一、关联对应法
技巧点拨
关联是完形文章中经常出现的一种结构，即将两个或两个以上的同类别词语，比如两个动词、两个形容词、两个名词以连续排比的结构出现。在这种情况下，两个关联词汇在句子中的语法地位一样，且常常起相同的语法作用，而它们之间又明显具有某种逻辑关系。关联的解题意义在于：出题人一般会将一个关联词语设置成已知信息，另一个是未知的，因此那个已知的词语便成为破解未知词语的关键线索。通常情况下，出题人用表示并列顺承关系的连接词，如and，or，将类似结构的内容并列在一起，而and更是要求并列的内容具有一致性。
例1：
Every year，our school has a dance for all the students.It’s a little funny seeing friends in clean shoes and trousers or colorful____，instead of the usual school uniform.Most of us think the dance is great fun—even the teachers enjoy being there.
A.shapes B.dresses C.flowers D.pictures
分析：B。由空格前的or可知，空格应与前面的trousers对应。选项中，与trousers同类的名词只有dresses。故答案为B。
例2：
Industrial safety does not just happen.Companies with low accident rates plan their safety programs，work hard to organize them，and continue working to keep them____and active.When the work is well done，a climate of accident-free operations is established where time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum.
A.alive B.vivid C.mobile D.diverse
分析：A。从本题所处的句子结构来看，to keep them____and active，本题的选项受到两个已知信息点的控制：一个是对them起修饰作用；另一个是与后边形容词active之间形成并列的关联关系，而且形容词active同样也是修饰them。从这两个信息点来看，能够同时满足这两点的选项只有alive，表示them是既alive（有效）又active（被广泛执行）。
例3：
All consumers have certain basic needs or wants food，clothing，and____.But those needs of most teenagers are provided for by their parents.
A.safety B.security C.sleep D.shelter
分析：D。根据句意，基本需求包含food，clothing，还有就是与此平行的住处shelter，故答案为D。其他选项，safety“安全”；security“治安，安全”；sleep“睡觉”，均不合句意和逻辑。
典型真题
例1：
Yet once language developed，the possibilities for humankind’s future 38 and cultural growth increased.（浙江大学2012年）
38.A.attainments B.feasibility C.entertainments D.evolution
【名师点评】A。名词词义辨析。根据连词and判定，空格应填入与cultural growth同向的名词。选项中，attainments意为“成就”，符合句意，语言的发展增加了人类未来的成就和文化进步的可能性。故答案为A。
例2：
Furthermore，they defined science as the way of knowing among Western white men and a tool of cultural 31 .（2013年北京大学）
31.A.assimilation B.inhibition C.representation D.oppression
【名师点评】D。名词词义辨析。根据连接词and的并列结构，空格中应填入与Western white men相对应的概念，选项中assimilation“同化”；inhibition“禁止，压抑”；representation“表示，表现”；oppression“压迫”。只有oppression与Western white men相对应。故答案为D。
例3：
It is this idea—that the world is knowable and that objective，empirical knowledge is the most 37 basic for public policy that stood as Jefferson’s foundational argument for the democracy.（北京大学2013年）
37.A.practical B.equal C.useful D.equitable
【名师点评】D。形容词词义辨析。句中提及objective和empirical，因此空格中填入的词应该是与民主相关的，是与objective（客观的）和empirical（经验证明的）同类的词。practical“实际的”；equal“平等的”；useful“有用的”；equitable“公平的，公正的”。选项中，只有equitable为最佳答案。故答案为D。
实战演练
1.Her activism and writing proved inspirational.She wrote，“Character cannot be developed in ease and quiet.Only through experiences of trial and____can the soul be strengthened，vision cleared，ambition inspired and success achieved.”(https://www.daowen.com)
A.suffering B.worrying C.despair D.desire
2.Growing bodies need movement and____，but not just in ways that emphasize competition.Because they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges，teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the confidence that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are admired by others.
A.care B.nutrition C.exercise D.leisure
3.It is generally recognized，however，that the introduction of the computer in the early20th century，____by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s，radically changed the process，although its impact on the media was not immediatelyapparent.
A.brought B.followed C.stimulated D.characterized
4.As they travel aimlessly over water warmed by the summer sun，they are carried westward by the trade winds.When conditions are just right，warm，moist air flows in at the bottom of such a disturbance，____upward through it and comes out at the top.In the process，the moisture in this warm air produces rain，and with it the heat is converted to energy in the form of strong winds.
A.moving B.moved C.moves D.which moves
5.Elderly people who do not work face serious problems in stretching their incomes to meet their needs in time of inflation.Retirement income____any fixed income usually does not rise as fast as prices.Many retired people must cut their spending to keep up with rising prices.In many cases they must stop buying some necessary items，such as food and clothing.
A.or B.and C.excluding D.including
6.First，the teacher’s personality should be pleasantly____and attractive.This does not rule out people who are physically plain，or even ugly，because many such have great personal charm.But it does rule out such types as the over-∙excitable，melancholy，frigid，sarcastic，frustrated，and over bearing I would say too，that it excludes all of dull or purely negative personality.
A.live B.living C.lifelike D.alive
7.By the end I was in the middle of a faceless crowd who clapped and____and jumped around like monkeys.It was the most degrading human spectacle I have ever had the misfortune to witness，and I seriously believe that in time to come our present younger generation would thank us if we managed to put a stop to it now.
A.sat B.stood C.paced D.stamped
8.As was discussed before，it was not until the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic medium，following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the____of the periodical.It was during the same time that the communications revolution speeded up，beginning with transport，the railway，and leading on through the telegraph，the telephone，radio，and motion pictures into the20th-century world of the motor car and the airplane.
A.process B.company C.light D.form
9.If you were to begin a new job tomorrow，you would bring with you some basic strengths and weaknesses.Success or____in your work would depend，to a great extent，on your ability to use your strengths and weaknesses to the best advantage.Of the utmost importance is your attitude.
A.improvement B.victory C.failure D.achievement
10.Those who depend on agriculture for their livelihoods，he says，would be adversely affected by the decrease.“At the global level，with the decline in agricultural productivity，in the largest countries of the world or the most____countries of the world，we will find that food stocks will diminish，”Pachauri said.“And，as a matter of fact，that has already started happening.”
A.poor B.remote C.populous D.underdeveloped
答案解析
1.A。名词关联对应。填入的名词与trial（考验）并列，选项中，只有suffering（苦难）合适。worrying“忧虑”，程度不够；despair“绝望”，程度太高；desire“愿望”与“考验”在意思上无关联。故答案为A。
2.C。名词关联对应。本题的判断点在于用and连接的并列词movement。从词的属性来看，movement表示行为动作，因此可排除nutrition和leisure；movement的逻辑主语是青少年自己，因此可以排除care。只有exercise与movement属同一类词。故答案为C。
3.B。时间关联对应。根据时间线索in the early 20th century，during the 1960s判定，只有followed（伴随，随后）符合上下文逻辑。brought，stimulated和characterized均不符合句子意思。故答案为B。
4.C。谓语动词关联对应。由句中的and可知空格与该句中的flows，comes为并列谓语，应该使用相同的时态和语态。故答案为C。
5.A。逻辑关系关联对应。Retirement income属于fixed income的一种，再根据句中的any，does not提示句子为否定句，所以不用and，而是用or连接两个前后表达属于同类范畴的名词。故答案为A。
6.D。形容词关联对应。空格所填形容词应与后文attractive相一致，而选项中只有alive可表示“活跃的，精力充沛的”的意思。故答案为D。
7.D。谓语动词关联对应。由and可知空格处要填的词应与前后的动作接近，由clap，jump可知填入的词是动态可持续的，比较激烈的，故选项中stamped（跺脚，用力踏）符合要求。故答案为D。
8.B。短语关联对应。本题关键在于弄清in the wake of（继……之后）与in the company of（伴随着）这两个短语是平行关系。故答案为B。
9.C。名词关联对应。根据空格前面出现的or以及后面出现的depend，可知此处填入的词和前面的success意思相反，选项中，只有failure符合要求。故答案 为C。improvement“进步”；victory“胜利”；achievement“成就”，都不合题意。
10.C。形容词关联对应。并列连词or连接的in the largest countries of the world（世界上最大的国家）和the most____countries of the world两个短语的意思应该相近，因此空格应填入与largest意思对应的形容词。选项中，只有populous（人口多的）符合题意，意为“世界上人口最多的国家”。故答案为C。poor“贫穷的”，不用the most表示最高级；remote“偏远的”和underdeveloped“欠发达的”，文中并没涉及这两方面的含义，不符合题意。