二、总结
骨巨细胞瘤的溶骨性破坏是肿瘤中多种细胞类型和细胞因子共同作用的结果。多核巨细胞能够通过与正常破骨细胞相似的机制吸收骨质,基质细胞和多核巨细胞还能合成和分泌多种细胞因子,增强骨溶解作用。骨巨细胞瘤中还存在着骨质吸收和骨质溶解之间的失衡,导致骨质的过度溶解。总之,骨巨细胞瘤中存在着一个自刺激、自循环的体系,使骨破坏不断进行。
此外,骨巨细胞瘤和其他包含巨细胞的肿瘤,如巨细胞性肉芽肿、腱鞘巨细胞瘤、甲状旁腺功能亢进棕色瘤等,可能在细胞表型和功能上具备相似的特点。进一步了解这些含有巨细胞的肿瘤之间的异同,可能有助于进一步加深对骨巨细胞瘤发生、发展及其作用机制上的理解。

图3-4 显示梭形基质细胞、单核细胞和多核巨细胞表达的多个关键组分。蛋白质或者是分泌因子(如VEGF)、膜相关蛋白(如RANK),或者是核/胞质蛋白(如Runx2)。这些用斜体标注的蛋白表示是偶尔表达
OC,骨钙蛋白;ALP,碱性磷酸酶;COL,胶原蛋白;ON,骨粘连蛋白;BSP,骨唾液蛋白;TRAIL,肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体;CALCR,降钙素受体;ER,雌激素受体;TGFBR2,转化生长因子β受体Ⅱ型;CCR1,趋化因子(C—C结构域)受体1;CXCR4,趋化因子(C—C结构域)受体4;Cathepsin K,组织蛋白酶K ;V-ATPase,空泡的ATP酶;TRACP,抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶;MMP,基质金属蛋白酶;VEGF,血管内皮生长因子;EMMPRIN,细胞外基质金属蛋白酶诱导因子;TIMPs,金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子;TGF-β1,转化生长因子-β1[图片来源:Cowan RW,Singh G.Giant cell tumor of bone:a basic science perspective[J].Bone,2013,52(1):238-246.]
当前骨巨细胞瘤的靶向治疗策略,比如双膦酸盐、抗RANKL抗体地诺单抗等的使用,极大地改善了骨巨细胞瘤引起的骨溶解,取得了良好的效果。使用组织蛋白酶抑制剂或MMP特异性的抑制剂可能也能阻止肿瘤细胞引起的骨溶解。基质细胞分泌的因子能够增强巨细胞的溶骨作用,进一步探索基质细胞在骨溶解中的协同作用,可能也有助于开发药物延缓骨溶解的进展。但是,这些方法主要是用于改善肿瘤症状的,由于目前骨巨细胞瘤的病因仍然不明确,因此寻找引起肿瘤发展和引起骨溶解的根本启动因子,可能可以寻找到根治骨巨细胞瘤的方法。
(周振华,刘畅)
参考文献
[1]Cowan RW,Singh G.Giant cell tumor of bone:a basic science perspective[J].Bone,2013,52(l):238-246.
[2]Werner M.Giant cell tumour of bone:morphological,biological and histogenetical aspects[J].Int Orthop,2006,30(6):484-489.
[3]Thomas DM,Skubitz KM.Giant cell tumour of bone[J].Curr Opin Oncol,2009,21(4):338-344.
[4]Sobti A,Agrawal P,Agarwala S,et al.Giant cell tumor of bone-an overview[J].Arch Bone Jt Surg,2016,4(1):2-9.
[5]Raskin KA,Schwab JH,Mankin HJ.Giant cell tumor of bone[J].J Am Acad Orthop Surg,2013,21(2):118-126.
[6]van der Heijden L,Dijkstra PD,van de Sande MA.The clinical approach toward giant cell tumor of bone[J]. Oncologist,2014,19(5):550-561.
[7]赵立明,苗军,胡永成.骨巨细胞瘤多学科联合的诊治进展[J].天津医科大学学报,2016,22(l):90-93.
[8]Wu PF,Tang JY,Li KH.RANK pathway in giant cell tumor of bone:pathogenesis and therapeutic aspects[J]. Tumour Biol,2015,36(2):495-501.
[9]Thomas DM.RANKL,denosumab,and giant cell tumor of bone[J].Curr Opin Oncol,2012,24(4):397-403.
[10]Xu SF,Adams B,Yu XC,et al.Denosumab and giant cell tumour of bone—a review and future management considerations.Curr Oncol,2013,20(5):E442-447.
[11]Amanatullah DF,Clark TR,Lopez MJ,et al.Giant cell tumor of bone[J].Orthopedics,2014,37(2):112-120.
[12]Lewin J,Thomas D.Denosumab:a new treatment option for giant cell tumor of bone[J].Drugs Today(Barc),2013,49(11):693-700.(https://www.daowen.com)
[13]吕建敏.OPG/RANK/RANKL系统在实验动物骨骼发育营养需要评估中的应用[J].中国比较医学杂志,2015,25(11):76-80.
[14]Dougall WC.Molecular pathways:osteoclast-dependent and osteoclast-independent roles of the RANK/RANKL/ OPG pathway in tumorigenesis and metastasis[J].Clin Cancer Res,2012,18(2):326-335.
[15]Dong SS,Liu XG,Chen Y,et al.Association analyses of RANK/RANKL/OPG gene polymorphisms with femoral neck compression strength index variation in Caucasians[J].Calcif Tissue Int,2009,85(2):104-112.
[16]Leibbrandt A,Penninger JM.RANK(L)as a key target for controlling bone loss[J].Adv Exp Med Biol,2009,647:130-145.
[17]Tanaka S.Signaling axis in osteoclast biology and therapeutic targeting in the RANK/RANKL/OPG system[J].Am J Nephrol,2007,27(5):466-478.
[18]Atkins GJ,Kostakis P,Vincent C,et al.RANK expression as a cell surface marker of human osteoclast precursors in peripheral blood,bone marrow,and giant cell tumors of bone[J].J BoneMiner Res,2006,21(9):1339-1349.
[19]Morgan T,Atkins GJ,Trivett MK,et al.Molecular profiling of giant cell tumor of bone and the osteoclastic localization of ligand for receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B[J].Am J Pathol,2005,167(1):117-128.
[20]王桂勇,陈志伟.骨巨细胞瘤的组织病理学特性和基因表达研究进展[J].吉林医学,2009,30(19):2376-2378.
[21]Wu Z,Yin H,Liu T,et al.MiR-126-5p regulates osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption in giant cell tumor through inhibition of MMP-13[J].Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2014,443(3):944-949.
[22]Miyamoto H,Suzuki T,Miyauchi Y,et al.Osteoclast stimulatory transmembrane protein and dendritic cell-specific transmembrane protein cooperatively modulate cell-cell fusion to form osteoclasts and foreign body giant cells[J].J Bone Miner Res,2012,27(6):1289-1297.
[23]Mak IW,Seidlitz EP,Cowan RW,et al.Evidence for the role of matrix metal loproteinase- 13 in bone resorption by giant cell tumor of bone[J].Hum Pathol,2010,41(9):1320-1329
[24]Smink JJ,Tunn PU,Leutz A.Rapamycin inhibits osteoclast formation in giant cell tumor of bone through the C/EBP β-MafB axis[J].J Mol Med(Berl),2012,90(1):25-30.
[25]Forsyth RG,De Boeck G,Baelde JJ,et al.CD33+ CD14-phenotype is characteristic of multinuclear osteoclast-like cells in giant cell tumor of bone[J].J Bone Miner Res,2009,24(1):70-77.
[26]Baud' huin M,Renault R,Charrier C,et al.Interleukin-34 is expressed by giant cell tumours of bone and plays a key role in RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis[J].J Pathol,2010,221(1):77-86.
[27]Mensah KA,Ritchlin CT,Schwarz EM.RANKL induces heterogeneous DC-STAMP(lo)and DC-STAMP(hi)osteoclast precursors of which the DC-STAMP(lo)precursors are the master fusogens[J].J Cell Physiol,2010, 223(1):76-83.
[28] 冉祥英,张惠箴,蒋智铭.骨巨细胞瘤侵袭性生物学行为的病理学研究进展[J].临床与实验病理学杂志,2013,29(10):1119-1121.
[29]兰杰,刘晓光,韦峰姜,等.骨巨细胞瘤生物学特性研究进展[J].中华外科杂志,2012,50(5):468-470.
[30]Lindeman JH,Hanemaaijer R,Mulder A,et al.Cathepsin K is the principal protease in giant cell tumor of bone[J]. Am J Pathol,2004,165(2):593-600.
[31]Itonaga I,Sabokbar A,Sun SG,et al.Transforming growth factor-beta induces osteoclast formation in the absence of RANKL[J].Bone,2004,34(1):57-64.