一、语义连接法
技巧点拨
英语连词的两种主要功能为起结构连接作用和语义连接作用。英语的连接关系大量地表现在语义方面。语义上的连接关系多数表现为超句子的，即句子与句子之间的语义连接。如果把句子与句子之间表示语义连接关系的词去掉，那每个句子的结构虽然完整，但句子与句子之间的语义却不能连贯或不能充分连贯。
如：I was not informed.I should have taken some action.句中前后两个句子在语义上是互不连贯的。如果在后一句的句首加进表示连接关系的词otherwise，那么句子就连贯了：I was not informed.Otherwise I should have taken some action.由此可见，语义连接关系在语义连贯方面是十分重要的。
完形填空考查的是一种综合能力，而不仅仅是对词汇和语法的考查。对语篇语义连接关系的判断也是完形填空考查的重点。语篇通过连接性词语的运用，实现语义上的连贯。通过逻辑衔接，人们可以了解句子或句群之间的语义联系，甚至可经前句从逻辑上预见后句的语义。逻辑衔接反映在考题上主要是选择逻辑连接词：包括反映句际逻辑关系的连接词、介词、短语等。语篇的连接关系主要包括列举、原因、结果、让步、对照、补充、时间顺序、目的、条件等。而这些连接关系又是靠逻辑词来表达的，没有逻辑词，文章就显得语义模糊不清，不能形成篇章。考生应熟记表达不同连接关系的连词：
（1）表示时间关系：作者在描述一个连续的动作或事情时，常遵循一定的时间、空间或事理逻辑顺序。
相关连接词有：when，while，as，after，before，since，until，as soon as，once等。
（2）表示列举关系：用于解释原因、观点等之后。
相关连接词有：first，second，third...；firstly，secondly，thirdly...；first，next，then...；in the first place，in the second place...；for one thing，for another thing...；to begin with，to conclude...等。
（3）表示并列关系：并列关系是比较简单的一种逻辑关系。
相关连接词有：also，further，similarly，moreover，in addition，what’s more，too，furthermore，likewise，either，neither，not...but...，not only...but also...等。
（4）表示让步和转折关系：指的是在句子或语段中，后文不是顺着前文的意思写下来，而是转了一下，跟前文的意思相反，或是对前文意思的修改补充。
相关连接词有：however，nevertheless，though，yet，nonetheless，still，in spite of，at any rate，in any case，whoever，whatever等。
（5）表示因果关系：因果关系词是比较容易判断的一种逻辑关系，前面叙述原因，后面叙述结果，反之亦然。因果关系除了传统意义上的显性因果表达词外，隐性的因果同样是不可忽略的一个重要部分。
相关连接词有：because，since，as，now that，so，therefore，accordingly，thus，hence，consequently，as a result等。
（6）表示目的关系：
相关连接词有：that，so that，in order that，lest，for fear that等。
（7）表示对照关系：在对比关系的句子中，前后两部分应该有明显的对比或对照成分。
相关连接词有：in contrast，by contrast，on the contrary，in comparison，by comparison，conversely等。
（8）表示条件关系：判断这种逻辑关系的重点在于仔细阅读前后两句话是不是一方以另外一方为条件。
相关连接词有：if，suppose，unless，in case，so（as）long as，so far as，on condition（that），provided（that）等。
考查语义关系的完形填空需要以下技巧：
（1）了解考查形式，理顺要填入的语义关系词前后文的语义。
逻辑词位于句首，前后为逗号隔开的两个小分句，考生需分析这两个小分句之间的逻辑关系；
逻辑词位于句首，其后为一个完整的句子，考生需分析逻辑词所在的句子与前一句的逻辑关系；
逻辑词位于句中，前后为逻辑词隔开的两个意群或小分句，考生需分析这两个意群或小分句之间的逻辑关系；
逻辑词位于段首，其后为一个完整的句子，考生需分析逻辑词所在的句子与上一段落最后一个意群之间的逻辑关系。
（2）分析逻辑关系，熟知各个逻辑关系的标志词，快速判断，找出选项。
例1：
The foreign research scholar usually isolates himself in the laboratory as a means of protection；____，what he needs is to be fitted into a highly organized university system...
A.otherwise B.moreover C.however D.also
分析：C。根据上下文，空格前的意思为“那位外籍研究学者通常把自己隔离在实验室里作为一种保护的手段”。空格后为“他需要融入的是高度的组织化的大学系统”。前者是一种孤立的状态isolate，而后者是一种组织化的系统be fitted into a highly organized university，从逻辑的角度而言，前后已然成为对立、矛盾的关系。所以此空所填的连词必然是能将前后平衡的表示对比（转折）关系的连词however。故答案为C。
例2：
It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to misleading interpretations of what happened.____，lighting was always changed on a Sunday.When work started again on Monday，output suddenly rose compared with the previous Saturday and continued to rise for the next couple of days.However，acomparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday，workers tended to be diligent for the first few days of the week...
A.In contrast B.For example C.In consequence D.As usual
分析：B。原文首句提出了一个观点：实验的方法不对，由此得出的对事件的解释可能会对我们产生误导。接着后面举了一个实验的例子，然后以这个例子来说明为什么这种实验方法会误导人。因此，上下文之间为例证关系。故答案为B。
典型真题
例1：
The melting of Himalayan glaciers caused controversy in 2009 when a report from the UN’s intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change mistakenly stated that they would disappear by 2035，instead of 2350. 35 ，the scientist who led the new work is clear that while greater uncertainty has been discovered in Asia’s highest mountains，the melting of ice caps and glaciers around the world remains a serious concern.（北京大学2012年）
35.A.Besides B.Furthermore C.Despite D.However
【名师点评】D。转折关系。前面陈述了喜马拉雅山的积雪损失可以忽略不计是好的结果，接着作者笔锋一转，警示读者全球冰帽和冰川融化的情况很严峻，前后构成转折关系，选项中只有However（然而）符合要求。
例2：
49 some aspects of language are undeniably innate，language does not develop automatically in a vacuum.Children who have been isolated from other human beings do not possess language.（浙江大学2012年）
49.A.Although B.Whether C.Since D.When
【名师点评】A。转折关系。从句的句意为：语言的某些方面肯定是先天的。主句句意为：语言不会在与人隔绝的状况下自行发展。前后应为转折关系。故答案为A。(https://www.daowen.com)
例3：
Previous studies have examined the effect of TV or video games on attention problems，but not both.By looking at video-game use 25 TV watching，these scientists were able to show for the first time that the two activities have a similar relationship to attention problems.（中国科学院2013年）
25.A.far from B.except for C.as well as D.instead of
【名师点评】C。并列关系。根据前句是对video-game use和TV watching进行调查，应是并列关系。故答案为C。
例4：
It will also call the police should the sensors detect an intruder.This will not be too difficult 49 the locks on the outside doors will be electronic.You will open them using your personal card-the one you use for shopping-maybe using a number known only to you.（浙江大学2013年）
49.A.because B.where C.why D.how
【名师点评】A。因果关系。根据句意，“这不是很难”与“外门的锁是电子锁”构成因果关系。选项中，只有because引导原因状语从句。故答案为A。
例5：
One cereal company might be an environmental champion， 15 the other manufactures its corn flakes via destructive environmental practices.（四川大学2010年）
15.A.when B.while C.as D.because
【名师点评】B。对比关系。据上下文的关键词“one...the other...”可见，这句话是对两类公司的对比。故答案为B。
实战演练
1.One third thought Columbus reached the New World after 1750.Two thirds cannot correctly lock the Civil War between 1850 and 1900.____when they get the answers right，some are just guessing.Unlike math or science，ignorance of history cannot be directly connected to loss of international community.But it does affect our future as a democratic nation and as individuals.
A.Even B.Though C.Thus D.So
2.For many of us the“cashless society”is not on the horizon—it’s already here.____computers offer these conveniences to consumers，they have many advantages for sellers too.Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales.They can keep a wide range of records，including who sold what，when，and to whom.
A.While B.When C.If D.Though
3.Finger-prints can be made very easily with a printer’s ink.They can be recorded easily.With special method，identification can be achieved successfully within a short time.____the simplicity and economy of this system，finger-prints have often been used as a method of solving criminal cases.
A.In spite of B.Irrespective of C.Because of D.In case of
4.This vital change of physical position brought about considerable disadvantages.It was extremely unstable and it meant that the already slow ape-men became slower still.，they persevered and their bone structure gradually became accustomed to the new，unstable position that earned them the name Homo erectus，upright man.
A.However B.Therefore C.Meanwhile D.Subsequently
5.However，the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be wise to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers，____，publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews，displaying student artwork，and sponsoring book discussion clubs.
A.in effect B.as a result C.for example D.in a sense
6.In these activities，it is important to remember that the young teens have different attention spans.A variety of activities should be organized____participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to something else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants down.
A.if only B.now that C.so that D.even if
7.Some economists distinguish between the international firm and the multinationalcompany in the following way.The“international firm”is a term that consists of enterprises with various degrees of world orientation in their business；____the“multinational company”is one type of international firm.The international firm engages in any activity or combination of activities from exporting，importing and licensing to full scale manufacturing in a number of countries.
A.as a matter of fact B.for one thing C.on the other hand D.as a result
8.Significant differences exist among multinational companies.First，such a company may not necessarily do business in every region and country in the world，____it considers opportunities throughout the world.Second，it has a considerable portion of its assets invested in international business；as a result it makes a substantial part of its sales and earns a considerable part of its profits overseas.
A.however B.but C.so D.therefore
9.An overwhelming desire to drink alcohol，____it is causing harm，is a disease called alcoholism.Alcohol is a drag.In the United States alcoholism is the most widespread form of drug abuse，affecting at least 5 million persons.
A.as B.if C.despite D.even though
10.With the repeated use of the same tool all day long on production lines and in other jobs，even light manual work can put a heavy stress on one small area of the body.In time，such stress can cause a disabling disease.____，muscle fatigue is a serious safety hazard.
A.However B.Lastly C.Beside D.Furthermore
答案解析
1.A。语义连接。根据上文说“三分之二的人不能正确判断内战发生在1850年到1900年之间”。下文又说“即使他们说出了正确答案，一些人也仅仅是猜测”。所以此处用副词even“即使……也……”，以加强语气。
2.A。语义连接。两句之间有并列对比关系，因此选while，意为“在……的同时”。其他不合逻辑。
3.C。语义连接。in spite of“尽管”；irrespective of“不顾的，不考虑的”；because of“由于”；in case of“万一”。根据上下文判断此处表示因果关系，故应选C。
4.A。语义连接。根据上下文的语义，此句与上句之间在语义上存在转折关系。选项中，只有however可以表达转折的意思。故答案为A。
5.C。语义连接。本句前一部分提到要设计一些获胜者多于失败者的活动，而空格后则建议出版一些学生写的书评的通信等，这无疑是对activities的举例说明，选项中，只有for example可以表示举例子。故答案为C。
6.C。语义连接。经分析句子结构可知，前后两个分句之间存在着因果关系，故so that为答案。
7.C。语义连接。本句中前一部分是对国际化公司下定义，后半部分是对跨国公司进行定义。两部分应该是对比、对照关系。on the other hand意为“另一方面”，正是表示两部分之间的对照关系。故答案为C。as a matter of fact“事实上，实际上”；for one thing“首先，一则”；as a result“结果”。
8.B。语义连接。空格前后中的not...in every region与considers...throughout the world这两部分之间显然为转折对比关系，因此but正确。however也表示转折关系，但为转折副词，不能连接句子的两部分，之间需要并列连词and或逗号；so和therefore都表示因果关系，两部分之间没有因果关系。
9.D。语义连接。从上下文语义上判断，本文表达的意思是：即使会带来害处，却无法抵御的饮酒欲望被称为酗酒。此处是要表达“即使”的意思。as可以表示时间或原因；if“如果，假如”；despite“不管，无论”，后面常加短语；even though“即使”，可以引导从句，为答案。
10.D。语义连接。前文提到重复使用同一工具的第一个危害，这里要说的是第二个，故使用furthermore，表递进。