第4节 联合应用胸、腹腔镜的脊柱肿瘤手术
胸腰段肿瘤的手术切除,由于解剖结构的特殊性,有时需要胸腔镜和腹腔镜技术相结合才能完成。患者采用双腔管麻醉,取左侧卧位。右肺塌陷,胸腔镜于腋中线第7肋间插入。第12肋软骨结合部可直接切1 cm长切口,可见腹膜后脂肪。用手指钝性分离腹膜后间隙。最初利用注入生理盐水至可扩张的气囊中,分离后腹膜,使气囊塌陷后,在后腹膜充入CO2气体。由胸腔镜自上面观察右侧的膈肌,从腹膜后下面观察膈肌。很容易地由胸腔入口进入的内镜剪切开膈肌。扇形牵开器由腹膜后置入,一旦膈肌切开,CO2充入的作用即消失,后腹膜的工作空间需用扇形牵开器维持。切开膈肌的优点是行椎体切除时无需密封圈,且标准的胸腔镜器械可应用于腰椎,这意味着可使用不同直径的脊柱手术 器械。
显露肿瘤侵犯的椎节后,可将肺、膈肌和腹膜后内容物向前牵开,C臂机下行X线病变部位定位。在椎体肿瘤邻近的椎间隙行电灼标记(如行L1椎体切除,可在L1-L2和T12-L1椎间隙作标记)。T12-L1椎间盘切除术可用髓核钳、刮匙和Cobb剥离器完成。行L1椎体肿瘤切除前需将上下两椎间盘仔细彻底切除。该手术步骤基于以下三个方面考虑:① 椎间盘无血运,手术出血少。② 术者可以显示椎体前后边界、后纵韧带及纤维环后方边界。③ 彻底切除邻近的两个椎间盘,清除T12下终板和L2上终板上的软骨组织,为后面的植骨融合做准备。
行T12-L1和L1-L2椎间盘切除后,术者应在椎体肿瘤切除前行止血处理,止血方法有以下两种:凝血酶止血和内镜双极电凝止血。将L1节段血管剥离后,用直角血管钳提起,在血管压力高的一侧用血管夹夹住,内镜剪刀剪断。也可使用内镜套圈或外科结结扎血管近端。术中将椎体肿瘤组织送冰冻切片。用45°角4 mm宽的内镜Kerrison钳切除右侧L1椎弓根。从上方开始,用器械保护下方的神经根。切除右侧L1椎弓根后,该侧L1神经根即可以显露,有助于从椎体前方至后纵韧带行L1椎体肿瘤切除。其关键技术是从椎间隙逐步切除椎体,而不是由椎体前方一下切到椎管。
内镜下脊柱肿瘤手术存在以下缺点:手术时间明显延长,对于血供丰富的椎体肿瘤,止血往往非常困难(目前,仅能用于肿瘤囊内切除、分块切除,难以做到囊外切除或整体切除);易造成病灶邻近组织的种植、侵袭、蔓延,手术后肿瘤局部复发率高。精准细致的解剖,正确的手术方法可防止大出血等并发症的出现,严格规范的镜下操作是手术成功的保证。
近年来,内镜技术在脊柱外科临床应用取得了很大的进步,适应证不断扩大,疗效令人鼓舞。但需要强调的是脊柱微创手术较开放手术具有更陡峭的学习曲线,术者应具备开放手术的经验,熟悉解剖及相关内镜手术设备的使用,并经过严格的内镜下显微操作训练。除此之外,更为重要的是严格掌握脊柱内镜手术的适应证,不可盲目追求“微创”。内镜下的脊柱肿瘤手术使传统脊柱手术理念前进了一大步。不仅缩短了手术切口,简化了手术操作,而且提高了手术精确度,减少手术并发症和缩短患者康复时间。
微创技术是脊柱外科的一个新的技术,随着手术器械、影像设备以及高精尖机器人系统的不断革新和发展,内镜技术在脊柱肿瘤外科将有更广阔的应用前景。
(初同伟 汤宇)
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