四、结论
骨巨细胞瘤是一种交界性、局部侵袭性,但是罕见转移的肿瘤。治疗选择应当由一个包括了骨肿瘤领域专家、病理学家、影像科专家在内的多学科治疗小组决定,根据X线、MRI、组织病理学结果进行综合评估,制订手术及治疗计划,必要时应辅助以系统靶向治疗。
理想状态下,所有的患者应当接受病灶刮除加局部辅助治疗(苯酚、液氮、PMMA等),以保留关节和取得最理想的功能结果。同时,肿瘤复发的风险应当尽量降低,辅助系统靶向治疗可能降低复发的风险。目前来说,刮除加局部辅助治疗对于局限于骨骼或是伴有病理性骨折但可保留关节的患者是安全的。对于已出现软组织侵犯的骨巨细胞瘤,能否进行病灶内手术取决于软组织成分的侵犯程度。对于中轴骨部位的骨巨细胞瘤,能否进行病灶内手术取决于病灶周围的神经血管结构及软组织浸润范围。
在复发、恶变、转移风险较高的骨巨细胞瘤患者中(例如有较大骨皮质缺损,有较大软组织肿块,肿瘤位于椎体、骶骨或是骨盆,多发骨巨细胞瘤),单独依靠病灶内手术肿瘤复发率高,这些患者适合使用RANKL抑制剂或是双膦酸盐进行系统靶向治疗。地诺单抗的治疗效应与肿瘤对药物的反应相关。地诺单抗可以使部分患者免于致残手术,还可为部分原本无法切除的骨巨细胞瘤患者创造手术机会,以及帮助肿瘤较大的患者避免更大侵袭性的手术。但关于地诺单抗对于延缓或避免骨巨细胞瘤复发及转移的长期治疗结果,以及长期使用地诺单抗治疗骨巨细胞瘤的持续时间和用药剂量等均不明确,都需要更多的研究阐释。
中等剂量放疗(40~55 Gy)也可适当用于部分骨巨细胞瘤病例,包括不可切除的、复发的骨巨细胞瘤,手术可能严重致残的骨巨细胞瘤,无法使用地诺单抗或地诺单抗治疗无效的骨巨细胞瘤等。
总之,对于骨巨细胞瘤的治疗,笔者提出需要结合多学科综合来制定治疗方案,尤其对于高危骨巨细胞瘤的患者,多学科综合治疗应当与局部控制及最佳功能结果相优化。系统靶向治疗的治疗作用还需要进一步探讨研究。
(王志伟,李诚)
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