2016年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷
试卷一（Paper One）Part ⅠListening Comprehension（30%）
Section A
Directions：In this section you will hear ffteen short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation，you will hear a question about what is said.The question will be read only once.After you hear the question，read the four choices marked A，B，C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
Listen to the following example.
You will hear：
Woman：I feel faint.
Man：No wonder.You haven’t had a bite all day.
Question：What’s the matter with the woman？
You will read：
A.She is sick.B.She is bitten by an ant.
C.She is hungry.D.She spilled her paint.
Here C is the right answer.
Sample Answer
A B●D
Now let’s begin with question number 1.
1.A.At ten next Wednesday.B.At three next Wednesday.
C.At ten next Monday.D.At three next Monday.
2.A.A dull pain.B.A piercing pain.
C.A burning pain.D.A numb pain.
3.A.He is going to get married.B.He is going to get his bachelor’s degree.
C.He will count on the woman for help.D.He will bring his own booze to the party.
4.A.Pizza is her favorite food.B.Pizza is her second choice.
C.She dislikes the man’s idea.D.She couldn’t agree with the man more.
5.A.Jack’s girlfriend is mad at him.B.Jack has fallen in love with Debra.
C.Debra is prettier than Jack’s girlfriend.D.Jack wants to break up with his girlfriend.
6.A.It will rain soon.B.It’s right to be prepared.
C.She is worried about the weather.D.To be safe，they’d better stay at home.
7.A.He is a great big-wave surfer.B.He is a trouble-maker.
C.He is a nice guy.D.He is very weird.
8.A.$60B.$40C.$360.D.$30
9.A.Quit smoking.B.Go jogging every morning.
C.Work out in the gym.D.Go on a diet.
10.A.100.B.232.C.132.D.332.
11.A.Mary isn’t his type.B.He fell in love with Mary at frst sight.
C.Mary was not pretty enough.D.He won’t teach Mary chemistry.
12.A.Play tennis.B.Take out the trash.
C.Play computer games.D.Go to court for a lawsuit.
13.A.In the school.B.At school.
C.In the hospital.D.In the dorm.
14.A.She is seriously ill.
B.She has to look after her husband at home.
C.She will persuade her husband to go to hospital.
D.She will be taken good care of by her sister and daughter.
15.A.She makes a living now as a dressmaker.
B.She makes a living now as a landlady.
C.She worries a lot about her health.
D.She now lives on her pension.
Section B
Directions：In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages，after each of which，you will hear fve questions.After each question，read the four possible answers marked A，B，C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
conversation
16.A.A duodenal ulcer.B.A stomach ulcer.
C.A mouth ulcer.D.A skin ulcer.
17.A.Have an operation.B.Try medical means.
C.See a psychiatrist.D.Be off work for a while.
18.A.Overweight.B.Smoking.
C.Heredity.D.Stress.
19.A.He is a light smoker.B.He is a casual smoker.
C.He is a heavy smoker.D.He is a moderate smoker.
20.A.Stop smoking.B.Have a surgery.
C.Eat regularly and exercise more.D.Make an appointment with Dr.Oakes.
Passage One
21.A.He is a man who has a gene of longevity.
B.He is a professor at Boston University.
C.He is the owner of the website Time.com.
D.He is the creator of a website on longevity.
22.A.Women don’t like red meat as much as men.
B.The high estrogen level in women makes the differences.
C.Women develop cardiovascular disease much later than men.
D.The incidence of cardiovascular disease is much lower in women.
23.A.In their 50s and 60s.B.In their 60s and 70s.
C.In their 70s and 80s.D.In their 80s and 90s.
24.A.Calcium.B.Iodine.C.Zinc.D.Iron.
25.A.The reason why red meat is harmful to health.
B.The reason why vegetarian food is so popular.
C.Another possibility for women’s longevity.
D.The important role iron plays in cellular reactions.
Passage Two
26.A.He was the owner of a grocery store.
B.He was a convict laboring at a junkyard.
C.He struggled under the strain of poverty.
D.He lived happily with his wife and three kids.
27.A.He is a stockbroker.
B.He is an investment advisor.
C.He is the manager of a mutual fund.
D.He is a teacher at local community college.
28.A.Indecision.B.Arrogance.C.Ignorance.D.Fear.
29.A.He began teaching on investment at college.
B.He began reading investment books and then began practicing.
C.He began learning how to become a successful stockbroker.
D.He began investing big money in a mutual fund each month.
30.A.Man errs as long as he strives.
B.Failure is the mother of success.
C.Where there is a will，there is a way.
D.The good seaman is known in bad weather.
Part ⅡVocabulary（10%）
Section A
Directions：In this section，all the sentences are incomplete.Four words or phrases marked A，B，C and D are given beneath each of them.You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence，then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
31.Employers have a legal obligation to pay____to their workers for injuries.
A.compensation B.compromise C.commodity D.consumption
32.The argument between the two patients became so ferce that the doctor had to____.
A.alleviate B.aggravate C.extinguish D.intervene
33.But despite all the legal hustle and bustle，they don’t actually expect to____death sentences to life terms without parole.
A.induce B.convert C.revive D.swerve
34.To maintain physical well-being，a person should eat____food and get suffcient exercise.
A.integral B.gross C.wholesome D.intact
35.The Central Government’s pledge to maintain the____and stability of Hong Kong at all costs is a great encouragement to the local fnance.
A.provision B.prosperity C.privilege D.preference
36.It is pointed out that patients must be reassured that“their lives will not be____as a result of bed shortages”.
A.facilitated B.forfeited C.fulflled D.furnished
37.The cause of his death has been a mystery and____unknown so far.
A.exclusively B.superfcially C.utterly D.doubtfully
38.It is known that some ways of using resources____can destroy the environment as well as the people living in it.
A.recklessly B.sparingly C.sensibly D.incredibly
39.Cholera is a preventable waterborne bacterial infection that is spread through____water.
A.fltered B.distilled C.contaminated D.purifed
40.We welcome him not____as a new broom but rather as a very old friend.
A.by the way B.at all events C.by no means D.in any sense
Section B
Directions：Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence.Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
41.In any event，lethal injections are under federal scrutiny.
A.sanction B.restriction C.census D.examination
42.The humble tomato could become a（n）potent weapon in the fght against prostate cancer.
A.inexpensive B.powerful C.conventional D.lethal
43.Men’s perception of the amount of caregiving they do is completely at odds.
A.in tune with B.in favor of
C.for the sake of D.in disagreement with
44.Huangshan Mountain is eminent for its natural scenery and deserves a visit.
A.renowned B.notorious C.popular D.mysterious
45.Obesity is a condition perpetuated by a diversity of factors.
A.severity B.reliability C.variety D.specifcity
46.He is usually well-behaved，this rudeness is only a（n）lapse.
A.errorB.sinC.guiltD.offense
47.Did you detect a touch of jaundice in her remark？
A.grievance B.sympathy C.jealousy D.indignation
48.In 1912，German doctors attempted to treat children who had underactive thyroids with normal thyroid cells，but to little avail.
A.by no means B.in vain C.of no account D.at stake
49.To many observers，he spent his wealth lavishly.
A.fearlessly B.conspicuously C.wastefully D.ferociously
50.At present，no medical therapy is known to affect progressions of rheumatic mitral stenosis.
A.deterioration B.accumulation C.expansion D.promotion
Part ⅢCloze（10%）
Directions：In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks.For each blank，there are four choices marked A，B，C and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
Humans are the only species known to have consciousness，awareness that we have brains and bodies 51 adaptability that we can affect the course our lives take，that we can make choices 52 that vastly affect the quality of our lives—biologically，intellectually，environmentally，and spiritually.As humans，we have the ability to mold our 53 beings to become what or who we wish to become.While some of us may， 54 ，have genetic and biological imperatives thatmay require medication or training to overcome，or at least to modulate，the vast majority of us do，in fact，hold our emotional 55 in our hands.
All that 56 ，until the last decade，scientists believed that the human brain and its connections were formed during gestation and infancy and remained 57 unchanged through childhood.They believed that humans had a given number of neurons in a specific brain structure，and 58 the number might vary among people，once you were done with childhood development，you were set in this 59 .Your connections were already made，and the learning and growing period of your brain was over.In the last decade，however， researchers have found 60 evidence that this is not so，and that something called neuroplasticity continues throughout our lives.
51.A.careful about B.capable of
C.accessible to D.susceptible to
52.A.in the event B.in an attempt
C.at the moment D.along the way
53.A.exclusive B.very
C.just D.exact
54.A.indeed B.however
C.moreover D.therefore
55.A.demonstration B.dimension
C.destiny D.determination
56.A.has been said B.being said
C.was said D.is said
57.A.more or less B.pretty much
C.as ever D.if any
58.A.while B.despite
C.nevertheless D.since
59.A.case B.mold
C.sense D.condition
60.A.different B.similar
C.insuffcient D.signifcant
Part ⅣReading Comprehension（30%）
Directions：In this part there are six passages，each of which is followed by fve questions.For each question there are four possible answers marked A，B，C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
Passage One
Parents are on a journey of discovery with each child whose temperament，biology，and sleep habits result in a unique sleep-wake pattern.It can be frustrating when children’s sleep habits do not conform to the household schedule.Helping the child develop good sleep habits in childhood takes time and parental attention，but it will have benefcial results throughout life.An understanding of the changing patterns of the typical sleep-wake cycle in children will help alleviate any unfounded concerns.Maintaining a sleep diary for each child will provide the parents with baseline information in assessing the nature and severity of childhood sleep problems.Observant patents will come to recognize unusual sleep disruptions or those that persist or intensify.(https://www.daowen.com)
Developmental changes throughout childhood bring differences in the sleep-wake cycle and in the type and frequency of parasomnias that may interrupt sleep.Medical consultation to rule out illness， infection of injury is prudent if the child’s sleep problems prevent adequate sleep and result in an ongoing sleep defcit.As reported by News-Medical in Child Health News，children’s sleep problems should be taken seriously as they may be a“‘marker’for predicting later risk of early adolescent substance use.In the same article University of Michigan psychiatry professor Kirk Brower，who has studied“the interplay of alcohol and sleep in adults”stressed that“The fnding does not mean there’s a cause-and-effect relationship.”
Consultation with a child psychologist may be helpful if frightening dreams intensify and become more frequent as this may indicate a particular problem or life circumstance that needs to be changed or one that the child may need extra help working through.
Most childhood sleep disturbance will diminish over time as the brain matures and a regular sleep-wake cycle is established.Parental guidance is crucial to the development of healthy sleep habits in children.
61.To have a journey of discovery with each child，according to the passage，is____.
A.to discover their unique sleep-wake cycles
B.to follow their behavioral preferences
C.to alleviate their sleeping problems
D.to explore their asset
62.In the frst paragraph，the author suggests that parents____.
A.seek professional consultation for their child’s sleep problem
B.adjust their household schedule to the child’s sleeping habit
C.take their child’s unfounded concerns into consideration
D.keep a diary on sleep pattern for their child
63.Where there exists a“marker”in the child，according to the passage____.
A.it might lead to his or her early substance use
B.he or she will carry it all his or her life
C.it might interrupt his or her sleep pattern
D.he or she is destined to be an alcoholic
64.What is the author trying to tell us in the third paragraph？
A.It takes time to combat sleeping problem in children.
B.Sometimes parents need to seek professional assistance.
C.Parents cannot afford to neglect their child’s sleeping problem.
D.Much importance should be attached to the child’s life circumstance.
65.What is the main idea of the passage？
A.Child sleep disturbance and its future impact.
B.Child sleep disturbance and its family history.
C.Parent’s role in building their child’s healthy sleeping habit.
D.A psychological perspective on sleep disturbance in children.
Passage Two
The United States and England each has a major—and unique—health-care challenge，according to a study comparing the health of senior citizens in the two countries.The study，conducted by researchers from RAND Corporation in the United States and Institute for Fiscal Studies in the United Kingdom， found that disease and health disorder incidence was higher among U.S.senior citizens，but mortality rates were higher among English senior citizens.
Americans aged 65 and older have almost twice the rate of diabetes found among their English counterparts and more than double the rate of cancer.Nevertheless，death rate among Americans 65 and older is lower.
“Americans are a sicker group of people who tend to live longer，”says James Smith，a study co-author.He attributes the U.S.health problems to lifestyle factors，including poor eating habits and inadequate exercise.Americans tend to eat much larger servings of food，for example，“There is what I call an American plate.When we go to a restaurant，it’s a plate I can’t even eat any more.It’s a plate with so much food on if it’s not even appealing to me.”
Smith also says that English adults are generally much more physically active than Americans. Biking and walking are much common in everyday life in England.He observes that“there is a lot of walking in London，and there is a lot of bicycle riding.I don’t see people in downtown Los Angeles on their bicycles”.
On the other hand，England’s problem is that doctors fail to diagnose serious conditions early enough.American doctors tend to screen patients for cancer，diabetes，and other illnesses more frequently.Smith notes“American medicine is much more aggressive.It leads to high costs，but it has benefts，too”.
66.The study’s results indicated____.
A.an urgent call for health promotion among English and American senior citizens
B.health disparities between English and American senior citizens
C.a close relation between disease incidence and mortality rate
D.a signifcant rise in mortality rates among senior citizens
67.Which of the following is a unique health care challenge for English senior citizens when compared with their American counterparts？
A.A higher death rate. B.A higher rate of cancer.
C.A higher incidence of disease. D.A lower tendency to have diabetes.
68.What does James Smith imply by“anAmerican plate”？
A.A sedentary American lifestyles.
B.American junk foods on the table.
C.A large portion of food consumed by Americans.
D.Severe malnutrition among American senior citizens.
69.The Americans’unique health-care challenge according to James Smith，is derived from____.
A.their unusual forms of physical activities B.their different geographic location
C.their genetic likelihood of obesity D.their unhealthy lifestyle factors
70.Even though it is much more aggressive，the American medicine____.
A.better improves the quality of life among its senior citizens
B.benefts more seniors who need medical care
C.facilitates its senior citizens to live longer
D.helps its senior citizens live healthier
Passage Three
Less meat and dairy in our diets could help reduce agricultural greenhouse gases by as much as 80%by 2055，according to a recent study by the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research （PIK）.The researchers created global land-use model to project likely outcomes given different scenarios involving consumer dietary trends and changes in agriculture production methods.The models take into consideration population growth，the world economy，and other factors.
The researchers found that，if meat and dairy consumption patterns remain constant of increase，the associated global agricultural omissions will increase signifcantly.On the other hand，a 25% reduction over the next 40 years would help bring levels to where they were around 1995.
Methane and nitrous oxide in particular could be reduced if less meat and dairy is produced and consumed.These gases are caused largely by livestock waste and synthetic fertilizers.Around two-thirds of nitrous-oxide emissions come from agriculture—and most of that as a result of either raising animals or producing the feed used to raise them.Consumers’food choices，combined with what one PIK researcher terms“technical mitigation options on the producers side”could make an enormous impact on these emissions.
While not nearly as much methane or nitrous oxide is released into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide，both are significantly more potent and they form substantial pieces of the greenhouse gas pie.Both of these gases trap heat and radiation in the atmosphere much more effectively than does carbon dioxide.The U.S.Environmental Protection Agency cites methane as being“21 times more effective at trapping heat in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide over a 100-year time period.”Nitrous oxide is more than 300 times more effective than CO2.
While the PIK study doesn’t detail exactly which consumer choices and eating habits can help reverse the trend，it seems clear that less is more when it comes to consuming meat and dairy products.
71.The current PIK study____.
A.was nothing but a what-if
B.was based on the global land-use models
C.managed to reduce agricultural greenhouse gases
D.changed the patterns of meat and dairy consumption
72.As the PIK results imply，it is possible____.
A.to keep the consumption patterns unchanged over the next 40 years
B.to reduce the emissions by 25%over the next 40 years
C.to maintain a constant drop in the consumption
D.to return to the emission levels around 1995
73.Simply put，to produce and consume less meat and dairy is to____.
A.reduce more methane and nitrous oxide emissions
B.produce more economic benefts for agriculture
C.cut two-thirds more of nitrous-oxide emissions
D.have more technical mitigation options
74.The greenhouse gas pie tells us____.
A.the importance of being a vegetation
B.no need to worry about carbon dioxide
C.the priorities in the environmental protection
D.the best consumer choice for meat and dairy products
75.What can be the best title for the passage？
A.Eating Healthy B.From Farm to Plate
C.Green House Effect D.Diet for a Healthier Planet
Passage Four
Today this dangerous situation has been largely alleviated.Henry，a 77-year-old pensioner from East London，still lives alone and happily practices golf swings in his back garden safe in the knowledge that his body is able to cope with the extra exertion.
What has altered Henry’s life is not some wonder drug but a simple change in the way his illness is managed.Every day Henry hooks himself up to monitoring devices whose results have helped him to understand it and overcome its more debilitating effects.“Telehealth has given me confidence in myself because I know my own body now，”he says.He adjusts what he does according to what his daily readings tell him about his condition.
Henry is just one of a growing number of pioneering patients who are trusting their futures to telehealth.Large trials are under way around the world to evaluate the idea.With elderly populations and the incidence of age-related illnesses growing telehealth promises to give people the independence they need to remain in their own homes.It could also reduce the burden of healthcare costs.
The disorder that makes Henry’s life so diffcult is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease（COPD），a condition that affects some 800，000 people in England.The airways in his lungs have narrowed，leaving him with severe shortness of breath and blood oxygen levels that can fall dangerously low.
With his new equipment，Henry can keep a close eye on how his body is doing.He received for measuring his blood oxygen level and pulse rate，a blood pressure monitor and a set of speaking scales.Each connects wirelessly to a unit which collates the readings and sends them to a team of medical specialists，who watch for suspicious changes.If the readings look bad，they call him to discuss appropriate action.Henry too can see the readings on his television，where they are displayed with the help of a special set-top box.
Whether a day is good or bad depends largely on Henry’s blood oxygen level.Before joining the telehealth program，he could only guess at that.Now he knows if the reading is low，he can take action.When the reading is high，he can go about his business confdent that his oxygen level will see him through.“Telehealth is a good thing for me，”says Henry.“I know that on the other end of the telephone there’s a little angel and if anything goes wrong it shows up on the television and she’s on the phone within fve minutes.”
76.What can be said of Henry？
A.His illness was wrongly diagnosed. B.He lived alone without medical care.
C.His life was improved with telehealth. D.He used to be a professional golf player.
77.Henry activates his daily health management.
A.with a receipt of the doctor’s order on his condition
B.by getting hooked up to the monitoring devices
C.by giving a ring to the community doctor
D.with the practice of golf swings
78.As one of the pioneering patients，Henry____.
A.receives the most benefts from telehealth
B.puts his life in the hands of a medical team
C.seems to carry out well the intents of telehealth
D.is actively involved in evaluating telehealth globally
79.What is the most important about the telehealth technology in the case of Henry？
A.His illness can be brought back to normal as expected.
B.It can rid him of the debilitating effects due to his illness.
C.It helps him better understand the readings on the television.
D.His condition can be kept under continuous surveillance at home.
80.Thanks to the telehealth technology，Henry knows for sure his blood oxygen level，thus____.
A.having a good day B.building up his confdence
C.getting hospitalized in no time D.having no trouble doing physical labor
Passage Five
When it comes to health，which is more important，nature or nurture？You may well think your genes are a more important predictor of health and ill health.Not so fast.In fact，it transpires that our everyday environment outweighs our genetics，big time，when it comes to measuring our risk of disease.The genome is out—welcome the exposome.
“The exposome represents everything a person is exposed to in the environment，that’s not in the genes，”says Stephen Rappaport，environmental health scientist at the University of California，Berkeley.That includes stress，diet，lifestyle choices，recreational and medicinal drug use and infections，to name a few.“The big difference is that the exposome changes throughout life as our bodies，diets and lifestyles change，”he says.
While our understanding of the human genome has been growing at an exponential rate over the last decade，it is not as helpful as we hoped in predicting diseases.“Genes only contribute 10 percent to the overall disease burden，”says Rappaport.
“Knowing genetic risk factors can prove absolutely futile，”says Jeremy Nicholson at Imperial College London.He points to work by Nina Paynter at the Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston， who investigated the effect of 101 genetic markers implicated in heart disease.After following over 19，000 women for 12 years，she found these markers were not able to predict anything about the incidence of heart disease in this group.
On the other hand，the impact of environmental infuences is still largely a mystery.“There’s an imbalance between our ability to investigate the genome and the environment，”says Chris Wild，director of the International Agency for Research on Cancer，who came up with the idea of the exposome.
In reality，most diseases are probably caused by a combination of the two，which is where the exposome comes in.“The idea is to have a comprehensive analysis of a person’s full exposure history，”says Wild.He hopes a better understanding of exposures will shed a brighter light on disease risk factors.
There are likely to be critical periods of exposure in development.For example，the time from birth to 3 years of age is thought to be particularly important.“We know that this is the time when brain connections are made，and that if you are obese by this age，you’ll have problems as an adult，”says Nicholson.
81.Rappaport argues that a major threat to our human health____.
A.lies in our exposome B.is growing to take shape
C.decides on our social environment D.is changing with the human genetic evolution
82.What can be said of the exposome according to Rappaport？
A.Static. B.Reliable.
C.Predictable. D.Changeable.
83.Speaking of genes，Rappaport would say that____.
A.the human genome project is a mere waste of time
B.there is no such thing as predictive medicine
C.genetic evolution is almost static
D.we do not live only by our genes
84.Even though we cannot pinpoint the exact impact of environmental infuence，Wild contends that ____.
A.we have the exposome contributing signifcantly to our health or ill health
B.we can strike a balance between the human body and its exposures
C.each of us leaves a unique exposure history in the environment
D.we can manage the exposome as expected
85.Particularly important，according to Nicholson，is the time when____.
A.obesity occurs B.the brain is injured
C.the exposome comes in D.the exposures are not blocked
Passage Six
Publishing in scientific journals is the most common and powerful means to disseminate new research findings.Visibility and credibility in the scientific world require publishing in journals that are included in global indexing databases such as those of the Institute for Scientifc Information（ISI）.Most scientists in developing countries remain at the periphery of this critical communication process，exacerbating the low international recognition and impact of their accomplishments.For science to become maximally infuential and productive across the globe，this needs to change.
The economy of electronic publication，open access，and property rights fuel current academic and policy debates about scientifc publishing in the industrialized world.The concerns in the developing world（with few ISI-indexed journals）focus on more fundamental questions，such as sustaining local research activity and achieving the appropriate global reach of its science activities.
The essence of the African situation is captured by R.J.W.Tijssen’s analysis of publications by African authors，which was based not only on data from ISI indexing databases，but also on publications not indexed in this system.Surprisingly，half of the South African citations in the indexed ISI literature are to articles in nonindexed，locally published journals.Also，several nonindexed local journals are cited in the ISI system at about the same rate as are indexed journals.The share of indexed articles with at least one author with an Africa address remains steady at about 1%.About half of the ISI-indexed papers with at least one author with an African address have non-African partners outside of the continent.These fgures vary，country by country，sometimes in surprising ways.For example，85% of the papers published from Mali or Gabon involve collaborations on other continents，versus 39%and 29%，respectively，for South Africa and Egypt，the continent’s leading research producers.Thus，much of the African research system is now highly dependent on collaborations.
How can the global reach and potential impact of scientifc research in Africa and other developing countries be optimized？Of primary importance is boosting the quality and quantity of work that is locally published，through measures including review of submissions by peers research opportunities.A proliferation of journals，short-lived publications，print-only journals，and poor distribution constitutes a picture that must change.A nationally organized project can probably make the biggest difference，with investment by government and research-support agencies，as well as wide participation by local and regional scientifc communities.
86.The author cries for a change in____.
A.the recognition of new research fndings
B.the allocation of research resources
C.the global indexing database
D.global science publishing
87.According to the author，the low international recognition and the impact of scientists of developing countries are attributed to____.
A.their reluctance to publish the ISI journals
B.their low involvement in international science activities
C.their limited publications in global indexing database
D.their poor understanding of the current scientifc practices
88.The survey conducted by Tijssen justifed the author’s view that____.
A.to publish is to disseminate new research fndings across the globe
B.new research fndings ought to be published in the globally indexed journals
C.such importance should be attached to global collaborations in doing science
D.most scientists in developing countries remain marginalized in global science publishing
89.To address the current situation，the author argues that it is imperative that____.
A.developing countries establish a set of standards in science of publishing
B.scientists have their own journals in developing countries
C.more scientifc studies be both qualifed and quantifed
D.quality and quantity be desired in the local journals
90.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage？
A.Science without Boundaries
B.How to Keep Science Moving
C.Globalizing Science Publishing
D.Globalization and Nationalization
试卷二（Paper Two）
Part ⅤWriting（20%）
Directions：In this part there is an essay in Chinese.Read it carefully and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET.Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the passage.
全科医生培养及发展思路
随着医疗卫生事业的不断发展，人们对社区卫生服务的要求也越来越高。目前我国社区卫生服务发展还不平衡。高素质的全科医生（general practitioner）缺乏成为社区卫生发展滞后的主要原因。规范全科医生培养，大力发展全科医生培训工作势在必行。全科医生在社区卫生服务中的功能包括治疗、保健、预防、护理、健康调查、咨询及健康教育等。虽然我国全科医学（general family medicine）已经得到了普及和发展，但其教育与培训的总体水平还存在一些问题。本文就全科医生的培养和今后的发展做一浅析。
全科医生需具备的基本素质
全科医生需要较全面的知识。某些严重疾病的早期症状可能比较轻微，与一些常见、多发病表现并无太大区别。这就要求全科医生从众多的疾病中筛选可能的情况，因此要求全科医生临床学科知识面要广。社区卫生工作中，一名合格的全科医生，也应是一名出色的社会工作者。全科医生服务的对象是社区内的居民，而且有可能需要长期面对，因此要求全科医生要有良好的人际关系、协调能力和高度的工作热情，并与患者建立一种亲密而长期的友情，成为病人家庭的良师益友，而且要具有良好的职业道德。
目前全科医生存在的问题
全科医生工作热情不高。一方面与专业医生相比，收入与社会地位存在差距；另一方面工作环境较艰苦，医疗设备落后，导致全科医生的工作热情和人员稳定性不高。合格的全科医生人员不多。由于全科医学专业在我国发展历史较短，很多医学院校近年刚开设全科医学的专业。全科医生实际工作能力与居民的要求还有距离，同时社区工作也是在逐渐摸索、完善的过程中，因此社区卫生服务的工作开展仍不太理想。
解决的方法与思考
制定全科医学相关领域的政策和规划、社区卫生服务发展策略和相关人力资源政策，特别是推动全科医学毕业生致力于社区群众服务的激励机制等，促使全科医疗得到健康持续的发展。以全科医生岗位培训为重点，低年资的全科医生要进行专科轮转，至少3年，掌握专科学校的基本理论和基本技能；高年资的全科医生可通过远程教育，参加各省、市中心培训机构组织临床技能培训，逐步提高技术水平。各省、市可以根据实际需要，增加一些社区工作急需的培训内容。对部分基础较好的医生进行重点培养，然后由这些合格的全科医生再去培养更多的全科医生，促进全科医生的全面提高，进而提高防治社区常见疾病、解决社区健康问题的能力，达到全科医生的岗位要求。