Jane Austen
Ⅰ．Brief Introduction to the W riter
1．Life Story
Jane Austen was born in Hampshire，in southern England of a country clergyman's family in 1775．She was educated at home and nevermarried．Her father was a rector and a scholarwith a good library．Through a wide reading of books available in her father's library，Jane acquired a thorough knowledge of 18th century English literature．
All through her life she lived a quiet，retired and uneventful life of forty years at her native place and in the small towns nearby，paying only occasional visits to places such as London，Bath，Southampton and Chawton．Her close friend and companion was her eldest sister，who，like her，nevermarried．Austen began towrite novels as a child for her family entertainment．Her genius as an artist was recognized from the very beginning．Shewas encouraged by the whole family and her father took the responsibility of arranging the publication of her works．Her works were later published anonymously due to the prejudice against women writers then．Unfortunately，the novels of Jane Austen were not so well－received in her lifetime．She died in Winchester in 1817．After her death her fame have since steadily been growing，especially in the 20th century．
During her lifetime，she never moved in literary circles and was never“lionized”．She read the currentnovels and poemswhich were what people in general read．But whatever she read，she turned to good account．Living a quiet life in the countryside，her interest lied in the people and incidents about her，and wrote about the small world she lived in．She herself compared her work to a fine engravingmade upon a little piece of ivory．Although the ivory surface is small enough，the woman who made drawings of human life on it is a real artist．
2．Literary Career
In her lifelong career，Jane Austen wrote altogether 6 complete novels，which can be divided into 2 distinct periods．She wrote her first3 novels in the period of 1795 to 1798，but it took her more than 15 years to find a publisher．Her first novel，Sense and Sensibility，tells a story about 2 sisters and their love affairs．Pride and Prejudice，themost popular of her novels，deals with the 5 Bennet sisters and their search for suitable husband．Northanger Abbey satirizes those popular Gothic romances of the late 18th century．
Austen's second period of productivity began in 1811 after the publication of Senseand Sensibility．Mansfield Park presents the antithesis of worldliness and unworldliness．Emma gives the thought over self-deceptive vanity．And the last，Persuasion is a study of manners．All her last3 novels dealwith the romantic entanglements of their strongly characterized heroines．In her novels，through the description of the daily talks and doings of youngmen and women，Austen paints their characteristics．She is good at writing about young girls，because she understood them astonishingly well．According to Walter Scott Jane Austen had a talent for describing the involvements and feelings and characters of ordinary life and she could render ordinary commonplace things and characters interesting from the truth of the description and the sentiment．
Generally speaking，Jane Austen was a writer of the 18th century，though shemainly lived in the 19th century．Themost striking thing about Jane Austen and her novels is her seeming obliviousness to the big social and political ups and downs in the outside world of her time．Thiswasmost strange because in the 42 years of her life she could not have failed to witness the great events of the French Revolution and of the Napoleonic War that followed，nor could she have entirely ignored the picture of growing conditions and conflicts between the laboring people and the ruling classes in England．She holds the ideals of the landlord class in politics，religion and moral principles．Her works show clearly her firm belief in the predominance of reason over passion，the sense of responsibility，goodmanners and clear-sighted judgment over the Romantic tendencies of emotion and individuality．
Jane Austen's main concern is about human beings in their personal relationships．As a result her novels have a universal significance．From her point of view，life ismade up of small things and human nature reveals itself in them as fully as in big ones and a man's relationship to hiswife and children is at least as important a part of his life as his concerns about his belief and career，which reveals his moral quality more accurately and truthfully．So when Jane Austen writes shewould describe human being in themost trivial incidents of everyday life rather than atmoments of crisis．She writes within a narrow sphere．The subjectmatter，the character range，the social settings and plots are all restricted to the provincial life of the late 18th century England．Her attention would go to three or four landed gentry familieswith their daily routine life:relationshipswith members of their own family and with their friends，dancing parties，tea parties，picnics，barbecues and gossips．As a realistic writer，she considers it her duty to express in her words a serious criticism of life and to expose the weakness and illusions of mankind．In her style she is a neoclassicism advocator，upholding those traditional ideas of order，reason，proportion and grace in novel writing．
The interestof Jane Austen is to study human being in their relationswith other people in daily life，so her novels concern about the relationship between men and women in love．Stories of love and marriage provide the framework for all her novels and in which women are always taken as themajor characters．In their pursuit of a happy marriage，they could be grouped into three categories: those whomarry formoney，position and property，thosewhomarry just for passion and thosewhomarry for lovewhich is based on consideration of both the person's personal merit and his economical and social status．So in her novels the point thatmoney is not the only thing in the consideration ofmarriage but it plays a very impor-tant role found best reflection there．Austen's this view towardsmarriage is still very popular nowadays．
3．Theme of Her W orks
Her characteristic theme is thatmaturity is achieved through the loss of illusions．Faults of character displayed by the people of her novels are corrected when，through tribulation，lessons are learned．All these show amind of the shrewdest intelligence adapting the available traditions and deepening the resources of art with consummate craftsmanship．Because of her sensitivity to universal patterns of human behavior，Jane Austen has brought the English novels，as an art of form，to itsmaturity，and she has been regarded bymany critics as one of the greatest of all novelists．
4．Features of Her Novels
Jane Austen is a writer who regards novelwriting as a sophisticated art．With a cool hand，she always has her imagination and passion under control．With great details drawn from everyday life and activities，the pictures of her characters are vividly portrayed and everyone comes alive．With simple language and conversing dialogues，her novels are surprisingly realistic．When she converts the disorderly reality into an orderly artistic unity，she paysmuch attention to the formal qualities of composition，to the design，and to the subordination of the parts to thewhole．Her plots appear natural，and unforced．They are developed easily and unhurriedly under the author's perfect control．All the characters have their place in the plot and contribute to themain story．At her best，she keeps balance between facts and form as no other English novelisthas ever done．Jane Austen is one of the few novelists who have managed fully to satisfy the requirements in the art of novelwriting．
Ⅱ．Brief Introduction to the Selected Literary Work
Pride and Prejudice
1．Brief Summary of the novel
The story is about the Bennets and their five daughters．The chief business of Mrs．Bennet is to find suitable husband for her five daughters—from oldest to youngest，Jane，Elizabeth，Mary，Kitty，and Lydia．Consequently the news that awealthy young gentleman named Charles Bingley has rented the manor of Netherfield Park causes a great stir in the nearby village of Longbourn，especially in the Bennethousehold．After Mr．Bennet pays a social visit to Mr．Bingley's，the Bennets attend a ball atwhich Mr．Bingley is present．He is taken with Jane and spends much of the evening dancing with her．His close friend，Mr．Darcy，is less pleased with the evening．What he says makes everyone view him as arrogant and obnoxious．
At social activities over subsequentweeks，however，Mr．Darcy finds himself increasingly attracted to Elizabeth's charm and intelligence．Jane's friendship with Mr．Bingley also continues to burgeon，and Jane pays a visit to the Bingley'smansion．On her journey to the house she is caught in a downpour and catches ill，forcing her to stay at Netherfield for several days．In order to tend to Jane，Elizabeth hikes through muddy fields and arriveswith a spattered dress，much to the disdain of the snobbish Miss Bingley，Charles Bingley's sister．Miss Bingley's spite only increases when she notices that Darcy，whom she is pursuing，pays quite a bit of attention to Elizabeth．
When Elizabeth and Jane return home，they find Mr．Collins visiting their household．Mr．Collins is a young clergyman who stands to inherit Mr．Bennet's property．Mr．Collins is a pompous fool，though he is quite enthralled by the Bennetgirls．Shortly after his arrival，hemakes a proposal ofmarriage to Elizabeth，who turns him down，wounding his pride．Meanwhile，the Bennet girls have become friendly with militia officers stationed in a nearby town．A-mong them isWickham，a handsome young soldier who is friendly toward Elizabeth and tells her how Darcy cruelly cheated him out of an inheritance．
At the beginning ofwinter，the Bingleys and Darcy leave Netherfield and return to London，much to Jane's dismay．A further shock arriveswith the news thatMr．Collins has become engaged to Charlotte Lucas，Elizabeth's best friend and the poor daughter of a local knight．Charlotte explains to Elizabeth that she is getting older and needs thematch for financial reasons．Charlotte and Mr．Collins getmarried and Elizabeth promises to visit them at their new home．Aswinter progresses，Jane visits the city to see friends(hoping also that shemight see Mr．Bingley)．However，Miss Bingley visits her and behaves rudely，while Mr．Bingley fails to visither at all．Themarriage prospects for the Bennet girls appear bleak．
That spring，Elizabeth visits Charlotte，who now lives near the home ofMr．Collins's patron，Lady Catherine de Bourgh，who is also Darcy's aunt．Darcy calls on Lady Catherine and encounters Elizabeth，whose presence leads him tomake a number of visits to the Collins's home，where she is staying．One day，hemakes a shocking proposal ofmarriage，which Elizabeth quickly refuses．She tells Darcy that she considers him arrogant and unpleasant，then scolds him for steering Bingley away from Jane and disinheriting Wickham．Darcy leaves her but shortly thereafter delivers a letter to her．In this letter，he admits that he urged Bingley to distance himself from Jane，but claims he did so only because he thought their romance was not serious．As for Wickham，he informs Elizabeth that the young officer is a liar and that the real cause of their disagreementwasWickham's attempt to elope with his young sister，Georgiana Darcy．
This letter causes Elizabeth to reevaluate her feelings about Darcy．She returns home and acts coldly toward Wickham．Themilitia is leaving town，which makes the younger，rather man-crazy Bennet girls distraught．Lydia manages to obtain permission from her father to spend the summer with an old colonel in Brighton，where Wickham's regiment will be stationed．With the arrival of June，Elizabeth goes on another journey，this time with the Gardiners，who are relatives of the Bennets．The trip takes her to the North and eventually to the neighborhood of Pemberley，Darcy's estate．She visits Pemberley，after making sure that Darcy is away，and delights in the building and grounds，while hearing from Darcy's servants that he is a wonderful，generousmaster．Suddenly，Darcy arrives and behaves cordially toward her．Making no mention of his proposal，he entertains the Gardiners and invites E-lizabeth tomeet his sister．
Shortly thereafter，however，a letter arrives from home，telling Elizabeth that Lydia has eloped with Wickham and that the couple is nowhere to be found，which suggests that they may be living together outofwedlock．Fearful of the disgrace such a situation would bring on her entire family，Elizabeth hastens home．Mr．Gardiner and Mr．Bennet go off to search for Lydia，butMr．Bennet eventually returns home empty-handed．Justwhen all hope seems lost，a letter comes from Mr．Gardiner saying that the couple has been found and thatWickham has agreed tomarry Lydia in exchange for an annual income．The Bennets are convinced that Mr．Gardiner has paid off Wickham，but Elizabeth learns that the source of the money，and of her family's salvation，was none other than Darcy．
Now married，Wickham and Lydia return to Longbourn briefly，where Mr．Bennet treats them coldly．They then depart for Wickham's new assignment in the North of England．Shortly thereafter，Bingley returns to Netherfield and resumes his courtship of Jane．Darcy goes to stay with him and pays visits to the Bennets but makes nomention of his desire tomarry Elizabeth．Bingley，on the other hand，presses his suit and proposes to Jane，to the delight of everyone but Bingley's haughty sister．While the family celebrates，Lady Catherine de Bourgh pays a visit to Longbourn．She corners E-lizabeth and says that she has heard that Darcy，her nephew，is planning tomarry her．Since she considers a Bennet an unsuitable match for a Darcy，Lady Catherine demands that Elizabeth promise to refuse him．Elizabeth spiritedly refuses，saying she is not engaged to Darcy，but she will not promise anything against her own happiness．At the end of the story Darcy tells Elizabeth that his feelings have not altered since the spring．She tenderly accepts his proposal，and both Jane and Elizabeth aremarried．
2．Analyses of the M ajor Characters Elizabeth
The second daughter in the Bennet family，and themost intelligent and quick－witted，Elizabeth is the protagonist of Pride and Prejudice and one of the most well－known female characters in English literature．Her admirable qualities are numerous—she is lovely，clever，and，in a novel defined by dialogue，she converses as brilliantly as anyone．Her honesty，virtue，and lively wit enable her to rise above the nonsense and bad behavior that pervade her class－bound and often spiteful society．Nevertheless，her sharp tongue and tendency tomake hasty judgments often lead her astray．Pride and Prejudice is essentially the story of how she(and her true love，Darcy)overcomes all obstacles，including their own personal failings，to find romantic happiness．Elizabeth must not only cope with a hopelessmother，two badly behaved younger siblings，and several snobbish，antagonizing females，shemust also overcome her own mistaken impressions of Darcy，which initially lead her to reject his proposals of marriage．Her charms are sufficient to keep him interested，fortunately，while she navigates familiar and social turmoil．As she gradually comes to recognize the nobility of Darcy's character，she realizes the error of her initial prejudice againsthim．
Darcy
The son of awealthy，well-established family and themaster of the great estate of Pemberley，Darcy is Elizabeth's male counterpart．The narrator relates Elizabeth's point of view of eventsmore often than Darcy's，so Elizabeth often seems amore sympathetic figure．The reader eventually realizes，however，that Darcy is her idealmatch．Intelligent and forthright，he too has a tendency to judge too hastily and harshly，and his high birth and wealth make him overly proud and overly conscious of his social status．Indeed，his haughtinessmakes him initially bungle his courtship．When he proposes to her，for instance，he dwells more on how unsuitable a match she is than on her charms，beauty，or anything else complimentary．Her rejection of his advances builds a kind of humility in him．Darcy demonstrates his continued devotion to Elizabeth，in spite of his distaste for her low connections，when he rescues Lydia and the entire Bennet family from disgrace，and when he goes against the wishes of his haughty aunt，Lady Catherine de Bourgh，by continuing to pursue Elizabeth．Darcy proves himself worthy of Elizabeth，and she ends up repenting her earlier，overly harsh judgment of him．
Jane and Bingley
Elizabeth's beautiful elder sister and Darcy's wealthy best friend，Jane and Bingley engage in a courtship that occupies a central place in the novel．They firstmeet at the ball in Meryton and enjoy an immediatemutual attraction．They are spoken of as a potential couple throughout the book，long before anyone imagines that Darcy and Elizabeth might marry．Despite their centrality to the narrative，they are vague characters，sketched by Austen rather than carefully drawn．Indeed，they are so similar in nature and behavior that they can be described together:both are cheerful，friendly，and good-natured，always ready to think the best of others;they lack entirely the prickly egotism of Elizabeth and Darcy．Jane's gentle spirit serves as a foil for her sister's fiery，contentious nature，while Bingley's eager friendliness contrastswith Darcy's stiff pride．Their principal characteristics are goodwill and compatibility，and the contrast of their romance with that of Darcy and Elizabeth is remarkable．Jane and Bingley exhibit to the reader true love unhampered by either pride or prejudice，though in their simple goodness，they also demonstrate that such a love ismildly dull．
M r．Bennet
Mr．Bennet is the father of Jane，Elizabeth，Lydia，Kitty，and Mary，the patriarch of the Bennet household，the husband of Mrs．Bennet．He is a man driven to exasperation by his ridiculous wife and difficult daughters．He reacts by withdrawing from his family and assuming a detached attitude punctuated by bursts of sarcastic humor．He is closest to Elizabeth and Jane because they are the two most intelligent Bennets．Initially，his drywitand self-possession in the face of hiswife's hysteriamake him a sympathetic figure，but，though he remains likable throughout，the reader gradually loses respect for him as it becomes clear that the price of his detachment is considerable．Detached from his family，he is aweak father and，at criticalmoments，fails his family．In particular，his foolish indulgence of Lydia's immature behavior nearly leads to general disgrace when she elopes with Wickham．Further，upon his daughter's disappearance，he proves largely ineffective．It is left to Mr．Gardiner and Darcy to track Lydia down and rectify the situation．Ultimately，Mr．Bennetwould ratherwithdraw from theworld than copewith it．
M rs．Bennet
Mrs．Bennet is a miraculously tiresome character．Noisy and foolish，she is awoman consumed by the desire to see her daughters married and seems to care for nothing else in the world．Ironically，her single-minded pursuit of this goal tends to backfire，as her lack of social graces alienates the very people(Darcy and Bingley) whom she tries desperately to attract．Austen uses her continually to highlight the necessity ofmarriage for young women．Mrs．Bennet also serves as amiddle-class counterpoint to such upper-class snobs as Lady Catherine and Miss Bingley，demonstrating that foolishness can be found at every level of society．In the end，however，Mrs．Bennet proves such an unattractive figure，lacking redeeming characteristics of any kind．
3．Theme of the Novel
3.1 Pride and Prejudice
The title tells of amajor concern of the novel:pride and prejudice．The first aspect can be traced in the actions and statements of all the work'smajor and many of itsminor characters．Pride is the character flaw that causes Elizabeth to dislike Darcy upon their first meeting．Yet Elizabeth herself also suffers from the same flaw;her pride in her own ability to analyze character is such that she refuses to reevaluate Darcy in the face of evidence in his favor．
The concept of pride can be defined in two ways:positive and negative．Possessing positive or right pride is to have self-respect，honor，and integrity．On the other hand，wrong or negative pride is defined as showing arrogant or disdainful conduct and haughtiness．Mr．Darcy displays the positive side of pridewhile Mr．Bennet possesseswrong or negative pride，and a lack of pride itself in some cases．Darcy is responsible for his sister，himself，his estate，and his family name．He takes pride in these things and does anything he can in order to protect them．ButMr．Bennetwho is responsible as a father of five daughters，a husband，and the holder of reputable conduct in the family，does not take pride in his family or his responsibility;Mr．Bennet instead ridicules the members of his family and in turn does not control their unruly actions．
3.2 Love between Darcy and Elizabeth
As in any good love story，the loversmust elude and overcome numerous stumbling blocks，beginning with the tensions caused by the lovers'own personal qualities．Elizabeth's pridemakes hermisjudge Darcy on the basis of a poor first impression，while Darcy's prejudice against Elizabeth's poor social standing blinds him，for a time，to hermany virtues．Of course，one could also say that Elizabeth is guilty of prejudice and Darcy of pride:the title cuts both ways．Austen，meanwhile，poses countless smaller obstacles to the realization of the love between Elizabeth and Darcy，including Lady Catherine's attempt to control her nephew，Miss Bingley's snobbery，Mrs．Bennet's idiocy，and Wickham's deceit．In each case，anxieties about social connections，or the desire for better social connections，interfere with the workings of love．Darcy and Elizabeth's realization of a mutual and tender love seems to imply that Austen views love as something independentof these social forces，as something that can be captured if only an individual is able to escape the warping effects of hierarchical society．
Austen does sound somemore realist(or，one could say，cynical)notes about love，using the character of Charlotte Lucas，who marries the buffoon Mr．Collins for hismoney，to demonstrate that the heart does not always dictate marriage．Yet with her central characters，Austen suggests that true love is a force separated from society and one that can conquer even themost difficulty of circumstances．
3.3 Reputation
Pride and Prejudice depicts a society in which awoman's reputation is of the utmost importance．A woman is expected to behave in certain ways．Stepping outside the social normsmakes her vulnerable to ostracism．This theme appears in the novel，when Elizabeth walks to Netherfield and arrives with muddy skirts，to the shock of the reputation-conscious Miss Bingley and her friends．
At other points，the ill-mannered，ridiculous behavior of Mrs．Bennet gives her a bad reputation with the more refined and snobbish Darcys and Bingleys．Austen pokes gentle fun at the snobs in these examples，but later in the novel，when Lydia elopes with Wickham and liveswith him out ofwedlock，the author treats reputation as a very seriousmatter．By becomingWickham's lover without benefit ofmarriage，Lydia clearly places herself outside the social pale，and her disgrace threatens the entire Bennet family．
3.4 Class Boundaries and Prejudice
The theme of class is related to reputation，in that both reflect the strictly regimented nature of life for themiddle and upper classes in England at that time．The lines of class are strictly drawn．While the Bennets，who are middle class，may socialize with the upperclass Bingleys and Darcys，they are clearly their social inferiors and are treated as such．Austen satirizes this kind of class-consciousness，particularly in the character of Mr．Collins，who spendsmost of his time toadying to his upper-class patron，Lady Catherine de Bourgh．Though Mr．Collins offers an extreme example，he is not the only one to hold such views．His conception of the importance of class is shared，among others，by Mr．Darcy，who believes in the dignity of his lineage;Miss Bingley，who dislikes anyone not as socially accepted as she is;and Wickham，who will do anything he can to get enough money to raise himself into a higher station．
Through the Darcy－Elizabeth and Bingley－Jane marriages，Austen shows the power of love and happiness to overcome class boundaries and prejudices，thereby implying that such prejudices are hollow，unfeeling，and unproductive．Of course，thiswhole discussion of class must be made with the understanding that Austen herself is often criticized as being a classist:she doesn't really represent anyone from the lower classes;those servants she does por-tray are generally happy with their lot．Austen does criticize class structure but only a limited slice of that structure．
4．Artistic Features of the Novel
In the novel Pride and Prejudice Jane Austenmakes a full employment of irony．Irony plays an important part in both characterization and in plot development．The verbal irony in the dialogues and the situational or dramatic irony are especially worthy noting．By saying one thing butmeaning another，the author shows us the stupidity of Mrs．Bennet and Elizabeth's derision of Darcy's pride．The first sentence of the novel“It is a truth universally acknowledged that a singleman in possession of a large fortune，must be in want of a wife”is one of the most famous instances of irony．The author seems to state a general and solemn principle ormoral truth with which all mankind can be reasonally expected to agree．But what the author pretentiously said turns out to be the direct opposite of what is actually the case．With the development of the story，readers learn that it is a single woman who wants a rich husband．Mrs．Bennet's preoccupation is to marry off her five daughters to people who have a large fortune．
In terms of plot，thewhole story seems to be composed of ironies too．With a negative start on both sides at the beginning of the story，the gradual development of love between Darcy and Elizabeth is clearly revealed．One ironic event leads to another wheremutual repulsion is turned intomutual attraction，verbal quarrels turned into confessions，intended riddance turned into unexpected butwelcomingmeetings，the proud turned into the humble and the prejudice turned into the repentant．
Thewitty and delightful dialogues in the novel are also very famous．Through the dialogues readers getmost revealed insight into the inner world of the characters，for example，their different personalities，their desires and intentions and their strengths and their weaknesses，etc．They prepare us for the outcome that befalls each character in the end．
Ⅲ．Latest Critical Commentary
《傲慢与偏见》是英国著名女小说家简·奥斯汀最受欢迎的一部作品，这部反映婚姻问题的小说也是作者最喜欢的作品。小说最初的雏形是《最初的印象》。1813年小说一经发表，便使奥斯汀一举成为英国文学史上最受欢迎的小说家之一。《傲慢与偏见》不仅是英国文苑的奇葩，也是世界文库的珍品，被英国著名小说家和戏剧家毛姆列为世界十大小说经典名著之一，并称之为所有小说中最令人满意的一部作品。在2007年3月1日的“世界图书日”上，《傲慢与偏见》被英国读者评选为“十大不可或缺的书”之首。该小说获得读者如此的钟爱不仅仅是因为小说中渗透了作者特有的女性的细致入微的观察力，和她的轻松诙谐的作品格调，还因为众多读者在这部作品中得到了启迪，受益匪浅。
从18世纪末到19世纪初，充斥着英国文坛的是庸俗无聊的“感伤小说”和“哥特小说”，而奥斯汀创作的小说一反常规，细腻地展现了当时尚未受到资本主义冲击的，英国乡村中产阶级的日常生活和田园风光。她是第一个现实地描绘日常平凡生活中，平凡人物的小说家。她的作品反映了当时英国中产阶级的生活，显示了家庭文学的可能性。她多次探索青年女主角从恋爱到结婚中的自我发现过程，这种着力分析人物性格以及女主角和社会之间紧张关系的做法，使她的小说摆脱十八世纪的传统而接近于现代的生活。正是这种现代性，加上她的机智和风趣使她的小说能长期吸引读者。(简明不列颠百科全书，1985)从上面的评价可以看出，奥斯汀的小说在英国小说发展史上具有承上启下的意义，她常被二十世纪的文学评论家们和文学史专家们誉为真正伟大的英国小说家。弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫(1986)这位在女权主义文学批评发展史上有着极大影响的英国女作家、评论家，对奥斯汀推崇备至，称她为“女性之中最完美的艺术家”，并指出“简·奥斯汀不像表面表现的那样，她是一个感情深得多的女人，她激励我们补充小说中不存在的东西。”自小说《傲慢与偏见》出版以来，评论家们纷纷从不同的角度对其进行阐释。学者们的研究成果可以分为小说中的婚姻观研究，小说中体现的女性主义研究、小说独特的叙事风格研究和艺术特点研究等方面。
婚姻观研究
《傲慢与偏见》中所探讨的婚姻是读者和众多评论家谈论最多的话题。同时爱情和婚姻自古就是人们谈论不衰的一个话题，对《傲慢与偏见》的重读对当今社会追求幸福婚姻的人们无疑会带来思考和启示。简·奥斯汀描绘了一幅18世纪妇女地位低下，无法在社会中立足的形象逼真的婚姻画卷。她妙笔生花般描述的几种婚姻包括伊丽莎白、莉迪亚、夏绿蒂以及贝纳特夫妇的婚姻，引起了世人对那个艰辛时代女性追求幸福婚姻的长久思考。小说中婚姻的描写令人深思。从小说的开篇，作者就指出“凡是有钱的单身汉，总想娶位太太，这已成了一条举世公认的真理”。美国学者德布拉·蒂奇曼(1997)指出这句话介绍了《傲慢与偏见》的主题和主要事件，这也是在过去的两个世纪中小说探讨的主旨:婚姻，财富，社会等级，财产，礼仪和对真理存在的争论。历史学家劳伦斯·斯通(1979)，在其名著《1500—1800年英国家庭、性和婚姻》中将当时英国人的择偶动机分为四类:为了巩固家庭的经济、政治或社会地位;为了个人的感情、友爱和情谊;性的吸引;激情之爱。在《傲慢与偏见》里，作者所塑造出的几种婚姻关系，大都可以从中找到相符合的类型。
在18世纪时财富仍是社会中上层择偶时考虑的重点，物质因素是当时英国社会婚姻生活的重要因素。英国上层阶层的择偶标准没有多大的变化，注重婚姻的物质基础，强调门当户对。德布拉·蒂奇曼(1997)在Understanding Pride and Prejudice中探讨了小说中体现的婚姻观，指出了不同人物各自所持有的不同的婚姻观。贝纳特夫人把她的女儿们的婚姻当成是事业来经营，因为她很明白在当时的社会环境下婚姻对女儿们的将来的生活有多重要，德布拉认为:她拙笨的社交能力和她经常神经质般的喋喋不休让她成为一个喜剧人物，但是她对女儿们婚姻的关注却是合理的，甚至是值得称赞。(胡晴，2008)对此玛丽·伊文斯(1987)在Jane and the State一书中也指出:考虑到经济问题，和处于18世纪中上阶层的还未结婚的女儿们，贝纳特夫人的担忧似乎也不完全滑稽。实际上，她过度地为她女儿婚姻的担忧和她不厌其烦地坚持想要年轻富有的男子娶她女儿的行为，是作为母亲应该做的颇有争议的责任。
学者们指出作者刻画了五种婚姻关系，贝纳特夫妇的婚姻是建立在贝纳特先生冲动的感情和贝纳特夫人对经济的考虑的基础之上;简和宾利的婚姻是建立在感情和理智的基础之上;莉迪亚和韦翰的婚姻是纯粹的肉欲，完全忽视社会道德习俗，无视感情理智需求，是被鄙视的对象;夏绿蒂和柯林斯的婚姻是建立在夏绿蒂对经济利益的考虑上，她把婚姻等同于经济上的得失其实是一种道德的沦丧;伊丽莎白和达西的婚姻是真正建立在感情和理智统一的基础上，随着矛盾的产生和消除，达西消除了傲慢，伊丽莎白也解除了偏见，双方达成了共识，婚姻从而在道德上得到升华。尽管这五种爱终于都走进了婚姻的围城，但这几种爱最终导致的婚姻幸福度却大不相同。从小说中所描绘的以上几种爱情婚姻关系，简·奥斯汀表达了自己的爱情婚姻理念——理想中的婚姻关系应该是感情、物质、道德和理智的综合体。在这五种婚姻关系中，只有伊莉莎白和达西的婚姻符合这几大标准，是作者理想中的婚姻模式。(储常胜，2006)
国内很多批评家从社会学的角度出发，联系当时英国正处于资本主义自由经济的上升时期这一历史背景，来强调经济因素对人们婚恋观的影响。在他们看来一定的经济条件是婚姻幸福的物质保障，从小说经典的第一句开场白中，就可得知作者承认财产收入是能否顺利获得美满婚姻的重要条件。(胡晴，2008)在这句话里，关键的字是两个:有“财产”，表明男人要想成家就得先有钱，这是成家的前提条件;有“需要”，就其原文可知这里的需要是指客观需要，而不是主观“想要”而这种客观需要的实现需要有金钱作为基础。(张聪，2007)由此可见在18世纪英国特定的社会背景下婚姻是以经济为基础的，金钱则是缔结一门婚事的必要条件。关于这一点在小说中另一种体现方式就是，字里行间能看到的是表示钱的许多数字。贝纳特先生拥有两千镑的地产;贝纳特太太家给他是有四千镑的嫁妆;贝纳特家五位小姐每人结婚时只能从母亲那里得到“年息四厘的一千镑存款”。宾利先生有十万镑遗产，每年进款四、五千镑左右;宾利小姐有两万镑嫁妆。达西先生有年近一万镑的财产;而他妹妹乔治安娜有三万镑的嫁妆。奥斯汀小说中的几桩婚姻无一不涉及财富和金钱，甚至包括人们赞同的伊丽莎白和达西的婚姻的结合。作者通过小说想告诉读者婚姻是植根于现实的土壤之中的，幸福的婚姻不光需要有感情深厚的真爱作为精神的慰藉，还需要有一定的经济基础和经济来源作为物质方面的保障。还有学者指出《傲慢与偏见》一书中描述的婚姻并不如它表面看上去那般单纯，地位、财产、观念、人格等等因素在其中牵绊交结，常常使婚姻成为一锅难辩真伪的杂烩汤。(管先恒，2003)
除了从社会学角度的解读，有学者运用人本主义心理学发起者和理论家马斯洛的“需要层次论”，从人本主义心理学层面上追溯小说中不同婚恋观的缘由，从而对小说中的婚恋观做出新的阐释，指出个人不同婚恋选择的最直接原因，在于其内驱力因素以及需要层次的差异。(季念，2004)小说中韦翰与莉迪亚的婚姻是“生理需要”层次的冲动;夏绿蒂和柯林斯的婚姻抉择是由其“生理需要”、“安全需要”同时决定的;达西和伊丽莎白的婚姻是爱情与尊重的融合。“生理需要”是最低的层次。它主要包括对食欲、性欲以及其它人类维持生存的需要和最原始的贪欲的满足。马斯洛(1987)认为尽管“生理需要”处于较低级的层次，但它却在所有需要中占绝对优势，也就是说，假如一个人在生活中所有需要都没有得到满足，那么他的主要动机很有可能就是满足生理需要而不是其他需要。在小说中，莉迪亚年轻虚荣，易受诱惑，她同时跟好多个军官在柔情蜜意地卖弄风情，她沉溺在纯粹的性欲冲动中不可自拔。而韦翰浪荡不羁，极力寻欢作乐，为了获取钱财，满足性欲而追求女性。韦翰和莉迪亚一个对贪欲执着，一个对性欲狂热，他们对人生的追求仅限于对“生理需要”层次的满足中。夏绿蒂同其他家境不好而又受过相当教育的青年女子一样，都将婚姻视为获得一个最可靠的安身之处，是日后可以不致挨饥受冻的唯一指望，而柯林斯的物质条件正好能保证她日后衣食无忧。达西和伊丽莎白的婚姻与莉迪亚和夏绿蒂的都不同，他们的结合明显带有某些理性和文学赋予的理想色彩。事实上，他们的感情纠葛发生在“爱的需要”层次和“自尊需要”层次之间，最终他们在寻爱的坚持自我的道路中彼此尊重，找到了真爱，收获了爱情的果实——婚姻。
还有学者的研究表明，通过这部小说作者想要表明，并非所有坚持独立自主原则的女性都能够得到美满的婚姻，女性的幸福完全在男性的掌握之中。小说中伊丽莎白能够摆脱独身的命运完全取决于达西是否能够执著追求爱情，进行第二次求婚。而婚后的伊丽莎白·达西太太会成为知足、贤淑、中规中矩的主妇，怀着对丈夫的感激之情安静度日，而我们所熟悉的那个机智敏慧，自由自在的伊丽莎白·贝纳特将同这姓氏一样成为往日云烟。学者们认为奥斯汀对婚姻的看法并不乐观，在她看来，婚姻对独立的女性而言是种损失，因为社会赋予她们的角色所遭受的限制与强制会在婚姻状态中得到进一步的增强。(刘戈，2003)
女性主义研究
众所周知，在乔叟、莎士比亚时代及随后一段时期里，不仅在真实生活中，而且在文学中女性一直处于失语状态，她们是以被观察和欲望的对象存在，女性形象在根深蒂固的传统男性叙事中不是“天使”便是“魔鬼”。一般认为，从维多利亚时代的夏洛蒂·勃朗特开始，文学才开始从女性的角度、观点来描写生活，女性作为创作主体进入到文学领域中来。吴卫华(2000)在文章中指出虽然与勃朗特发出的“救救妇女”的愤激呐喊相比较，奥斯汀所传达出的女性解放的声音微弱了些，她对社会的批判更多些温和和多讽的色彩，但却不失为二百年前那个世纪交替时代的空谷足音。她继而又指出重看小说《傲慢与偏见》的写作立场，作品一反传统文学之于女性的歧视、偏见乃至非人化描写，文中作者运用消解男性中心的话语策略，以可贵的艺术勇气，高扬了一向在文学中备受压抑和漠视的女权，在一定程度上建构起了女性文学的主体意识，确立了女性写作的基点，因此在女性文学写作的历史中，奥斯汀为建立一种女性写作传统，作出了开拓性的贡献。具体而言就是小说在叙述视角上不同于传统文学作品里，男性人物意味着规范和价值标准，代表着强势话语，女性的声音被遮蔽，始终处于被叙述、被窥视和被支配的困境，总是在低眉顺眼地承受着来自男性咄咄逼人的眼光的情形。小说中随着故事的发展，伊丽莎白逐渐成为小说的中心和焦点，故事里的人物、事件主要由她去耳闻目睹和见证，转述的也大都是她自外部接受的信息和产生的内心冲突，整个叙述被尽可能地限制在她的世界里了。由于受特殊视角的影响，叙述者便有理由忽视达西、韦翰等人物的心理现实而故意制造出悬念，使读者形成一种阅读期待。这种以女性的角度来展开故事叙述的本身，不仅仅意味着对传统男性叙述方式的颠覆，还隐含着批判既存意识形态的意义——解构男权中心主义，张扬女权意识。
《傲慢与偏见》被公认为是第一部揭示女性自我意识觉醒的小说，同时奥斯汀站在女性的立场认识生活，被誉为早期的女性主义作家。在学者们看来这与奥斯汀所在的时期的女性意识具有两方面的特征密切相关:一方面，女性作家以异于男性的女性视野与体验，表达对社会和自身的认识和感受，宣泄对男性统治的不满;另一方面，为表示与男性平等，他们以衡量男性的标准来衡量自身以及笔下的女主人公，以证明女性同样具备男性所具有的优秀品性。(纪颖，2007)伊丽莎白就是最好的典范，她读书很多，有见识，有观察力和判断力，聪敏机智，冰雪伶俐，同时充满了活力，比她周围的男人都优秀。有学者认为奥斯汀通过几桩婚姻的描述，揭示了最本质的东西，那就是女性婚姻意识，他们将奥斯汀笔下妇女所具有的婚姻意识归纳为以下几种:伊丽莎白善于思考，果断洞察，具有客观判断的先知先觉的独立婚姻意识;贝纳特夫人和简的安于现状，严守妇道的依附婚姻意识;莉迪亚和夏绿蒂的道德观念淡漠，情感缺失意识。(宋建华，2001)这样读者可以清楚地看到当时社会中的妇女地位，妇女只是男性在社会生活和交往中的陪衬，在男权社会中受到男性群体的限制与管制。
小说中贝纳特太太带着自己的一小笔嫁妆嫁给了财产稍多于她却仍属中产阶级的贝纳特先生，双方都为这桩经济婚姻而维持着貌合神离。简对于世界的态度是仁爱的，她的气质性情是温柔顺从的，她的体态举止是优雅迷人的。在处理对宾利先生的感情时，她时而暗自憧憬，时而在母亲的刻意安排下欣然赴会，她虽有自己的想法，但却时时处于受支配、被选择的地位。她的性格举止及对感情的态度无不恰到好处地反映了社会对妇女地位的要求，以及她在婚姻中的强烈依附意识。伊丽莎白在这部作品有惹人注目的智慧，有从父亲那儿继承来的幽默感。因而当达西不请她跳舞，并对她百般嘲讽，甚至瞧不起她的家人时，她却以幽默视之。她的不顾一切繁文缛节淌着泥水去看她姐姐一事，她的尖刻而又机智的谈吐，无不反映出她是一个充满了智慧与活力的人，一个有着良好教育的人，一个与那些装腔作势的女子有天壤之别的人。她对周围人与事的了解是通过她的敏锐洞察实现的。她常常对别人的所作所为有所反应，但她的蛮横也好，嘲弄也好，不拘礼节也好，都没有令她在他人的眼中丧失道德和理智水准，反倒映衬出她的积极向上的生活态度。伊丽莎白敏锐的判断力使她清醒地意识到了自己的优点所在，所以她才能骄傲地面对咖苔琳夫人，并拒绝达西傲慢的求婚。随着故事的发展伊丽莎白对达西由偏见逐渐转变为爱慕，达西对伊丽莎白也由傲慢转变到爱慕，这一过程不仅反映了伊丽莎白的自我认知过程，同时也反映了男性对妇女地位的认知过程，这是一个尊重与了解的过程。伊丽莎白在这一转变过程中展示的敏锐的观察力和判断力，反映了她思维的独立性，这种思维的独立性恰恰就是她作为女性的独立意识，反映了妇女的觉醒意识，是通过感情的平等交流体现男女地位平等的过程。当然伊丽莎白的独立意识折射出奥斯汀自己的人生观和对当时社会敏锐的洞察力。夏绿蒂由于一贯把婚姻看作是受过良好教育但财产不多的年轻女子的唯一体面的出路，因此她把目标瞄准柯林斯，一个无聊透顶、道德差劲、依靠有钱人资助的蠢牧师，但有微薄的稳定收入。当夏绿蒂看到柯林斯遭到伊丽莎白的拒绝，便毫不犹豫地抓住了这棵她认为属于她的大树。她的婚姻观念就是为了世俗的利益可以牺牲所有美好的感情。嫁给他即意味着丧失了个人感情与理智的统一。她是以牺牲真实情感为代价作出婚姻选择的，故而她的女性意识在世俗的婚姻选择面前成了无情感意识，或情感无意识。这实际上也是现实主义婚姻观的体现。而莉迪亚与军官韦翰的私奔可看作是一种道德沦丧，情感意识迷失的例子。
纵观全书可知奥斯汀的女性主义思想是站在“人”的角度，对女性进行研究，否定男女之间的智力差异，从而表达男女平等的观念。同时她站在女性的角度，用笔描绘了妇女的亲身体验，构建了女性话语，表达了女性独特的心理体验。再次，奥斯汀对女性的地位问题做了深刻的分析。她尖锐地指出，妇女的经济地位决定妇女的社会地位，因为在18世纪末19世纪初，英国正处于资本主义经济逐步走向发达的时期，经济因素几乎渗入社会各个领域。在社会中，女性若没有亲属的遗产可继承，则必须选择嫁一位有钱的丈夫才是出路，若没有钱做后盾，再美的女子也难找到如意郎君。奥斯汀从经济地位和社会地位出发，引发了妇女的经济独立问题，旨在唤起了女性的独立意识。
有学者指出奥斯汀作品中的女性意识是通过塑造人物、叙述情节而表达的。在人物塑造时她既运用讽刺展现人物性格中的“怪癖、错觉、自相矛盾这些东西”，又让人物性格在不同的发展阶段前后对照，以此揭示人物性格的发展过程。同时为了凸现小说中的女性意识，她还充分使用了对比(Complementary)或者说反衬艺术手法。(黄静，2002)
虽然奥斯汀在作品中展现自己的女性意识，表示对社会的不满，但也有学者在文章中指出，奥斯汀在作品中巧妙地揭露了女性在男权社会所遭受的桎梏与压迫，同时又间接地揭示出奥斯汀对女性“作者身份的焦虑”。这一目的是通过文本所包含的两条线索即采用双层文本策略来实现的:一是表层承袭18世纪风俗小说的情节模式，即浪漫爱情喜剧;一是深层隐含的对女性婚姻幸福神话的解构。(刘戈，2003)在学者们看来奥斯汀之所以采用这样的双层文本策略，是出于她作为女性作家在男性一统文坛的时代所特有的谨慎与机智。以奥斯汀为代表的女性作家进行文化批评的方式含蓄而保守，她们避开历史和政治等“严肃”题材，专注于描写妇女的家庭及婚恋生活，她们正是由于采取了这种独特的方式，才得以在男性权威的监视下求得生存，找出了一条逃逸权威话语模式的有效途径。奥斯汀的这种只能将目光集中在她所熟悉的“过着平凡生活的中产阶级的普通妇女”身上(Kirkham，1986:156)，并谦虚地承认自己是“胆敢成为女作家的最不博学、最闭塞的女性”(Austen，1952:443)的做法，其实透露出她作为女性作者的一种无奈。
叙事风格研究
《傲慢与偏见》中没有离奇曲折的情节，也没有惊心动魄的场面，看起来作者是随意地娓娓道来，实则小说中隐含在内有高超的叙事技巧。学者们在文章中指出《傲慢与偏见》重新建构了一个全知视角下具有一定限制性的叙述格局，对传统的无所不知的叙事角度进行了适度的改造，建立了在“叙述诗学”上的某种自觉，通过设置巧妙的叙事视角，该小说完成了一次对传统文学作品叙述模式的超越。小说将在社会中和文学中长期处于劣势状态和失语的女性推上了前台，并以女性的角度来展开故事叙述，这意味着作者对传统男性叙述方式的反叛，还表现了作者张扬女性意识的行为。(吴卫华，2006)《傲慢与偏见》中女性意识的彰显，对文学话语霸权的抗争，正是源于特殊叙述视角的设置、自身话语方式的建构和因此所可能具有的生产性意义，使女性开始有意识地由被描绘、被书写的客体，转换为自我书写的主体。这一转变有着特殊的意义，通过一种“有意味的形式”，改写了文学传统中女性被动的叙述格局，消解了“男︱女”，“主体︱客体”，“中心︱边缘”的写作模式。
同时小说中的叙事技巧不容忽略，小说中不仅采用直接引语来让人物直接展现其性格，小说也成功地采用了自由间接引语来刻画人物，从而体现了叙述者对人物话语的干涉，具有疏远的效果，拉大了读者和人物话语之间的距离，从而使读者充分品味到叙述者的讥讽语气，对人物的可笑之处更加印象深刻。除此之外，小说中还巧妙地运用对话的书面形式——书信来展现主题。(祝燕敏，2000)小说中书信这种“书面上”的对话形式对人物性格的刻划起了重要的作用。例如小说第三十五章中，在求婚遭到拒绝之后，达西写给伊丽莎白的那封信起着关键性的作用:读过信后，伊丽莎白对达西的偏见渐渐消除，取而代之，在她心中萦绕的是对他渐浓渐深的感激和爱慕。原本同伊丽莎白一样对达西抱有偏见的读者，在读了这封信之后，也渐渐了解了达西真诚慷慨的为人和韦翰的虚伪无耻。在书信中我们更生动地感受到伊丽莎白的聪颖调皮、简的温柔仁厚、贝纳特先生的诙谐风趣，也将柯林斯的愚蠢自负以及莉迪亚的轻浮肤浅看得清清楚楚。
艺术特点研究
著名文学评论家刘易斯在评价奥斯汀时谈到:“奥斯汀小姐的伟大之处，即她那绝妙的戏剧性力量，比斯各特的一切都更近似莎士比亚的最伟大的特点。”(朱虹，2002)英国文艺批评家对此也表示赞同，认为“莎士比亚是空前绝后的，但就我们所谈及的那一点来讲，作家中其手法最接近这位大师的毫无疑问当属简·奥斯汀了，她是英国之骄傲。”该书语言清新流畅，机智风趣。奥斯汀通过巧妙安排句法结构，精心推敲词汇以及真实生动的对话，把凡人小事勾勒得津津有味，达到幽默讽刺、令人回味无穷的艺术境界。(侯维瑞，1999)小说中的反讽特点尤为瞩目，奥斯汀继承了欧洲文学的反讽传统，以高度的艺术自觉，熔铸出更为成熟的反讽艺术。从宏观的反讽上看，《傲慢与偏见》的主题是资产阶级的婚姻——资产阶级的小姐怎样嫁给上流社会有钱的公子;微观言语上的反讽是小说中人物所执行的言语行为，也就是人物之间交流中的反讽。(李霞，2008)在奥斯汀的小说中，反讽不仅表现为反讽的语调，挖苦的文字，而且运用于人物塑造，还融会在整部作品的构思之中。奥斯汀运用反讽的笔调是为了向读者展示她的对社会的不满和内心的反抗。
从审美艺术来看，在形式方面，《傲慢与偏见》的形式之美，来自于作家理性的自觉的审美建构，即“心灵力量的一种稳健而有秩序的和谐，一种必然以理智为首要的和谐”，表现在小说具有的“舞蹈式”的情节设置里，具体而微的笔墨和由全景到近景的叙述角度转换等。(陈俊，2001)其次，在作品的题材选择、人物塑造以及艺术表现手法三个方面都具有不朽的审美价值和艺术价值。奥斯汀一直坚持自然、客观地描写人物和各种情形，这使她的小说有种真实美。
小说中戏剧化的手法塑造人物性格是奥斯汀小说的基调和她独特的风格所在，也是其小说的艺术魅力所在。小说中的人物塑造非常成功，英国现代小说家、文艺批评家E·M·福斯特(1927)在《小说面面观》中把小说人物划分为“圆形人物”和“扁形人物”，并得出这样的结论:“测验一个圆形人物主要看他能否令人信服地感到惊奇。如果他从不令人惊奇，那就是扁的。如果他不令人信服，那他就是扁的假装成圆的。”他在众多小说中选择了简·奥斯汀的小说人物为例进一步对此加以阐述，由此可以看到奥斯汀在人物塑造方面的成就。《傲慢与偏见》中的人物引来诸多评论，例如:塑造的生动的、圆满的、活生生的伊丽莎白的形象;肤浅，轻浮，不谙世事的莉迪亚;选择金钱婚姻，崇拜财富的夏绿蒂;安于现状，恪守妇道的简;貌似严肃实则风趣机智的贝纳特先生;为人谦和、性格随和的宾利和有些矜持和孤僻，待人接物不够和蔼可亲，让人误会的达西等等，但被最热衷评论的人物莫属给人印象最为深刻的伊丽莎白和达西了。
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