final Data for 2012,”National Vital Statistics Report 62, No.9 (December 2013): 1–68。
其中有79%（310万）的婴儿：Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,“Breastfeeding Report Card—United States, 2012,”Department of Health and Human Services, August 2012, www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/pdf/2012breastfeedingreportcard.pdf。
泌乳女性中有一个小群体：Kathleen M. Rasmussen and Sheila Geraghty,“The Quiet Revolution: Breastfeeding Transformed with the Use of Breast Pumps,”American Journal of Public Health 101, No.8 (August 2011): 1356–1359。
绝对数量不少：Jen, Amy, and Christine,“Exclusive Pumping Rules”(blog),Blogspot, http://pumpingrules.blog spot.ca。
2006年的一项研究显示：Alan S. Ryan et al.,“The Effect of Employment Status on Breastfeeding in the United States,”Women’s Health Issues 16, No.5 (September 2006): 243–251。
此前一项发表于：Sara B. Fein and Brian Roe,“The Effect of Work Status on Initiation and Duration of Breast-Feeding,”American Journal of Public Health 88, No.7(July 1998): 1043。
“全职工作的母亲……”：同上，1044。
2011年的一项研究：Chinelo Ogbuanu et al.,“The Effect of Maternity Leave Length and Time of Return to Work on Breastfeeding,”Pediatrics 127, No.6 (June 2011): e1414–e1427。
“将近14%的美国雇主……”：US Department of Health and Human Services(HHS), The Surgeon General’s Call to Action to Support Breastfeeding (Washington,DC: HHS, Office of the Surgeon General, 2011), 30。
管理人员和专业人士中：同上。
这个数字也因种族而异：US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS),Health Resources and Services Administration, Maternal and Child Health Bureau,Women's Health USA 2011 (Rockville, MD: HHS, 2011), www.mchb.hrsa.gov/whusa11/hstat/hsrmh/pages/233ml.html。
实际上，美国卫生与公众服务部：US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Health Resources and Services Administration, Maternal and Child Health Bureau, The Business Case for Breastfeeding (Rockville, MD: HHS, 2008),http://mchb.hrsa.gov/pregnancyandbeyond/breastfeeding/。
要是知道雇主通常提供：“Thread: VENTING pumping at work difficulties!”许多用户在国际母乳会的网络论坛上分享了个人经历（2013年6月）, http://forums.llli.org/showthread.php?117302 -VENTING-pumping-at-work-diffiuculties!；“Working and Breastfeeding,”La Leche League online forum, http://forums .llli.org/forumdisplay.php?39-Working-and-Breastfeeding。
在一份供企业管理者：HHS, The Business Case for Breastfeeding, 3。
实际上，真被同事撞见：Shawna Cohen,“The Secret World of Videotaping Women as They Pump Breast Milk,”Mommyish, June 6, 2012, www.mommyish.com/2012/06/06 /the-secret-world-of-videotaping-women-as-they-pump-breast-milk 696/#ixzz3TRyyykb9。
有的女性甚至发现：“Cops: Man Hid Camera to Film Breast Pumping,”The Smoking Gun, June 1, 2012, www.thesmoking gun.com/documents/bizarre/man secretly-filmed-breast feeding-coworker-798435。
为尽量避免此类风险：Katherine Lewis,“Mom-Tested Techniques to Increase Your Milk Supply,”About.com, accessed March 4, 2015, http://workingmoms.about.com/od/todaysworkingmoms/a/pumpingtips.htm;“Pumping and Driving,”online forum,Baby Center, March 2012, http://community.babycenter.com/post/a32102629/driving_and_pumping。
博科拉斯的奶量减少：Andrew R. MacIlvane,“The ACA and Nursing Mothers,”Human Resource Executive Online, February 3, 2014, www.hreonline.com/HRE/view/story.jhtml?id=534356662。
国际母乳会有一个关于：“Working and Breastfeeding,”La Leche League online forum, http://forums.llli.org/forumdisplay.php?39-Working-and-Breastfeeding。
许多职场母亲表示：Colorado Breastfeeding Coalition, http://cobfc.org。
基本上每一位和我谈过：关于女性描述此类经历的视频，见http://cobfc.org。关于对令人憎恶的同事的叙述，见Linda Szmulewitz,“Pumping at Work: One Mom’s Frustrating Story,”The Chicago New Moms Group, November 10, 2011, http://chicagonewmomsgroup.com /pumping-at-work。
可是，这类玩笑话：“Working and Breastfeeding,”La Leche League online forum, http://forums.llli.org/forumdisplay .php?39-Working-and-Breastfeeding。
正如美国卫生与公众服务部：HHS, The Business Case for Breastfeeding, 5。
尽管修正案以严厉的口吻宣称：National Conference of State Legislatures,“Breastfeeding State Laws,”Maternal and Child Health Bureau (Title V, Social Security Act), Health Resources and Services Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services, March 31, 2015, www.ncsl.org /issues-research/health/breastfeeding state-laws.aspx。
但该部门出于法规：Wage and Hour Division, US Department of Labor,“Reasonable Break Time for Nursing Mothers,”WHD Notices 75, No.244, December 21, 2010, http://webapps.dol.gov/FederalRegister/HtmlDisplay.aspx?DocId =24540&Month=12&Year=2010。
但不能向违规的雇主处以罚款：Allison Yarrow,“Pumped Up: Breastfeeding Mothers Fight for Rights at Work,”NBC News, January 10, 2014, http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2014/01 /10/22257760-pumped-up-breastfeeding-mothers-fight for -rights-at-work%23th3916076-c81602662。
有少数女性：Galen Sherwin,“Nationwide Nursing Mom Told at Office to‘Just Go Home,’”American Civil Liberties Union of Iowa, Women’s Rights Project, April 29,2014, www.aclu-ia.org/2014/04/21/nationwide-nursing-mom-told-to -just-go-home/。
然后递给她一张纸：“Brief of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission as Amicus Curiae in Support of Plaintiff Angela Ames,”Angela Ames v. Nationwide Insurance Co., Nationwide Advantage Mortgage Co., and Karla Neel, No.12–3780 (8th Cir. 2003), www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/litigation/briefs /ames.html。
数月后，安吉拉：NCTBA.org,“Breastfeeding Mother Quits Job, Files Civil Rights Complaint,”Triangle Breastfeeding Alliance, October 6, 2010, www.nctba.org/breastfeeding/breast feeding-mother-quits-job-files-civil-rights-complaint。
EEOC认为答案：Jacob Gershman,“Appeals Court Rules Against Breastfeeding Employee Who Claimed Discrimination,”Law Blog, Wall Street Journal, May 17,2014, http://blogs.wsj.com/law/2014/03/17/appeals-court-rules-against-breastfeeding employee-who-claimed-discrimination/。
然而，艾奥瓦州南区：Nicole Flatow,“Woman Whose Boss Told Her‘It’s Best You Go Home with Your Babies’Won’t Get Discrimination Trial,”ThinkProgress,March 19, 2014, http://thinkprogress.org/justice/2014/03/19/3416008/employee-who was-told-its-best-you-go-home-with-your-babies-wont-get-discrimination-trial/。
他们拒绝的理由：同上。
2014年6月，第八巡回：Abigail Rubenstein,“Breastfeeding Ruling Botched Sex-Stereotyping, 8th Circ. Told,”Law360, April 30, 2014, www.law360.com/articles/533233/breastfeeding-ruling-botched-sex-stereotyping-8th-circ-told.；Vin Gurrieri,“8th Circ. Won’t Rehear Worker’s Breastfeeding Bias Case,”Law360, June 26,2014, www.law360.com/articles/552165/8th-circ-won-t-rehear-worker-s-breastfeedingbias-case?article_related_content=1。
2011年，美国国税局：Tom Murse,“Are Breast Pumps Tax Deductible?”About.com, accessed March 3, 2015, http://usgovinfo.about.com/od/healthcare/a/Breast Pumps-Tax-Deductible.htm。
需要明确的是，减税并不意味着：Kristin Wartman,“Tea Partiers Milk Anger over Breastfeeding,”Civil Eats, February 22, 2011, http://civileats.com/2011/02/22/tea partiers-milk-anger-over-breastfeeding/。
我问他，免费吸奶器：与史蒂文·布里尔的电子邮件交流，2015年2月3日。
不过，对于免费吸奶器：“What Am I Eligible For?”Insurance Orders, Yummy Mummy: All Things Breastfeeding, http://yummymummystore.com/insurance/eligibility。
最受欢迎的吸奶器：Deborah Kotz,“Demand for Breast Pumps Surge with New Coverage Under Health Law,”Boston Globe Online, January 15, 2013, www.boston.com/dailydose/2013/01/15/demand-for-breast-pumps-surge-with-new-coverage-under health-law/vpKgXHHkQNiu5sgs7Ir9BK/story.html。
2010年，美德乐公司：UHY International,“Medela AG Medical Technology,”UHY Capability Statement (2011), www.uhy.com/wp-content/uploads/UHY-Medela AG-Case-Study-Port.pdf。
根据预测，到2015年：Jessica Grose,“Working Moms Need More Than Subsidized Breast Pumps,”Bloomberg Business Online, February 7, 2013, www.bloomberg.com/bw/articles/2013-02-07/working-moms-need-more-than-subsidized breast-pumps。
第六章 “液体黄金”
一些批评者指出：Marc Kaufman and Christopher Lee,“HHS Toned Down Breast-Feeding Ads,”Washington Post Staff Writers, August 31, 2007, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/30/AR2007083002198.html。
“我们当时认为母乳”：对托马斯·法利博士的采访，2014年8月5日，纽约市。
人类泌乳指的是：University of Western Australia, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Human Lactation Research Group, www.chembiochem.uwa.edu.au/research /human-lactation。
1993年，ILCA召开：Linda J. Smith, The Lactation Consultant in Private Practice: The ABC’s of Getting Started (Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 2003)。
其实，包括伊迪斯在内：对伊迪斯·怀特·弗莱彻的采访，2014年9月19日。
在演讲中，他介绍了：美德乐第八届母乳喂养与泌乳学术会议，哥本哈根，2013年4月13日，www.medela.com/IW/en/breastfeeding/about-medela/media/global press-releases/medela-8th-bf-symposium.html。
这笔钱来自一家吸奶器制造商：对理查德·尚勒博士的电话采访，2014年8月6日。
我问尚勒是否觉得：同上。
他在母乳喂养领域的经验：对理查德·尚勒博士的电话采访，2015年6月1日。
在尚勒博士看来：同上。
首席执行官斯科特·埃尔斯特：Andrew Pollack,“Breast Milk Becomes a Commodity, with Mothers Caught Up in Debate,”New York Times, March 20, 2015。
讽刺的是，其中一位名叫厄尼·斯塔帕松：“Board of Directors,”Prolacta Bioscience, March 2015, www.prolacta.com/board-of -directors。
不过，普罗莱塔的出价：“Find a Milk Bank,”Prolacta Bioscience, accessed March 4, 2015, www.prolacta.com/find-a-milk-bank。
许多哺乳倡导者担心：Amy,“Swindled: The Ugly Side of Milk Donations,”JustWestofCrunchy (blog), June 23, 2011, http://amywest.co/2011/06/23/swindled-the ugly-side-of-milk-donation-prolacta。
2013和2014年，该公司资助：Amy B. Hair et al.,“Randomized Trial of Human Milk Cream as a Supplement to Standard Fortification of an Exclusive Human Milk–Based Diet in Infants 750–1250 g Birth Weight,”Journal of Pediatrics 165, No.5 (November 2014): 915–920, doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.07.005；E. A. Cristofalo et al.,“Randomized Trial of Exclusive Human Milk Versus Preterm Formula Diets in Extremely Premature Infants,”Journal of Pediatrics 163, No.6 (December 2013):1592–1595, doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.07.011；S. A. Abrams et al.,“Greater Mortality and Morbidity in Extremely Preterm Infants Fed a Diet Containing Cow Milk Protein Products,”Breastfeeding Medicine 9, No.6 (July/August 2014): 281–2815, doi:10.1089/bfm.2014.0024；亦见于www.prolacta.com/publications-1 for a list of Prolacta publications as of April 2015。
所有这些论文都发表在：Sandra Sullivan et al.,“An Exclusively Human Milk–Based Diet Is Associated with a Lower Rate of Necrotizing Enterocolitis Than a Diet of Human Milk and Bovine Milk–Based Products,”Journal of Pediatrics 56, No.4 (April 2010): 562–567。
2011年，《纽约时报》：Nicholas Bakalar,“Breast Milk Donated or Sold Online Is Often Tainted, Study Says,”New York Times, Health Section, October 21, 2013。
但美国和加拿大总共只有：“Locations,”Human Milk Banking Association of North America, accessed March 2015, www.hmbana.org/locations。
有三份网络样品：Sarah A. Keim et al.,“Microbial Contamination of Human Milk Purchased via the Internet,”Pediatrics 132, No.5 (August 2013):e1227–35, http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2013/10/16/peds.2013-1687 .full.pdf。
发表于2015年3月：Nicholas Bakalar,“Online Breast Milk May Contain Cow’s Milk,”New York Times, April 6, 2015。
另外，网上购买的人乳：Bakalar,“Breast Milk Donated or Sold Online Is Often Tainted”。
为了避免意外：“The Four Pillars of Safe Breast Milk Sharing,”Eats on Feets,accessed March 5, 2015, www.eats onfeets.org#fourPillars。
该组织“以社交媒体为平台……”：Quote from home page, Human Milk 4 Human Babies, accessed March 5, 2015, http://hm4hb.net。
在这个网站上匿名发帖：HM4HB Connecticut Facebook webpage: www.facebook.com/hm4hbConnecticut。
该组织希望“人乳分享……”：同上。
他们在网站上声明：同上。
“我很难说这是一个……”：对托马斯·法利博士的采访，2014年8月5日，纽约市。
“基本上没有证据表明……”：Stanley Ip et al.,“A Summary of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality’s Evidence Report on Breastfeeding in Developed Countries,”Breastfeeding Medicine 4, No.1 (2009): S17。
克雷默还喜欢援引：对迈克尔·克雷默博士的采访，2013年12月12日，加拿大蒙特利尔市。
我们对母乳的成分：同上。
有研究表明：Kathleen M. Rasmussen and Sheela Geraghty,“The Quiet Revolution: Breastfeeding Transformed with the Use of Breast Pumps,”American Journal of Public Health 101, No.8 (August 2011): 1356–1359。
“我们至少应该……”：同上。
第七章 “母乳可能会害死宝宝！”——哺乳主义与艾滋病毒
1983年，研究人员：“History of AIDS Up to 1986,”AVERT, December 12, 2014,www.avert.org/history-aids-1986.htm。
1985年，来自全球各地：同上。
在美国，虽然艾滋病：Philip Boffey,“AIDS in the Future: Experts Say Deaths Will Climb Sharply,”New York Times, January 14, 1986。
世界卫生组织估计：到1989年，乌干达首都坎帕拉有30%的孕妇感染了艾滋病毒。2010年，在南非的公共诊所就诊的女性中，超过30%的人呈HIV阳性。见Peter Barron et al.,“Eliminating Mother-to-Child Transmission in South Africa,”Bulletin of the World Health Organization 91, No.1 (2013): 70–74。
世界卫生组织和联合国儿童基金会估计：WHO/UNAIDS, A Review of HIV Transmission Through Breastfeeding: UNICEF, UNAIDS, WHO HIV and Infant Feeding (WHO/UNAIDS, December 1998), 6, www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/jc180-hiv-infantfeeding-3_en_3.pdf。
1994—1997年：IRIN,“Namibia: HIV/ AIDS Eats into Progress on Infant Mortality,”IRIN News, July 28, 1999, www.irinnews.org/report/8300/namibia-hiv-aids eats-into-progress-on-infant-mortality。
有专家在2000年预测：UNAIDS/UNICEF,“HIV/AIDS,”United Nations Special Session on Children, May 2002, www.unicef.org/specialsession/about/sgreport-pdf/21_HIV-AIDS_D7341Insert_English.pdf。
自1990年以来的25年里：根据Michael Specter,“Weighing Health Risks,”New York Times, August 19, 1998，1997年的具体数字为600 000；根据世界卫生组织的说法，2008年的数字为430 000。由于使用抗逆转录病毒药物的人越来越多，这个数字从20世纪90年代的50万以上降到了21世纪头十年的50万以下，2011年更是减少到33万，可谓成效显著。
每10名感染艾滋病毒的儿童：“Children, HIV and AIDS,”AVERT, July 30,2014, www.avert.org/children-and-hiv-aids.htm。
胎儿有可能在母亲子宫内：Michael Carter,“Motherto-Baby Transmission,”NAM/Aidsmap, August 8, 2011, www.aidsmap.com/Mother-to-baby-transmission/page/1044918。
1985年的那篇：John B. Ziegler et al.,“Postnatal Transmission of AIDS Associated Retrovirus from Mother to Infant,”The Lancet 325, No.8434 (April 1985): 896–898；John B. Ziegler et al.,“Breastfeeding During Primary Maternal Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Risk of Transmission from Mother to Infant,”Journal of Infectious Disease 167, No.2 (1993): 441–444；Philippe Van de Perre et al.,“Postnatal Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 from Mother to Infant: A Prospective Cohort Study in Kigali, Rwanda,”New England Journal of Medicine 325, No.9 (August 1991): 593–598；E. Richard Stiehm and Peter Vink,“Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection by Breastfeeding,”Journal of Pediatrics 118, No.3 (March 1991): 410–412；S. K. Hira et al.,“Apparent Vertical Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 by Breast-Feeding in Zambia,”Journal of Pediatrics 117, No.3 (September 1990): 421–424；Robert Colebunders et al.,“Breastfeeding and Transmission of HIV,”The Lancet 332, No.8626–8627(December 1988): 1487；Philippe Lepage et al.,“Postnatal Transmission of HIV from Mother to Child,”The Lancet 330, No.8555 (August 1987): 400；R. W. Nduati et al.,“Postnatal Transmission of HIV-1 Through Pooled Breast Milk,”The Lancet 344,No.8934 (November 19, 1994): 1432。
不仅医学检测在母乳中：WHO/UNAIDS, A Review of HIV Transmission Through Breastfeeding, 8。
研究还发现，婴儿吃母乳：同上，14。
这种新方法更容易确定：Martha F. Rogers et al.,“Use of the Polymerase Chain Reaction for Early Detection of the Proviral Sequences of Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Infants Born to Seropositive Mothers,”New England Journal of Medicine 320, No.25 (June 22, 1989): 1649–1654; 亦见于“HIV and Breastfeeding,”AVERT,December 12, 2014, www.avert.org w/hiv-and-breastfeeding.htm。
1992年，《柳叶刀》发表：D. T. Dunn et al.,“Risk of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Transmission Through Breastfeeding,”The Lancet 340, No.8819(September 5, 1992): 585–588；亦见于“HIV and Breastfeeding”。
研究人员于1985年发现：Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,“Recommendation for Assisting in the Prevention of Perinatal Transmission of Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type III/Lymphadenopathy-Associated Virus and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome,”Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 34, No.721(1985)；Lawrence M. Gartner et al.,“Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk,”American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Breastfeeding, Pediatrics 115, No.2(February 2005): 496–506。
许多哺乳主义者都拒绝相信：通过Skype对伊迪斯·怀特·弗莱彻的采访，2014年9月19日。
直到1999年，WIC才制定：G. K. Howell et al.,“Breastfeeding Promotion in WIC and HIV Infection: Policy Development Process,”Journal of the American Dietetic Association 99, No.9 (September 1999)。
在一次电话采访中：对谢丽尔·劳思的电话采访，2014年10月29日。
因此，世界卫生组织于1987年发布：WHO,“Summary Statement on Breast feeding/Breast Milk and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV),”July 1, 1987；亦见于“HIV and Breastfeeding”。
在同年发布的《全球艾滋病计划》：同上。
联合国儿童基金会在1989年：James P. Grant, State of the World's Children 1989(New York: UNICEF, 1989)。
他告诉《纽约时报》的一名记者：Michael Specter,“Breast-Feeding and H.I.V.:Weighing Health Risks and Treatment Costs,”New York Times, August 19, 1998。
他们的研究都得出：James G. Kahn et al.,“Feeding Strategies for Children of HIV-Infected Mothers: Modeling the Trade-Off Between HIV Infection and Non-HIV Mortality,”in Harris Kaplan and Ron Brookmeyer, eds., Quantitative Evaluation of HIV Prevention Programs (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002), 203。
这些证据充分说明：同上。
在伊迪斯的书中可以清楚地看到：Edith White, Breastfeeding and HIV/AIDS:The Research, the Politics, the Women's Responses (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1999)。
1993年，联合国儿童基金会的《世界儿童状况》：WHO/ UNAIDS, A Review of HIV Transmission Through Breastfeeding, 6。
该基金会还发布了一份：White, Breastfeeding and HIV/AIDS, 134。
书中讨论了艾滋病毒：Randa Saadeh et al., eds., Breast-Feeding: The Technical Basis for Action (Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 1993)。
1995年的一项研究表示：Mansour Al-Nozha et al.,“Horizontal Versus Vertical Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1): Experience from Southwestern Saudi Arabia,”Tropical and Geographical Medicine 47, No.6 (1995):293–295。
类似研究显示：Rachana Kumar et al.,“A Prospective Study of Mother-to Infant HIV Transmission in Tribal Women from India,”Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes & Human Retrovirology 9, No.3 (1995): 238–342；E. T. Taha et al.,“The Effect of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection on Birthweight, and Infant and Child Mortality in Urban Malawi,”International Journal of Epidemiology 24, No.5(1995): 1022–1029。
这份报告还提到：Carol Bellamy, The State of the World's Children 1996 (New York: UNICEF/Oxford University Press, 1996)。
例如，艾滋病是赞比亚：White, Breastfeeding and HIV/AIDS, 136。
当时，许多科研人员：Barry Meier,“In War Against AIDS, Battle over Baby Formula Reignites,”New York Times, June 8, 1997。
1998年，世界卫生组织母乳喂养专家：White, Breastfeeding and HIV/AIDS, 132。
她解释道，这种否认：同上。
她经常公开表示：Lawrence K. Altman,“AIDS Brings a Shift on Breastfeeding,”New York Times, July 26, 1998; Anne McNulty,“Working for Healthy Mothers and Healthy Babies: Miriam Labbok, MD, MPH,”UNC Institute for Global Health &Infectious Diseases, September 1, 2010, http://globalhealth.unc.edu/2010/09/working for-healthy-mothers -and-healthy-babies-miriam-labbok-md-mph。
在伊迪斯参加的那次：对伊迪斯的采访，2014年9月18日。
赞比亚妇科医生：Zarina Geloo,“HIV and Breastfeeding: Re-Igniting an Old Controversy,”Women's International Net Magazine, 1998, in White, Breastfeeding and HIV/AIDS, 137。
“相关机构推广不受限制……”：Timothy Stamps,“Address to the World Health Assembly”(Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, May 1997), in White, Breastfeeding and HIV/AIDS, 130。
“在富裕的工业化国家……”：Zorodzai Machekanyanga,“Zimbabwe: Is Breast Milk Still Best?,”Harare, Zimbabwe: Africa Information Afrique, September 8,1997, in White, Breastfeeding and HIV/AIDS, 137。
在1998年关于艾滋病毒：WHO/ UNAIDS, A Review of HIV Transmission Through Breastfeeding。
各大国际卫生组织终于承认：WHO/UNAIDS, A Review of HIV Transmission Through Breastfeeding。
尽管如此，根据2008年：WHO/UNAIDS, A Review of HIV Transmission Through Breastfeeding: A Review of Available Evidence, 2007 Update (Geneva,Switzerland: WHO Press, 2008). 亦见于http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/102000007。联合国儿童基金会表示，每天有500—700名儿童因为吃母乳而感染艾滋病毒，则每年因此感染的儿童数目应在172 500到255 500之间。
该声明还表示：Celia Farber,“HIV and Breastfeeding: The Fear. The Misconceptions. The Facts,”Mothering, September/October 1998。
数月后，国际母乳会：Maryanne StoneJimenez,“Mother-Child Transmission of HIV,”Leaven 35, No.1 (February/March 1999): 3–5, www.lalecheleague.org/llleaderweb /lv/lvfebmar99p3.html。
这篇文章总结道：Maryanne Stone-Jimenez,“Mother-Child Transmission of HIV,”Leaven 35, No.1 (February/March 1999): 3–5, www.lalecheleague.org/llleaderweb/lv/lvfebmar99p3.html。
此人名叫大卫·克罗：根据“重新思考艾滋病”网站的信息（截至2015年3月），www.rethinkingaids.com/Content/TheBoard/tabid/60/Default.aspx。
他和彼得·迪斯贝格过从甚密：根据“重新思考艾滋病”2011年纳税申报单所列信息：www.rethinkingaids.com/RA_Tax_Returns/RA_Tax_Return_2011.pdf。
克罗还在网上为那些：M. Aziz,“Correspondence Between HIV+ Patient and David Crowe,”Immunity Resource Foundation, May 29, 2014, www.immunity.org.uk/correspondence-hiv-patient-david-crowe/。
2014年，我访问了：http://aras.ab.ca。作者提供了纸质的原始资料。（该网页列出了克罗感兴趣的新闻条目和评论，网页内容持续更新。埃博拉是虚构的病毒这一说法现已不在该网页上，但我通过电子邮件向克罗询问了此事，他详细解释了自己为何认为埃博拉是虚构的病毒。）与大卫·克罗的电子邮件交流，2015年4月15日。
为了说明埃博拉不是病毒：与大卫·克罗的电子邮件交流，2015年4月15日。
他还声称，PCR检测：David Crowe,“Infectious HIV in Breastmilk: Fact or Fantasy?”La Leche League International Conference Session 205: Perspectives on HIV,AIDS and Breastfeeding Research, July 9, 2001, www.another look.org/presentations/ LLLI-200107-factorfantasy.pdf。
他们要么“接受目前关于……”：同上。
一位著名的反疫苗医生：Patricia Callahan and Trine Tsouderos,“Autism Doctor:Troubling Record Trailing Doctor Treating Autism,”Chicago Tribune, May 22, 2009。
其中，有一份演讲稿：Miles Cloyd,“Detecting Infectious HIV in Human Milk,”Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Texas, July 2003, www.anotherlook.org/presentations/LLLI-200307-detecting.pdf。
另一份演讲稿表示：George Kent,“HIV/ AIDS, Infant Feeding and Human Rights,”University of Hawaii, July 2005, www.anotherlook.org/presentations/LLLI 200507-infantfeedingandhumanrights.pdf。
这份演讲稿总结道：Kent,“HIV/AIDS, Infant Feeding and Human Rights”。
作为联合国儿童基金会：Miriam Labbok,“Update on HIV and Breastfeeding in the Most Vulnerable Populations: Myths and Controversies,”UNICEF, www.anotherlook.org/presentations/LLLI-200507-hivmyths.pdf。
1998年，《当妈妈》杂志授予：David Crowe,“AIDS and Breastfeeding,”Mothering, April 2, 2012, www.mothering.com/articles/aids-and-breastfeeding。
我联系过国际母乳会：与国际母乳会媒体联系人兼发言人戴安娜·韦斯特的电子邮件交流，2015年4月。
最后，戴安娜透露：与国际母乳会媒体联系人兼发言人戴安娜·韦斯特的电子邮件交流，2015年4月。
美国疾控中心正式以：http://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/pdf/2014 breastfeedingreportcard.pdf。
在艾滋病会议上：与尼科利·纳特拉斯（Nicoli Nattrass）的私人通信。她本人在开展研究的过程中参加过许多此类会议。
即便受到亲自邀请：佩妮·范·埃斯特里克（Penny van Esterik）是母乳喂养研究与倡导领域的重要人物，也是加拿大约克大学的一名备受敬重的教授，她就有过这样的经历：有一次，她在约克大学召开了一个关于母乳喂养与艾滋病毒的会议，会议组织者邀请了一些哺乳倡导者和艾滋病研究者，但后者拒绝了邀请。参见Penny van Esterik,“Breastfeeding and HIV/AIDS: Critical Gaps and DangerousIntersections,”in Giving Breast Milk, R. Shaw and A. Bartlett, eds. (Toronto: Demeter Press, 2010), 151–162。
2010年，世界卫生组织发布：WHO/UNAIDS, Guidelines on HIV and Infant Feeding, 2010: Principles and Recommendations for Infant Feeding in the Context of HIV and a Summary of Evidence (Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press, 2010), http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241599535_eng.pdf?ua=1。
“我们建议，即使在缺乏抗逆转录病毒药物……”：同上，4。
世界卫生组织目前的政策：H. M. Coovadia et al.,“Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV-1 Infection During Exclusive Breastfeeding in the First 6 Months of Life: An Intervention Cohort Study,”The Lancet 369, No.9567 (March 31, 2007):1107–1116; Coutsoudis et al.“Exclusive Breastfeeding and HIV,”AIDS 16, Issue No.3(2002):498–499；“Method of Feeding and Transmission of HIV-1 from Mothers to Children by 15 Months of Age: Prospective Cohort Study from Durban South Africa,”AIDS 15 (2001):379–387。
然而，最佳相关研究发现：Coovadia et al.,“Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV-1 Infection”。
例如，莫桑比克的婴儿死亡率：“Young Child Survivial Development,”www.unicef.org/mozambique/child_survival_2933.html。
无论在世界上哪个地方：“遗憾的是，鼓励母亲践行纯母乳喂养殊非易事。在大部分社会中，父母除了让婴儿吃母乳以外，通常还会给婴儿提供水和其他食物。”见http://www.avert.org/hiv-and-breastfeeding.htm. Also in Coovadia et al.,“Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV-1 Infection”。
这场运动的领袖：Pamela Morrison,“New HIV and Breastfeeding Resource from the World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action (WABA),”Lactation Matters, January 8, 2013, lactationmatters.org/2013/01/08/wabahivresource; Pamela Morrison et al.,“Informed Choice in Infant Feeding Decisions Can Be Supported for Hiv-Infected Women Even in Industrialized Countries,”AIDS 25, No.15 (2011): 1807–1811。
她用这个数字来佐证：Morrison,“New HIV and Breastfeeding Resource from the World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action”。
事实上，研究人员估计：不同研究得出的结果有所不同。见Grace John Stewart,“Prevention of HIV Transmission During Breastfeeding in Resource-Limited Settings,”UpToDate, September 28, 2012, www.uptodate.com/contents/prevention-of hiv-transmission-during-breastfeeding-in-resource-limited-settings。UpToDate是一个在线资源平台，为医生提供特定主题的所有相关医学文献的现有综述。
被引最多的相关研究发现：如前所述，不同研究的结果不尽相同，结果的差异似乎主要取决于母亲的病毒载量和CD4计数。若病毒载量较高且CD4计数较低，那么即使服用了抗逆转录病毒药物，传播风险也会比较高。莫里森撰写了一份相关文献的综述，其中包括不同研究得出的不同传播概率，见www.aidstar-one.com/sites/default/files/Table_of _Breastfeeding_Studies.pdf。
莫里森告诉我：与帕梅拉·莫里森的电子邮件交流，2015年4月16日。
莫里森向我解释道：同上。
多数医生和公共卫生组织：帕梅拉·莫里森与迈克尔·西尔弗曼博士（Michael Silverman）之间的电子邮件交流，由莫里森发送给我，2015年4月16日及19日。
有研究表明，即使在美国：Arlene D. Bardeguez et al.,“Adherence to Anti retrovirals Among US Women During and After Pregnancy,”Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 48, No.4 (August 1, 2008): 408–417。
如果2.2%这个数字没错：Morrison,“New HIV and Breastfeeding Resource from the World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action”。
母亲还有可能通过母乳：EarthTalk,“Does Mother’s Milk Transfer Environmental Toxins to Breast-Feeding Babies?”Scientific American, January 26,2010, www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=earth-talks-breast-feeding。
如果母亲有营养缺乏症：Eleni Roumeliotou,“How Maternal Diet and Lifestyle Affects the Nutritional Value of Breast Milk,”GreenMedInfo, April 8, 2013, www.greenmed info.com/blog/how-maternal-diet-and-lifestyle-affects-nutritional-value breast-milk；亦见于Lindsay H. Allen,“B Vitamins in Breast Milk: Relative Importance of Maternal Status and Intake, and Effects on Infant Status and Function,”Advances in Nutrition 3, No.3 (May 2012): 362–369。
所有吃母乳的婴儿：Jonathon L. Maguire et al.,“Association Between Total Duration of Breastfeeding and Iron Deficiency,”Pediatrics 131, No.5 (May 2013):e1530–e1537。
结论
要说明这些比例有多高：“Norway: The WHO Code and Breastfeeding: An International Comparative Overview,”Department of Health, Australian Government,May 3, 2012, www.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/int comp-whocode-bf-init~int-comp-whocode-bf-init-ico~int-comp-whocode-bf-init-ico norway。
在美国，“奶水少”：Ruowei Li et al.,“Why Mothers Stop Breastfeeding:Mothers' Self-Reported Reasons for Stopping During the First Year,”Pediatrics 122,Suppl. 2 (October 1, 2 008): S69–S76。
一项研究发现，有1/8：Alison Stuebe,“How Often Does Breastfeeding Come Undone?”Breastfeeding Medicine, http:// bfmed.wordpress.com/2014/03/27/how-often does-breastfeeding-come-undone/#more-1181。
据一些医生估计，高达15%：www.medscape.com/viewarticle/565620_4。
一名哺乳倡导者表示：Stuebe,“How Often Does Breastfeeding Come Undone?”
“医疗专业人士绝对不会……”：Marianne R. Neifert,“Prevention of Breastfeeding Tragedies,”Pediatric Clinics of North America 48, No.2 (April 2001):273–297。
发起该话题的女子：https://m.facebook.com/notes/bottle-babies/the insignificant-truth-about-women-who-cant-breastfeed/174242565987038/。
最终，她得知自己：同上。
美国疾控中心的网站上给出的：“Excessive Drinking Costs U.S. $223.5 Billion,”Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, April 17, 2014, www.cdc.gov/features/alcoholconsumption/index.html。