二、外科治疗

更新于 2026年10月27日 版权声明
二、外科治疗

(一)静脉栓塞治疗

Edwards等于1993首先报道卵巢静脉栓塞的病例,该技术已经被广泛应用并相对成功,成为继发于卵巢和盆腔静脉曲张的PCS患者的主流治疗手段。

自Edwards等之后,Sichlau等于1994年报道卵巢静脉栓塞复发患者的治疗。Cordts等报道9例PCS接受卵巢静脉栓塞治疗,89%的患者在症状缓解后的2年随访中复发。有趣的是,没有公布的数据显示单侧和双侧卵巢静脉栓塞术的结果差异有显著统计学意义。41例采用碘化油作为栓塞剂,结果近60%患者的总缓解症状与双侧及单侧卵巢静脉栓塞之间的结果并无差异。研究者使用最常用的视觉模拟疼痛量表评估栓塞治疗前后症状的严重程度,56例表明疼痛平均减少65%。对于外阴及下肢静脉曲张患者合并盆腔曲张静脉栓塞治疗的研究表明,合并外阴静脉曲张的盆腔静脉治疗效果更好。

经导管栓塞治疗卵巢和盆腔静脉曲张的技术很简单。股静脉或右颈内静脉入路,6F导管引导进入下腔静脉。对于左侧或右侧卵巢静脉的评估可使用Cobra导管或SimⅠ型导管。利用滑行线和滑动导管行卵巢静脉插管。使用反向体位注射10ml对比剂造影剂,功能不全的卵巢静脉会出现静脉扩张和造影剂回流进入盆腔。注意导丝及导管应沿卵巢静脉在盆腔边缘。造影剂反流到盆腔静脉,通过盆腔静脉判断下肢或外阴静脉曲张。

对卵巢静脉或髂静脉主干栓塞治疗可采用弹簧圈栓塞治疗。一般先放置线圈,然后用凝胶线圈促进静脉血栓形成,髂内静脉可辅助应用硬化剂。弹簧圈栓塞治疗的一个主要缺点是线圈异位,甚至进入肺循环。有报道2%的患者如髂内静脉直径大于12mm,则增加这种并发症的风险。为了防止弹簧圈异位肺动脉,其直径至少应大于左髂内静脉直径30%或50%。其他并发症包括卵巢静脉穿孔、腰痛、术后发热和穿刺点血肿。

PCS女性患者盆腔静脉曲张使用硬化剂治疗有效。在欧洲使用硬化剂(十四烷基硫酸钠液或泡沫)一般注入3或4ml。硬化剂沉积在盆腔段静脉更有效。来自美国的研究报告提示,使用泡沫硬化剂用于外阴和卵巢静脉曲张效果更好。

综上,尽管有大量关于经导管卵巢静脉栓塞术的文献,但这些研究仅限于样本较小的临床研究或回顾性研究,治疗成功率在47%~94%不等,平均随访12~36个月。

(二)外科手术

外科手术仍然是被认为是PCS一个可以接受的治疗方法。如PCS患者有药物或是介入治疗禁忌证,是外科手术治疗适应证。卵巢反流手术可缓解PCS患者症状,但是有瘢痕形成、手术并发症、延长住院时间和延长愈合时间等缺点。Rundqvist等报道了使用左侧卵巢静脉腹膜外切除术治疗PCS,在严格选择适应证的患者中,这种手术方法可以使三分之二的PCS患者症状改善。Gargiulo等对经23例行腹腹腔镜卵巢静脉结扎的PCS患者进行为期1年的追踪随访,结果显示患者盆腔症状完全缓解。由于这项技术涉及空肠旁窝后腹膜及内侧左半结肠切开后腹膜覆盖主动脉下的卵巢静脉,故其缺点是存在手术并发症的风险,如深静脉血栓形成、腹膜后血肿、麻痹性肠梗阻和肠粘连引起的机械性肠梗阻等。

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