六、结 论
本章研究探讨了高海拔移居者与低海拔世居者时间性前瞻记忆监测过程的差异及差异背后的潜在神经机制。结果表明，长时间高海拔暴露造成个体前瞻意向维持能力下降，时间性前瞻记忆变差。同时，长时间高海拔暴露会对个体的时间性前瞻记忆造成损伤，这种损伤与老化效应带来的损伤相似，提示两者在生理层面存在类似的损伤机制。
[1]Meacham J A，Dumitru J.Prospective Remembering and External Retrieval Cues.[J].Age Differences，1975： 13.
[2]Einstein G O，McDaniel M A.Normal aging and prospective memory[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology： Learning，Memory，and Cognition，1990，16（4）： 717.
[3]Smith R E，Bayen U J.A multinomial model of event-based prospective memory[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology： Learning，Memory，and Cognition，2004，30（4）：756.
[4]McDaniel M A，Robinson-Riegler B，Einstein G O.Prospective remembering：Perceptually driven or conceptually driven processes？[J].Memory & cognition，1998，26（1）： 121-134.
[5]Meier B，Zimmermann T D，Perrig W J.Retrieval experience in prospective memory：Strategic monitoring and spontaneous retrieval[J].Memory，2006，14（7）： 872-889.
[6]Okuda J，Fujii T，Yamadori A，et al.Participation of the prefrontal cortices in prospective memory： evidence from a PET study in humans[J].Neuroscience letters，1998，253（2）： 127-130.
[7]Burgess P W，Quayle A，Frith C D.Brain regions involved in prospective memory as determined by positron emission tomography[J].Neuropsychologia，2001，39（6）：545-555.
[8]Volle E，Gonen-Yaacovi G，de Lacy Costello A，et al.The role of rostral prefrontal cortex in prospective memory： a voxel-based lesion study[J].Neuropsychologia，2011，49（8）： 2185-2198.
[9]Burgess P W，Veitch E，de Lacy Costello A，et al.The cognitive and neuroanatomical correlates of multitasking[J].Neuropsychologia，2000，38（6）： 848-863.
[10]West R，Ross-Munroe K.Neural correlates of the formation and realization of delayed intentions[J].Cognitive，Affective，& Behavioral Neuroscience，2002，2（2）：162-173.
[11]West R，Herndon R W，Crewdson S J.Neural activity associated with the realization of a delayed intention[J].Cognitive Brain Research，2001，12（1）： 1-9.
[12]West R，Ross-Munroe K.Neural correlates of the formation and realization of delayed intentions[J].Cognitive，Affective，& Behavioral Neuroscience，2002，2（2）：162-173.
[13]West R，Bowry R，Krompinger J.The effects of working memory demands on the neural correlates of prospective memory[J].Neuropsychologia，2006，44（2）：197-207.
[14]West R，Wymbs N，Jakubek K，et al.Effects of intention load and background context on prospective remembering： An event-related brain potential study[J].Psychophysiology，2003，40（2）： 260-276.
[15]Viruésortega J，Bucks R，Kirkham F J，et al.Changing patterns of neuropsychological functioning in children living at high altitude above and below 4000 m： a report from the Bolivian Children Living at Altitude （BoCLA） study.[J].Developmental Science，2011，14（5）： 1185-1193.
[16]Cona G，Arcara G，Tarantino V，et al.Age-related differences in the neural correlates of remembering time-based intentions[J].Neuropsychologia，2012，50（11）： 2692-2704.
[17]Knight J B，Ethridge L E，Marsh R L，et al.Neural correlates of attentional and mnemonic processing in event-based prospective memory[J].Frontiers in human neuroscience，2010，4： 5.
[18]Scullin M K，McDaniel M A，Einstein G O.Control of cost in prospective memory：Evidence for spontaneous retrieval processes[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology：Learning，Memory，and Cognition，2010，36（1）： 190.
[19]Bisiacchi P S，Schiff S，Ciccola A，et al.The role of dual-task and task-switch in prospective memory： Behavioural data and neural correlates[J].Neuropsychologia，2009，47（5）： 1362-1373.
[20]West R，Schwarb H，Johnson B N.The influence of age and individual differences in executive function on stimulus processing in the oddball task[J].Cortex，2010，46（4）：550-563.(https://www.daowen.com)
[21]Bastin C，Meulemans T.Are time-based and event-based prospective memory affected by normal aging in the same way？[J].Current Psychology Letters Behaviour Brain & Cognition，2002，7： 105-121.
[22]Uttl B .Transparent Meta-Analysis of Prospective Memory and Aging[J].Plos one，2008，3.
[23]Jäger T，Kliegel M.Time-based and event-based prospective memory across adulthood： underlying mechanisms and differential costs on the ongoing task.[J].J Gen Psychol，2008，135（1）：4-22.
[24]Einstein G O，Mcdaniel M A，Richardson S L，et al.Aging and prospective memory：Examining the influences of self-initiated retrieval processes.[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory & Cognition，1995，21（4）： 996.
[25]Mcfarland C P，Glisky E L.Frontal lobe involvement in a task of time-based prospective memory.[J].Neuropsychologia，2009，47（7）： 1660-1669.
[26]Cona G，Arcara G，Tarantino V，et al.Age-related differences in the neural correlates of remembering time-based intentions[J].Neuropsychologia，2012，50（11）：2692-2704.
[27]Gonneaud J，Kalpouzos G，Bon L，et al.Distinct and shared cognitive functions mediate event- and time-based prospective memory impairment in normal ageing[J].Memory，2011，19（4）： 360-377.
[28]Jäger T，Kliegel M.Time-based and event-based prospective memory across adulthood： underlying mechanisms and differential costs on the ongoing task.[J].J Gen Psychol，2008，135（1）： 4-22.
[29]Mäntylä T，Missier F D，Nilsson L G.Age differences in multiple outcome measures of time-based prospective memory.[J].Neuropsychology Development & Cognition，2009，16（6）： 708-720.
[30]West R，Bowry R，Mcconville C.Sensitivity of medial frontal cortex to response and nonresponse conflict[J].Psychophysiology，2010，41（5）： 739-748.
[31]Cona G，Arcara G，Tarantino V，et al.Electrophysiological correlates of strategic monitoring in event-based and time-based prospective memory[J].Plos One，2012，7（2）： e31659.
[32]Czernochowski D，Horn S，Bayen U J.Does frequency matter？ ERP and behavioral correlates of monitoring for rare and frequent prospective memory targets[J].Neuropsychologia，2012，50（1）： 67-76.
[33]Guynn M J.A two-process model of strategic monitoring in event-based prospective memory： Activation/retrieval mode and checking[J].International Journal of Psychology，2003，38（4）： 245-256.
[34]West R，Schwarb H，Johnson B N.The influence of age and individual differences in executive function on stimulus processing in the oddball task[J].Cortex，2010，46（4）：550-563.
[35]Reynolds J R，West R，Braver T.Distinct neural circuits support transient and sustained processes in prospective memory and working memory[J].Cerebral Cortex，2008，19（5）： 1208-1221.
[36]Richardson C，Bucks R S，Hogan A M.Effects of aging on habituation to novelty： an ERP study[J].International Journal of Psychophysiology Official Journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology，2011，79（2）：97-105.
[37]Daffner K R，Chong H，Sun X，et al.Mechanisms Underlying Age-and Performancerelated Differences in Working Memory[J].Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience，2011，23（6）： 1298-1314.
[38]Friedman D，Kazmerski V，Fabiani M.An overview of age-related changes in the scalp distribution of P3b.[J].Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology，1997，104（6）：498-513.
[39]O′Connell，Redmond G ，Balsters，et al.A simultaneous ERP/fMRI investigation of the P300 aging effect.[J].Neurobiology of Aging，2012，33（10）： 2448-2461.
[40]Riis J L ，Chong H ，Ryan K K ，et al.Compensatory neural activity distinguishes different patterns of normal cognitive aging[J].Neuroimage，2008，39（1）： 441-454.
[41]Zhang J，Yan X，Gong Q，et al.Cerebrovascular reactivity among native-raised high altitude residents： an fMRI study[J].Bmc Neuroscience，2011，12（1）：94-94.
[42]Emmanuelle V，Gil G Y，Angela D L C，et al.The role of rostral prefrontal cortex in prospective memory： A voxel-based lesion study[J].Neuropsychologia，2011，49（8）：2185-2198.