藏族人群低氧适应相关的基因研究
藏族人对高原低氧环境独特的适应性引起了学术界的广泛关注。最初低氧适应机制的研究主要集中在生理及表型水平,随着对急慢性高原病认识的深入和现代分子生物学技术的发展,人们开始从全基因组角度探究藏族人群的耐氧机制。利用高通量分型以及统计学手段,筛选出了一系列可能与藏族人低氧适应相关的基因。
Simonson及其同事在Science杂志上发表的文章指出,EGLN1和PPARA基因的优势单体型与低血红蛋白浓度显著相关[50]。Yi等人(2010)分析了50例生活在西藏地区海拔高于4 300 m的藏族人的全外显子组测序数据,40例低海拔汉族人的全基因组测序数据和200例丹麦人的全外显子测序数据后,发现引起氨基酸改变的突变在藏族人和汉族人群中的频率小于6%;最强的选择信号来自EPAS1基因4号内含子的C到G的突变,该突变在藏族人群中的频率为87%,而在汉族人群中仅为9%。相关分析发现,该突变与藏族人Hb和红细胞数显著相关,但与血氧饱和度不相关。全基因组范围内,包括HBB、HBG2、FANCA和PKLR等共34个低氧反应通路中的基因,其选择信号显著高于全基因组平均水平[51]。
EPAS1(endothelial PAS domain protein 1)是近年来被发现的一种转录蛋白,编码生成与低氧密切相关的HIF-2a。EPAS1(HIF-2a)能与芳香烃受体核转移蛋白(ARN T)一起形成异二聚体,特异性结合在缺氧诱导基因的缺氧反应元件上(5′-TACGT GCG-3′),上调这些基因表达[52][53]。另一项支持EPAS1基因参与藏族人群低氧适应的研究由Bigham及其同事完成。该团队用AFFymetrix 6.0array对49个来自西藏三个不同地区(海拔范围为3 000~4 400 m)的藏族人进行全基因组SNP分型。借助LSBL(locus-speciFic branch length)、lnRH(log oF the ratio oF heterozygosities)和Tajima’s D等三种方法,在EPAS1基因区域扫描到自然选择信号;LSBL还发现EGLN1基因也存在选择信号[54]。
Peng等人(2010)的研究也支持EPAS1和EGLN1基因参与藏族人群的低氧适应。他们首先用AFFymetrix 6.0 array,分析了50例七个不同高海拔地区的藏族个体全基因组SNP分型。整合HapMap汉族人群数据后,XPCLR 测试发现EPAS1和EGLN1基因都存在选择信号,但没有之前报道的与Hb相关的PPARA基因。该团队还对以上50例藏族个体的EPAS1基因进行了重测序,发现了88个novel的单核苷酸变异和3个novel的插入/缺失变异;与HapMap共有的SNP中,EPAS1基因区域半数以上的SNP等位基因频率在藏族和汉族人群中存在显著差异。之后,他们在1 334个藏族个体中对EPAS1、EGLN1和PPARA基因的各3个SNP进行了分型;与HapMap亚洲人群分型数据关联分析后发现,EPAS1的3个SNP和EGLN1的1个SNP在两个人群中有显著差异,但PPARA的3个SNP在两个人群中都无显著的频率差异。这些结果表明,EPAS1基因在藏族人群中受到极强的自然选择压力,EGLN1受到的选择压力较弱,而PPARA可能是一个假阳性信号[55]。
Xu等人(2010)研究了46例高海拔藏族个体和92例低海拔汉族个体的FF高原低氧适应遗传机制及演化历史,通过计算Fst和XP-CLR score发现,藏族和汉族频率差异最大的98个SNP中,EPAS1中有25个和EGLN1有6个。他们还发现,藏族人群中这两个基因所在的区域连锁不平衡程度比汉族人群强,而单体型多态性却比汉族人群低,表明藏族人群中EPAS1和EGLN1基因各存在一个受到强烈选择作用的优势单体型。该团队进一步发现,藏族人群中EPAS1和EGLN1基因优势单体型的频率高于全球其他人群,且在东亚人群中优势单体型的频率随海拔高度升高而增大[56]。
Wang及其同事(2011)利用Human-1M chips对30例藏族个体进行了全基组SNP分型。采用Fst、iHS和XP-EHH等方法,该团队扫描出EPAS1、ANGPT1、EGLN1、FOXO1等一系列低氧适应的候选基因。通路富集分析发现,这些候选基因在胚胎、女性生殖腺和血管发育以及低氧反应通路中显著富集[57]。
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