Appendix lll

Appendixes

Appendix l

Questionnaire

Part I Please indicate which translation you consider to be the most accurate in relation to the original English phrase.If you can provide a more accurate translation,please do so in the space provided:

1.Outrage in Egypt tonight as it was discovered that the Great

Pyramid of Giza had been stolen.

A）今晚埃及爆出特大新闻——吉萨金字塔被人偷了。（transfer，localization）

B）今晚的埃及愤怒了——有人偷了吉萨金字塔。

C) Your own translation:

_____________________________________________________________________

2.And replaced by a giant inflatable replica.There is panic throughout the globe as countries and citizens try to protect their beloved landmarks.

A）取而代之的竟然是一个巨大的充气仿制品。此事已引起全球恐慌，各国人民都力求保护各自的国家瑰宝。（condensation，transcription）

B）而且用了一个巨大的充气金字塔来取代它。此事让全球各国和人民恐慌，他们试图要保护自己的国家地标。

C) Your own translation:

_____________________________________________________________________

3....leaving everyone to wonder if the world’s villains are responsible for this heinous crime?

A）大家都在猜测是哪个世界级的大坏蛋做了如此十恶不赦的坏事。（paraphrase，localization）

B）让所有人都想不到究竟是这世界上的哪个坏蛋要对这可恶的罪行负责？

C) Your own translation:

_____________________________________________________________________

4.I’m having a bad,bad day.It’s about time that I get my way.Steam rolling whatever I see.Freeze ray! Freeze ray! Freeze ray!

I’m having a bad,bad day.If you take it personal,that’s okay.Watch,this is so fun to see.Despicable me.

A）今天我心情很坏很坏，于是现在火力全开，眼前的一切全都碾烂。冷冻光线！冷冻光线！冷冻光线！今天我心情很坏很坏，你要因此恨我我也不会介怀。看好了，这可不好玩。因为我是个大坏蛋。（dislocation）

B）今天是糟糕，糟糕，糟糕的一天。现在是随心所欲的时候了。碾碎我看见的一切。冷冻射线！冷冻射线！冷冻射线！今天是糟糕、糟糕、糟糕的一天。你要觉得这是我的事，那好吧。小心，这看着很好玩。卑鄙的我。

C) Your own translation:

_____________________________________________________________________

5.FYI,your dog has been leaving little bombs all over my yard.

A）顺便说一下，你的狗到我的院子里到处扔地雷。（localization）

B）顺便说一下，你的狗在我的院子里拉屎，到处都是。

C) Your own translation:

_____________________________________________________________________

6.I know how you must be feeling.I,too,have encountered great disappointment,but in my eyes,you will always be one of the greats.

A）我理解你，因为我也一样，正承受着巨大的挫败感。但你在我眼里，永远都是最伟大的。（localization）

B）我知道你的感受。因为我也一样，正感受巨大的失落，但你在我眼里，永远是伟人之一。

C) Your own translation:

_____________________________________________________________________

7.They’re saying he makes all other villains look lame.

A）他们说他让其他坏蛋变得很菜。（localization）

B）他们说他使得其他坏蛋看上去很蹩脚。

C) Your own translation:

_____________________________________________________________________

8.Assemble the minions!

A）集合喽啰们开会！（localization）

B）集合小黄人们！

C) Your own translation:

_____________________________________________________________________

9.People are calling it the crime of the century and stuff like that.But am I upset? No,I am not! A little.But we have had a pretty good year ourselves,and you guys are all right in my book.

A）人人都说这是世纪大案什么的。我会为这个紧张吗？不会！其实有那么一丁点，但我们今年也干得不错。你们的名字全都记在功劳簿上了。（localization）

B）人们都叫它本世纪的罪恶之类的。但我会沮丧吗？不，我不会！有一点。但我们自己今年也挺好的，你们的名字我都记在本子上了。

C) Your own translation:

_____________________________________________________________________

10.That’s how I roll.

A）这就是我的风格。（globalization）

B）这就是我的偷法。

C) Your own translation:

_____________________________________________________________________

11.We stole the Statue of Liberty,the small one from Las Vegas.

A）我们还偷走了自由女神像，虽然是拉斯维加斯那个迷你版的。（transcription，globalization）

B）我们还偷了自由女神像，从拉斯维加斯偷来的小的。

C) Your own translation:

_____________________________________________________________________

12.Okay,I wasn’t going to tell you about this yet,but I have been working on something very big! Something that will blow this pyramid thing out of the water!

A）好吧，我当时还不想说其实我正在策划一项大工程！金字塔那事跟它根本没法比！（paraphrase）

B）好，我那时没打算跟你们说，我正在做一件大事！这件事将把金字塔的事打得落花流水。

C) Your own translation:

_____________________________________________________________________

13.He’s styling.

A）看他多有型！（transcription）

B）他在摆造型。

C) Your own translation:

_____________________________________________________________________

14.And once the moon is mine,the world will give me whatever I want to get it back!

A）一旦月亮到了我的手里，想要我交出来的话，整个世界都得满足我的任何条件！（paraphrase）

B）一旦月亮成了我的，那这个世界得拿所有我想要的一切来把它拿回去！

C) Your own translation:

_____________________________________________________________________

15.Gru to see Mr.Perkins.

A）我是Gru，来找Perkins先生。（globalization）

B）格鲁来见布金斯先生。

C) Your own translation:

_____________________________________________________________________

Part II Please choose one answer for each of the following questions:

1.In the most recent four years of your life at university,how often have you been to the cinema to see cartoon films?

A.Frequently.B.Sometimes.C.Never.

2.Do you think the length of Chinese translated subtitles is readable?

A.Yes,no problem.

B.Sometimes I find it is a problem.

C.No,the length is not readable to me.

3.Do you like translations that make use of traditional Chinese expressions such as idioms,proverbs,sentences from ancient poems or archaisms?

A.Yes,I think it connects with our daily language.

B.To some degree I feel it is a good way to use these expressions.

C.No,I think the use of these expressions makes the subtitles more complicated to understand.

4.Do you like translations that make use of modern Chinese expressions such as spoken vernacular and language made popular on the Internet?

A.Yes,it is part of our topical spoken language.

B.To some degree I feel it is a good way to use these expressions.

C.No,I think the use of these expressions makes the subtitles more incomprehensible.

5.Do you think the use of traditional and modern types of Chinese expressions requires subtitlers’ awareness of cultural difference?

A.Yes,I agree because language and culture always coexist.

B.To some extent,I agree.

C) No,cultural elements within subtitles are unimportant compared with other narrative information.

Part III Open-ended question:

In your opinion,what have been the main problems and weaknesses that have emerged in the subtitles of recently released cartoon films?”

_____________________________________________________________________

Appendix ll

The Frequency of Using Gottlieb’s Typology in Sample

Film Despicable Me 1

1.Expansion:

2.Paraphrase:

(1) 00:03:05,895 to 00:03:08,780

事件引起全球恐慌。— There is panic throughout the globe as countries and citizens.

(2) 00:03:12,610 to 00:03:15,040

执法部门仍然毫无线索。 — Law enforcement still has no leads.

(3) 00:03:17,699 to 00:03:20,130

……才是这起卑劣罪行的主谋？— …is responsible for this heinous crime？

(4) 00:04:13,755 to 00:04:16,680

于是现在火力全开。— It’s about time that I get my way.

(5) 00:05:12,522 to 00:05:16,030

……狗就是喜欢到处乱跑。— …They go wherever they want to go.

(6) 00:05:22,824 to 00:05:25,580

祝你愉快。— Anyway，have a good one.

(7) 00:08:46,945 to 00:08:49,500

气色不错啊，Kevin！ — Looking good，Kevin！

(8) 00:09:11,761 to 00:09:15,060

人人都说这是世纪大案什么的。— People are calling it the crime of the century and stuff like that.

(9) 00:09:22,438 to 00:09:26,240

……但我们今年也干得不错。— … but we have had a pretty good year ourselves；

(10) 00:10:43,811 to 00:10:47,650

……犯下真正意义上的世纪大案。— … to pull off the true crime of the century.

(11) 00:11:23,476 to 00:11:27,700

整个世界都得满足我的任何条件！ — The world will give me whatever I want to get it back！

(12) 00:11:27,897 to 00:11:33,130

而我就会成为前无古人、后无来者的超级大坏蛋！ — And I will be the greatest villain of all time！

(13) 00:14:11,144 to 00:14:13,780

惊天动地的大事。— that’s very，very big，very important.

(14) 00:29:50,959 to 00:29:52,860

相当震惊！— Pretty impressive！

(15) 00:30:47,432 to 00:30:48,880

甜蜜温馨的家。— Home sweet home.

(16) 00:36:10,797 to 00:36:13,790

还有这个，毫无疑问是你预定的新式武器。— And here，of course，is the new weapon you ordered.

(17) 00:43:23,062 to 00:43:26,060

我简直如坐针毡的。— I have pins and needles that I’m sitting on.

(18) 00:55:08,977 to 00:55:11,280

相信我，我绝对全神贯注。— Believe me，I am completely focused.

(19) 00:55:43,636 to 00:55:46,740

计划很好，美中不足的。— I love everything about your plan，except for one thing.

(20) 00:57:39,377 to 00:57:44,170

也许你们可以现在可以考虑另谋高就了。— Now would probably be a good time to look for other employment options.

(21) 00:57:56,811 to 00:58:00,040

没看见我正在鼓舞士气吗？ — Can’t you see that I am in the middle of a pep talk？

(22) 00:58:34,766 to 00:58:38,240

竭尽所能，我们可以的！ — … using this and whatever else we can find！

(23) 01:22:32,620 to 01:22:37,200

但是案情依旧不明朗疑团重重。— But once again，law enforcement is baffled，leaving everyone to wonder.

(24) 01:23:35,475 to 01:23:39,180

从此他的生活天翻地覆。— … and turned his whole life upside down.

如有雷同，纯属巧合。— Any relation to persons living or dead is completely coincidental.

(25) 01:23:53,117 to 01:23:55,280

时而又哭笑不得。— They made him cry.

3.Transfer:

(1) 00:02:05,084 to 00:02:07,370

不，不！拦住他！ — No，no！ Stop him！

快回去！别爬！ — Go back！ Don’t climb！

(2) 00:02:12,258 to 00:02:13,160

等等，等等。— Wait，wait.

(3) 00:02:16,804 to 00:02:18,930

好了，站住，孩子！站着别动，不！ — Okay，stop，child！ Stop right there.No！

(4) 00:02:59,973 to 00:03:02,600

吉萨金字塔被人偷走了。 — … that the Great Pyramid of Giza had been stolen.

(5) 00:04:20,136 to 00:04:22,700

冷冻光线！冷冻光线！冷冻光线！ — Freeze ray！ Freeze ray！ Freeze ray！

(6) 00:05:12,522 to 00:05:16,030

抱歉，这也没办法，狗就是喜欢到处乱跑。 — Sorry.You know dogs.They go wherever they want to go.

(7) 00:05:20,530 to 00:05:21,580

我开玩笑的！ — I’m joking！

(8) 00:06:50,954 to 00:06:52,420

我知道你现在是什么感觉。 — I know how you must be feeling.

(9) 00:06:52,622 to 00:06:55,970

因为我也一样正承受着巨大的挫败感。 — I，too，have encountered great disappointment.

(10) 00:07:04,300 to 00:07:06,190

某个家伙盗走了一座金字塔。 — Some fella just stole a pyramid.

(11) 00:08:46,945 to 00:08:49,500

气色不错啊，Kevin！— Looking good，Kevin！

家里人都好吗？— How is the family？ Good？

(12) 00:08:55,036 to 00:08:56,960

大家好！ — Hello，everybody！

(13) 00:08:59,123 to 00:09:01,340

安静。安静！ — Simmer down.Simmer down！

(14) 00:09:03,503 to 00:09:06,300

我想你们也应该都听说了。 — Now，I realize that you guys probably heard

(15) 00:09:22,438 to 00:09:26,240

但我们今年也干得不错。 — … but we have had a pretty good year ourselves.

(16) 00:09:35,785 to 00:09:37,340

我们都做了些什么？ — What did we do？

(17) 00:09:37,537 to 00:09:43,430

我们偷走了时代广场上的大屏幕！ — Well，we stole the Times Square Jumbotron！

(18) 00:09:49,340 to 00:09:52,930

你们都喜欢用那东西看橄榄球，是吧？ — Yeah，you all like watching football on that，huh？

(19) 00:09:53,845 to 00:09:55,150

还不止这些。 — But that’s not all.

(20) 00:09:55,346 to 00:09:58,530

我们还偷走了自由女神像。 — We stole the Statue of Liberty.

(21) 00:10:08,985 to 00:10:11,660

好吧，我当时还不想说…… — Okay，I wasn’t going to tell you about this yet…

(22) 00:10:27,170 to 00:10:28,510

谢谢！ — Thank you！

(23) 00:10:48,525 to 00:10:50,870

我们要去偷的是…… — We are going to steal...

(24) 00:11:09,170 to 00:11:12,470

接下来我们要去偷的是…… — Next，we are going to steal…

(25) 00:11:36,239 to 00:11:40,340

这就是我要说的。 — That’s what I’m talking about.

(26) 00:11:55,300 to 00:11:58,810

我再去银行贷笔款，他们都喜欢我！ — I’ll just get another loan from the bank.They love me！

(27) 00:12:37,884 to 00:12:40,610

我们不在的时候，有人来领养我们吗？ — Anybody come to adopt us while we were out？

(28) 00:12:41,638 to 00:12:43,530

我想想。 — Let me think.

(29) 00:12:48,436 to 00:12:51,410

Edith！你把什么放我桌上了？ — Edith！ What did you put on my desk？

(30) 00:13:15,296 to 00:13:19,050

你是说，今天卖得很不错喽。 — Well，you say that like it’s a great sale day.

(31) 00:13:21,511 to 00:13:24,650

你还觉得今天卖得不错吗？ — Do you still think it’s a great sale day？

(32) 00:13:54,002 to 00:13:57,100

喂，妈妈，抱歉，我想给你打电话来着的，可是…… — Hello，Mom.Sorry，I meant to call，but...

(33) 00:13:57,547 to 00:14:00,730

我是来祝贺你把金字塔搞到手的。 — I just wanted to congratulate you on stealing the pyramid.

(34) 00:14:14,272 to 00:14:16,950

你知道后，会为我非常骄傲的。 — When you hear about it，you’re going to be very proud.

(35) 00:15:51,619 to 00:15:53,220

但对整个人类却是一个跨越。 — one giant leap for mankind.

(36) 00:15:59,502 to 00:16:01,850

宇航局不再送猴子去做试验了。 — NASA isn’t sending the monkeys any more.

(37) 00:16:27,989 to 00:16:29,380

这是个数学名词…… — It’s a mathematical term…

(38) 00:16:45,507 to 00:16:47,060

哦耶！ — Oh，yeah！

(39) 00:16:57,185 to 00:16:59,240

要给你做个演示吗？ — Do you want a demonstration？

(40) 00:17:04,651 to 00:17:07,000

Gru先生，Perkins先生现在可以见你了。 — Mr.Gru，Mr.Perkins will see you now.

(41) 00:17:18,331 to 00:17:20,520

我想看看这缩小射线。— I’d like to see this shrink ray.

(42) 00:17:20,708 to 00:17:24,680

那是当然了！只要一到手就给你看。— Absolutely！ Will do.Soon as I have it.

(43) 00:17:56,953 to 00:18:00,430

听着，Gru，关键是，现在新出道的坏蛋很多很多…… — Look，Gru，the point is，there are a lot of new villains out there…

(44) 00:18:03,751 to 00:18:05,680

比你年轻。— younger than you.

(45) 00:18:14,387 to 00:18:16,360

明白了，明白了。— I’ve got it.I’ve got it.

(46) 00:20:17,468 to 00:20:20,150

嘿！嘿！怎么回事！嘿！— Hey！ Hey！ What！ Hey！

(47) 00:20:21,973 to 00:20:22,890

不，不，不！— No，no，no！

(48) 00:20:30,648 to 00:20:34,380

以后冻住别人脑袋之前先想清楚！— Now，maybe you’ll think twice before you freeze someone’s head！

(49) 00:20:38,072 to 00:20:40,260

快！别让他跑了！— Quick！ We can’t let him get away！

(50) 00:21:21,074 to 00:21:22,640

真可爱。— How adorable.

(51) 00:21:28,665 to 00:21:29,650

什么？ — What？

(52) 00:22:04,534 to 00:22:06,180

我恨那小子！— I hate that guy！

(53) 00:22:13,084 to 00:22:17,020

……请照看我们保佑我们睡个好觉。— ...and please watch over us，and bless that we’ll have a good night’s sleep.

(54) 00:22:27,223 to 00:22:29,870

还有，请保佑我们很快就有人收养…… — And please bless that someone will adopt us soon…

(55) 00:22:43,281 to 00:22:46,520

独角兽，我喜欢。 — Unicorns，I love them.

(56) 00:22:51,080 to 00:22:54,020

独角，独角兽，养只做宠物。 — Uni，unicorns，I could pet one.

(57) 00:24:59,751 to 00:25:01,860

哇哦！真酷！— Whoa！ Cool.

(58) 00:25:12,555 to 00:25:15,290

等等！你们有椰子饼干吗？ — Wait，wait！ Do you have coconutties？

有啊。 — Yeah.

(59) 00:25:47,507 to 00:25:49,360

什么？ — What？

饼干机器人！— Cookie robots！

(60) 00:25:49,551 to 00:25:51,850

你谁啊？ — Who is this？

哦，算了吧。 — Oh，forget it.

(61) 00:26:23,626 to 00:26:25,990

你得过荣誉勋章？ — And I see you have been given the Medal of Honour？

(62) 00:26:30,675 to 00:26:32,080

我，我，我。 — Me，me，me.

(63) 00:26:45,398 to 00:26:46,490

白痴！ — Idiot！

(66) 00:27:00,246 to 00:27:05,060

自从我妻子Debbie过世后，我的人生就孤单起来。 — Things have been so lonely since my wife，Debbie，passed on.

(67) 00:27:09,631 to 00:27:12,610

就好比我的心是颗牙齿。 — It’s like my heart is a tooth.

(68) 00:27:39,244 to 00:27:41,640

哦谢谢！ — Well，thank you！

(69) 00:27:50,547 to 00:27:53,830

请叫Margo、Edith和Agnes到前厅来。 — Please tell Margo，Edith and Agnes to come to the lobby.

(70) 00:27:56,970 to 00:27:58,580

我猜妈妈一定很漂亮！ — I bet the mom is beautiful！

(71) 00:28:08,147 to 00:28:11,350

我的毛毛虫变不成蝴蝶了。 — My caterpillar never turned into a butterfly.

(72) 00:28:16,281 to 00:28:19,690

Debbie是个很幸运的女人。 — Well，Debbie was a very lucky woman.

(73) 00:28:22,203 to 00:28:23,520

Debbie是谁？ — Who’s Debbie？

(74) 00:28:37,135 to 00:28:39,830

姑娘们，来见见Gru先生。 — Girls，I want you to meet Mr.Gru.

(75) 00:28:41,306 to 00:28:43,250

他是来收养你们的。 — He’s going to adopt you.

(76) 00:28:43,433 to 00:28:45,880

他是牙医哦！--And he’s a dentist！

(77) 00:28:53,401 to 00:28:57,680

嗨，我是Margo，这是Edith。 — Hi.I’m Margo.This is Edith.

(78) 00:28:58,323 to 00:29:00,060

那是Agnes。 — And that’s Agnes.

(79) 00:29:00,241 to 00:29:02,100

我抓住你腿了我抓住你腿了！ — I got your leg，I got your leg！

(80) 00:29:17,300 to 00:29:18,740

撬棍？ — Crowbar？

(81) 00:29:54,254 to 00:29:56,110

你看什么看？ — What are you looking at？

(82) 00:30:07,183 to 00:30:08,280

喂？ — Hello？

(83) 00:30:56,524 to 00:30:59,190

你就是那个假装自动答录机的人！ — You’re the guy who pretended he was a recorded message！

(84) 00:31:17,003 to 00:31:17,940

不行。 — No.

(85) 00:32:03,842 to 00:32:04,910

这是什么品种的狗？ — What kind of dog is that？

(86) 00:32:05,093 to 00:32:07,620

它是……我不知道。— He is a...I don’t know.

(87) 00:32:25,155 to 00:32:27,850

嘿！这里面好暗啊。 — Hey！ It’s dark in here.

(88) 00:32:38,126 to 00:32:39,280

如你们所见…… — As you can see…

(89) 00:33:14,746 to 00:33:18,430

好了。规矩二。我工作的时候不准打扰我。 — Okay.Rule number two.You will not bother me while I’m working.

(90) 00:33:25,381 to 00:33:27,660

也不准打喷嚏、打嗝，或者放屁！ — or sneeze or burp or fart！

(91) 00:33:51,324 to 00:33:55,610

我们在这会很幸福的，对吧？ Agnes？ — We’re gonna be really happy here.Right？ Agnes？

(92) 00:45:06,708 to 00:45:09,830

七，八，九…… — Seven，eight，nine...

(93) 00:45:10,003 to 00:45:11,710

你为什么穿着睡衣？ — Why are you wearing pyjamas？

(94) 00:52:46,251 to 00:52:48,550

我们走吧，去玩其他的游戏！ — Let’s go.Let’s try another game！

(95) 00:52:58,847 to 00:53:01,030

好啦，姑娘们，去玩吧。 — Okay，girls，go play.

(96) 00:53:08,648 to 00:53:10,860

我拿到缩小射线了！ — I got the shrink ray！

(97) 00:53:13,570 to 00:53:15,700

棉花糖！ — Cotton candy！

(98) 00:53:34,007 to 00:53:36,060

抱歉打扰你，Perkins先生…… — Sorry to bother you，Mr.Perkins…

(99) 00:54:15,590 to 00:54:16,930

我跟你们说，不要碰我的东西。 — I told you not to touch my things.

(100) 00:54:20,178 to 00:54:21,810

嘿，我们能叫份披萨吗？ — Hey，can we order pizza？

(101) 00:55:08,977 to 00:55:11,280

相信我，我绝对全神贯注。 — Believe me，I am completely focused.

(102) 00:56:21,257 to 00:56:22,930

我不明白。 — I don’t understand.

(103) 00:56:37,440 to 00:56:38,870

可是我…… — But I...

(104) 00:57:23,278 to 00:57:25,370

我们没钱了。 — We have no money.

(105) 01:02:25,413 to 01:02:28,090

我们一点都不累！— But we’re not tired！

我累了。 — Well，I am tired.

(106) 01:07:49,779 to 01:07:50,910

我不喜欢你说的话。 — I didn’t like what you said.

(107) 01:22:53,057 to 01:22:56,220

今天我们念本新书。 — Tonight we are going to read a new book.

(108) 01:24:39,455 to 01:24:41,030

我爱你。 — I love you.

(109) 01:24:41,624 to 01:24:43,280

我也爱你。 — I love you，too.

(110) 01:25:40,934 to 01:25:43,850

我为你自豪，儿子。 — I’m so proud of you，Son.

(111) 01:30:34,060 to 01:30:37,020

回去工作了，回去工作了，回…… — Back to work，back to work！ Back to...

4.Imitation:

The translation of the names.

5.Transcription:

(1) 00:02:57,428 to 00:02:59,760

今晚埃及曝出一条爆炸性的新闻。 — Outrage in Egypt tonight as it was discovered.

(2) 00:03:15,238 to 00:03:17,500

大家都在猜测到底是哪个大坏蛋。 — leaving everyone to wonder，which of the world’s villains

(3) 00:03:17,699 to 00:03:20,130

……才是这起卑劣罪行的主谋。 — ...is responsible for this heinous crime？

(4) 00:04:11,252 to 00:04:13,540

今天我心情很坏很坏。 — I’m having a bad，bad day

(5) 00:05:38,506 to 00:05:41,010

你要因此恨我，我也不会介怀。 — If you take it personal，that’s okay.

(6) 00:05:53,062 to 00:05:55,570

开什么玩笑！ — You’ve got to be pulling on my leg！

(7) 00:05:59,527 to 00:06:00,440

有人吗？ — Hello！

(8) 00:09:15,265 to 00:09:19,320

我会为这个紧张吗？不会！ — But am I upset？ No，I am not！

(9) 00:09:20,937 to 00:09:22,240

虽然有那么一丁点。 — A little.

(10) 00:09:26,442 to 00:09:29,250

你们的名字全都记在功劳簿上了。 — and you guys are all right in my book.

(11) 00:09:46,921 to 00:09:48,850

这就是我的风格。 — That’s how I roll.

(12) 00:10:11,863 to 00:10:16,420(https://www.daowen.com)

其实我正在策划一项大工程！ — but I have been working on something very big！

(13) 00:10:17,493 to 00:10:21,710

金字塔那事跟它根本没法比！ — Something that will blow this pyramid thing out of the water！

(14) 00:11:43,246 to 00:11:46,880

喂Gru？我做了下预算。 — Hello，Gru？ I’ve been crunching some numbers，

(15) 00:11:47,083 to 00:11:50,140

我们可没那么多钱玩这个。 — and I really don’t see how we can afford this.

(16) 00:13:34,732 to 00:13:39,000

你们都不想在周末关小黑屋吧？不想。 — We wouldn’t want to spend the weekend in the Box of Shame，would we？ No.

(17) 00:14:18,568 to 00:14:21,670

那祝你好运吧，好了，我要挂了。 — Good luck with that.Okay，I’m out of here.

(18) 00:16:38,041 to 00:16:39,970

Vector！就是哥。 — Vector！ That’s me.

(19) 00:17:16,371 to 00:17:18,140

这提议真给力。 — Well，very nice presentation.

(20) 00:17:27,924 to 00:17:31,480

那你还有脸来银行借钱？ — And yet you have the audacity to ask the bank for money？

(21) 00:17:32,637 to 00:17:34,060

看来是这样。 — Apparently.

(22) 00:17:39,644 to 00:17:44,160

你那些能真正赚钱的邪恶计划少得可怜。 — With far too few of your sinister plots actually turning a profit.

(23) 00:17:56,953 to 00:18:00,430

听着，Gru，关键是，现在新出道的坏蛋很多很多。 — Look，Gru，the point is，there are a lot of new villains out there.

(24) 00:18:20,560 to 00:18:23,450

就去把缩小射线弄来，否则免谈。 — Get the shrink ray，then we’ll talk.

(25) 00:20:34,569 to 00:20:36,250

后会有期了，Gru！ — So long，Gru！

(26) 00:21:02,472 to 00:21:04,400

让爷来教训你！ — Come to papa！

(27) 00:21:23,993 to 00:21:25,430

这下你跑不掉了！ — Got you in our sights！

(28) 00:22:23,970 to 00:22:26,490

很好，谢谢你生动的描述， Edith。 — Great.Thanks for that image，Edith.

(29) 00:25:58,601 to 00:26:01,290

看来你的背景符合我们的要求。 — Well，it appears you have cleared our background check.

(30) 00:26:53,364 to 00:26:56,260

这都是些什么啊？ — What in the name of...What？

(31) 00:27:47,043 to 00:27:48,530

我都迫不及待了！ — So，so excited！

(32) 00:27:58,763 to 00:28:00,790

我猜爸爸的眼神很动人。 — I bet the daddy’s eyes sparkle.

(33) 00:29:54,254 to 00:29:56,110

你看什么看？ — What are you looking at？

(34) 00:29:56,297 to 00:29:57,450

找灭！ — Boo-ya！

(35) 00:30:02,387 to 00:30:03,320

看招！ — Take that！

(36) 00:31:28,306 to 00:31:33,090

从我们被这光头佬收养的那一刻起，我就觉得我们会落得像Annie那么惨。 — When we got adopted by a bald guy，I thought this’d be more like Annie.

(37) 00:32:17,480 to 00:32:18,920

它经不起折腾的。 — It’s fragile.

(38) 00:33:38,436 to 00:33:39,720

绝对噪音！ — Very！

(39) 00:34:24,274 to 00:34:27,190

问一下，这些是神马？ — Question.What are these？

(40) 00:34:46,963 to 00:34:48,570

好吧，我会搞定的。 — Okay.I’m on it.

(41) 00:36:54,299 to 00:36:56,670

你想玩自爆吗？ — Do you want to explode？

(42) 00:37:11,065 to 00:37:13,730

牙医只是我的副业。 — The dentist thing is more of a hobby.

(43) 00:37:49,437 to 00:37:52,720

那只是个玩具而已，别闹了！ — It is just a toy.Now stop it！

(44) 00:40:15,959 to 00:40:17,950

我不会介意的。 — I think I can live with that.

(45) 00:42:55,285 to 00:42:57,700

Gru很生气，后果很严重。 — You’re going to suffer the wrath of Gru！

(46) 00:45:04,038 to 00:45:06,520

脑抽了！数到哪儿了？ — Tic Tacs！ Where was I？

(47) 00:45:36,404 to 00:45:38,730

非常带劲的事，你不会懂的。 — Super-cool stuff，you wouldn’t understand.

(48) 00:45:55,131 to 00:45:58,260

给你52块大洋。 — Here you go，52 big ones.

(49) 00:48:37,502 to 00:48:38,950

别这么嚎了！ — Don’t do that！

(50) 00:50:27,946 to 00:50:29,320

你得让我们把它赢回来。 — You’ve gotta let us play for it！

(51) 00:52:01,206 to 00:52:03,010

某人的脸很难看哦。 — Somebody’s got a frowny face.

(52) 00:52:03,166 to 00:52:05,500

我们不能再东拉西扯了！ — We can’t afford any distractions！

(53) 00:53:54,611 to 00:53:57,030

做得好，Gru，出乎意料。 — Well done，Gru.Rather impressive.

(54) 00:54:17,091 to 00:54:20,010

我说了又说我跟你们说了一百遍了。 — I told you，I told you.I’ve told you a thousand times.

(55) 00:54:26,851 to 00:54:29,610

那……好吧，好吧，好吧，随你们乖乖到里面去。 — Just...Fine，fine，fine，whatever.Just get back in there！

(56) 00:55:13,523 to 00:55:14,620

这有个巨人！ — That guy is huge！

(57) 00:56:25,720 to 00:56:30,400

这个计划你已经跟进这么久了，却没取得什么进展。— You’ve been at this for far too long with far too little success.

(58) 00:58:42,899 to 00:58:44,700

谁他妈需要什么银行？ — Who needs the bank？

(59) 01:02:03,725 to 01:02:06,910

月亮逃不出我们的手掌心。 — The moon is as good as ours.

(60) 01:02:45,433 to 01:02:49,938

如果不念，我们就一直闹啊闹地吵你。 — And without a bedtime story，we’ll just keep getting up and bugging you.

(61) 01:03:47,954 to 01:03:49,640

这也能出版？ — This is literature？

(62) 01:06:21,149 to 01:06:24,290

盗月神偷啊！ — become the man who stole the moon！

(63) 01:06:30,408 to 01:06:34,340

如果你下不了手，我帮你。 — If you don’t do something about it，then I will.

(64) 01:17:04,542 to 01:17:07,820

等我进去之后，你就只有跪地求饶的份儿了！ — When I get in there，you are in for a world of pain！

(65) 01:23:27,634 to 01:23:30,290

他觉得自己是世上最幸福的家伙。 — thought he was happy as he could be.

(66) 01:23:53,117 to 01:23:55,280

时而又哭笑不得。 — They made him cry.

(67) 01:25:43,978 to 01:25:46,850

不愧是个合格奶爸！ — You’ve turned out to be a great parent！

6.Dislocation:

The translation of the lyrics of songs.

7.Condensation:

(1) 00:09:09,342 to 00:09:11,560

Apparently,it’s a big deal.

这确实很牛。

(2) 00:11:43,246 to 00:11:46,880

Hello,Gru? I’ve been crunching some numbers,

喂，Gru？我做了下预算。

(3) 00:13:00,990 to 00:13:04,210

— So,how did it go,girls? Did we meet our quotas?

— Sort of.

—那么，指标完成得怎么样啊？姑娘们？

—还行。

(4) 00:14:08,308 to 00:14:10,950

Just so you know,Mom,I am about to do something that’s very,very big,very important.

就像您说的，妈妈，我是在准备一件惊天动地的大事。

(5) 00:20:30,648 to 00:20:34,380

Now,maybe you’ll think twice before you freeze someone’s head!

以后冻住别人脑袋之前先想清楚。

(6) 00:20:38,072 to 00:20:40,260

Quick! We can’t let him get away!

快！别让他跑了。

(7) 00:21:01,346 to 00:21:02,270

You missed me!

你没打中！

(8) 00:21:23,993 to 00:21:25,430

Got you in our sights!

这下你跑不掉了！

(9) 00:21:55,733 to 00:21:58,040

Too small! This is too small for me!

太小了！这太小了！

(10) 00:25:44,170 to 00:25:47,320

I’m going to need a dozen tiny robots disguised as cookies!

给我造些饼干外形的微型小机器人！

(11) 00:26:13,283 to 00:26:15,730

Thank you for that.I love reading.

谢谢，我就爱看这个。

(12) 00:26:23,626 to 00:26:25,990

And I see you have been given the Medal of Honour…

你得过荣誉勋章……

(13) 00:26:37,432 to 00:26:41,240

… and you can hold your breath for 30 seconds?

……能屏住呼吸30秒？

(14) 00:26:41,436 to 00:26:43,040

It’s not that impressive.

这很一般嘛。

(15) 00:26:53,364 to 00:26:56,260

What in the name of...What?

这都是些什么啊？

(16) 00:30:04,556 to 00:30:06,250

You done been shrunk!

你完蛋了！

(17) 00:30:09,227 to 00:30:11,130

I got the shrink ray,all right.

我顺利搞到缩小射线了。

(18) 00:30:18,319 to 00:30:20,050

Don’t make me laugh! No.

别逗了！没有。

(19) 00:30:23,283 to 00:30:26,220

and P.P.S.,by the time I’m done with him...

再，再说，等哥摆平他以后……

(20) 00:30:33,251 to 00:30:37,240

Look at you,a little tiny toilet for a little tiny baby...

迷你小宝贝，专用的迷你小马桶……

(21) 00:30:51,436 to 00:30:54,260

So,this is,like,your house?

这，就是你家？

(22) 00:32:57,812 to 00:33:00,280

You will not touch anything.

不准碰任何东西。

(23) 00:37:11,065 to 00:37:13,730

The dentist thing is more of a hobby.

牙医只是我的副业。

(24) 00:37:14,402 to 00:37:16,720

In real life,I am a spy.

我真正的身份是间谍。

(25) 00:40:15,959 to 00:40:17,950

I think I can live with that.

我不会介意的。

(26) 00:40:22,090 to 00:40:26,170

Yes,but they are very old and highly unlikely to blow up.

没错，不过它们已经老得不可能爆炸了。

(27) 00:40:37,814 to 00:40:41,310

Well,then it’s going to be a long night for you,isn’t it?

那么，你的夜晚注定格外漫长了？

(28) 00:40:45,947 to 00:40:49,730

Because there are literally thousands of them.

这里的虫子超多的哦。

(29) 00:43:23,062 to 00:43:26,060

I have pins and needles that I’m sitting on.

我简直如坐针毡的。

(30) 00:51:41,978 to 00:51:44,980

She hit that.I saw that with my own eyes.

她打到了。我明明看到了。

(31) 00:51:45,148 to 00:51:47,820

Hey,buddy,let me explain something to you.

嘿，老兄，我给你解释。

(32) 00:54:49,624 to 00:54:54,090

No,no,no! No,I’m sorry.It was a little attempt at humour.

不，不，不，不是！抱歉。那只是我小幽默一下。

(33) 00:55:16,276 to 00:55:19,000

What are you doing? I told you to stay out of here!

你们又要干嘛？跟你们说了别过来！

(34) 00:55:37,255 to 00:55:41,020

No need to continue.I’ve seen quite enough.

别说了。够了。

(35) 00:55:41,176 to 00:55:43,480

— But my plan...

— Is a great plan.

—但是我的计划……

—很好。

(36) 00:55:43,636 to 00:55:46,740

I love everything about your plan,except for one thing…

计划很好，美中不足的……

(37) 00:56:23,343 to 00:56:25,560

Let’s face reality,Gru.

面对现实吧，Gru。

(38) 00:56:30,683 to 00:56:34,820

We’re gonna put our faith,our money,into a...

所以银行决定转而投资……

(39) 00:57:11,099 to 00:57:13,820

Well,I am here to put those rumours to rest.

我觉得需要出来说明一下。

(40) 00:57:25,530 to 00:57:28,030

So how will we get to the moon?

那还怎么登月呢？

(41) 00:58:34,766 to 00:58:38,240

… using this and whatever else we can find!

……竭尽所能，我们可以的！

(42) 00:59:36,870 to 00:59:38,800

Mom! What are you doing here?

妈！你怎么来了？

(43) 00:59:50,466 to 00:59:54,940

And here,he’s all dressed up in his Sunday best.

这张，他当时要去做礼拜。

(44) 00:59:55,680 to 00:59:57,820

He looks like a girl!

真像个女孩！

(45) 00:59:57,974 to 01:00:01,070

Yes,he does.An ugly girl!

没错，不过丑了点！

(46) 01:01:27,188 to 01:01:31,370

I guess Gru must just have one that looks exactly like it!

那Gru这个估计是仿制的吧！

(47) 01:02:09,814 to 01:02:11,250

Come on now,it’s bedtime.

过来，睡觉了。

(48) 01:02:20,825 to 01:02:25,260

This is beddie-bye time,right now.I’m not kidding around.I mean it!

该说晚安了，不是开玩笑，真的！

(49) 01:02:37,133 to 01:02:40,900

The physical appearance of the “please” makes no difference.

再怎么求也不行。

(50) 01:06:06,968 to 01:06:12,490

I was thinking,maybe a heist is a Tuesday thing,right?

星期二怎么样，好不好？

(51) 01:06:21,149 to 01:06:24,290

…become the man who stole the moon!

……盗月神偷啊！

(52) 01:10:10,128 to 01:10:14,160

I don’t go to little girls’ dance recitals!

我才不去看什么公演呢！

(53) 01:13:31,704 to 01:13:33,150

I can make it!

还来得及！

(54) 01:14:07,282 to 01:14:09,610

Can we just wait a few more minutes?

能再等一小会吗？

(55) 01:22:29,117 to 01:22:32,190

…and the moon has been returned to its rightful place in the sky.

……月亮已经回归了。

(56) 01:22:32,620 to 01:22:37,200

But once again,law enforcement is baffled,leaving everyone to wonder,

但是，案情依旧不明朗，疑团重重。

Appendix lll

Interviews

1.Interview with Professor Huang Libo in April 2014 via email

Brief Introduction to the Interviewee

Professor Huang is based in the School of English of Xi’an International Studies University.His main interest is the study of corpus-based translation studies.

Interview Topic

How to collate an appropriate corpus for this research

Scholar’s Suggestions

Professor Huang’s reply mainly covers: 1) suggestion on attending a relevant training course or workshop; 2) searching online in order to find a useful corpus to be referenced by the researcher.

Transcription

Q = questions asked by the researcher; A = answers from Professor Huang

Q: Dear Professor,I am happy to write this letter to you! I am a first year PhD student in the University of Salford.I am now undertaking research on the discussion of translated animation film subtitling.I plan to use a corpus as the primary research tool in my research in order to analyse the translation strategies and issues from a selection of 15 animation films.I would like to ask for your advice on choosing a proper type of corpus.Thank you very much for your help!

A: Dear Ms.Jin,thank you for your letter! Since you are just starting your study,I recommend you to learn the main types of corpus in translation studies first.Every year,in Beijing and Shanghai,there will be relevant summer courses or training for learners.You may want to join in one or two of these studies to gain a basic understanding of corpus.You may also search online or buy access to the online library of Beijing International Studies University to see their recent constructed Chinese-English parallel corpus.This may give you some useful help.I wish you good luck in your study!

2.Interview with Professor Liang Maocheng and Dr.Xu Jiajin,8 July 2014,Beijing,China

Brief Introduction to the Interviewees

Professor Liang Maocheng is a teacher,researcher and professor at Beijing International Studies University.His study interests are corpus linguistics,computer languages,second language acquisition and language comparison.

Dr.Xu Jiajin is a researcher at the same university in Beijing,whose study interests are applied linguistics,corpus linguistics and corpusbased discourse construction.

Interview Topic

Suggestions that practical scholars in the field of corpus study can offer to the researcher in order to construct a parallel corpus for this specific study.

In order to seek an effective and innovative research methodology for the current research,the researcher referenced relevant papers and books on the study field of AVT and she found that the tendency within translation studies research has been towards applying a corpus in recent years.However,the use of this method in subtitle translation is seldom.Then the researcher obtained permission from her supervisors to attend a summer course on the topic of corpus in translation studies.On this course,the researcher learned about different types of corpora and got to know their different functions from the teaching of the two famous scholars in the area of corpus study.Besides listening to the course content,the research got the chance to interview the two scholars in order to get suggestions on choosing the applicable type of corpus in her specific research.

Scholars’ Suggestions

In the course of the conversation about how to construct a suitable corpus for this specific study,the interviewees offered a great deal of useful advice,which enabled the researcher to build up her own corpus in a purposeful and focused way.The main elements of this advice were as follows: firstly,they encouraged the researcher to seek practical input from the Shanghai Translated Film Studio,the official company for translating exported films into China; secondly,they recommended naming this specific corpus as a “selfbuilt parallel corpus for a special purpose”,in view of the usage and scale of the corpus; thirdly,in the next phase of the research work,they encouraged the researcher to continue inputting more data into the corpus in order to obtain more effective and objective data results; lastly,they recommended transforming the data results into value measurements with a practical application to help real-world subtitlers produce subtitles of a more effective and reliable quality.

Transcription

Q = questions asked by the researcher; A1 = answers from Professor Liang; A2 = answers from Dr.Xu

Q1: Good afternoon,Professor Liang,Dr.Xu.Thank you for accepting this interview.Could you please briefly introduce yourselves first?

A1: Good afternoon.Thank you for your invitation.I am the keynote speaker on this summer course.I am a teacher at Beijing International Studies University.In recent years,Dr.Xu and I joined a research group on the topic of corpus study in linguistics and translation Studies.On this summer course,we will introduce the main types of applicable corpus in language studies and will help you to find out the appropriate type of corpus for your specific studies.

A2: Good afternoon.I am happy to accept this interview.I was invited to attend the teaching of this summer course because of my particular experience in building up corpora for the language studies’ purposes.I am a team member in the research group of corpus studies in the University of Beijing International Studies.Professor Liang is my colleague.

Q2: Thank you.After attending the first day of this course,I found that the use of corpus in language studies is very important and helpful.To discuss the use in translation studies,what are the main types of corpora?

A1: According to the current situation in China,there are three main types of corpora in translation studies: 1) corpora for English learners; 2) parallel corpora and 3) English corpora for special purposes.

A2: Yes,I agree with Professor Liang.And we will introduce these types of corpora in the following days of the course.If time permits,we will give you a chance to take a look of the corpus we just built up in the last year,which is called the Chinese-English parallel corpus.

Q3: I am now doing research on the topic of animation film subtitling translation.I need to compare the original subtitles with their corresponding released translations.So,I would like to ask your suggestions for finding an appropriate corpus to use in my study.

A1: Film subtitling translation is a new tendency in translation studies in China.It is a good point,I think.Since you need to do many comparative works,I recommend you to use a parallel corpus.Unfortunately,however,there is no English-Chinese film subtitling parallel corpus at this moment,so you probably need to build up your own corpus for your own specific purposes.

A2: I also recommend you to search for relevant parallel corpora,both in China and in the West.The big one built up by the University of Lancaster will be worth referencing.The review of these corpora may also help you to identify applicable software in building up the parallel corpus.Maybe your special purpose corpus will be enlarged one day by other scholars and this kind of corpus will be well developed in China.

Q4: Thank you very much for your suggestions and encouragement! I will try my best to accomplish this meaningful and hopeful task.Do you have any suggestions on collecting effective data? I am worried about collecting unofficial data from the Internet.

A1: This is an important concern.Since you are based in Shanghai,you may apply to visit the Shanghai Translated Film Studio,one of biggest translating films companies in China,which may offer you something useful.

A2: You may also search on some official websites like Sheshou,Douban,iqiyi.They are legal websites and relatively reliable.

Q: Thank you very much for all your suggestions and your time! Your advice is very helpful! Many thanks!

A: You are welcome!

3.Interview with Ms.He Dan,15 September 2015,Shanghai,China Brief Introduction to the Interviewee

Ms.He Dan works at Shanghai University of Sport; she is a teacher in the School of Arts and Media.Her study interests are film-making,photographing and film editing.She is a practical film-maker with over seven years’ experience.

Interview Topic

How many Chinese characters are suitable for an audience to read in one line of a film subtitle?

Scholar’s Suggestions

“The acceptable and readable length should be around 18 to 23 characters in each frame of a film; then,if divided into two lines,no more than 18 characters in a single line.However,when the subtitle is over 18 Chinese characters,the subtitler needs to make a line and a half to put in the whole content.Furthermore,the maximum number of subtitle lines in one frame should be no more than two”.

Transcription

Q = questions asked by the researcher; A = answers from Ms.He

Q: Hi,Ms.He.Thank you for agreeing to this interview! Could you please introduce yourself?

A: Hello,Ms.Jin.My name is He Dan,a young teacher in the Department of Sports Media of Shanghai University of Sport.I mainly teach film-making and photography courses.

Q: I know you also have practical experiences in making films at our university,such as every year’s New Year’s Gala and interviews with popular teachers of Shanghai University of Sport.

A: Yes.I started this work when I was a sophomore at this university.

Q: As of this year,you have over five years’ experience in making films.Do you also make subtitles for your films?

A: Yes.Each film-maker on our team can do every job when making a film.Making subtitles is one of the important parts of our postproduction.

Q: Ok.I would like to ask for your advice about the ideal length of Chinese subtitles in a single line.

A: Ok,when I was a student,I learned from a textbook that the acceptable and readable length should be around 18 to 23 characters in each frame of a film.And in the context of my practical work,I agree with this referenced range of numbers.However,I always try to make my subtitles brief and simple.

Q: Fine.I also find that subtitlers sometimes use two lines to show a long subtitle,do you think that is applicable?

A: According to my experience,if divided into two lines,no more than 18 characters in a single line.However,when the subtitle is over 18 Chinese characters,the subtitler needs to make a line and a half to put in the whole content.Furthermore,the maximum number of subtitle lines in one frame should be no more than two.

Q: Ok,I see.Thank you very much for your help!

A: I am happy to give you help.

4.Interview with Ms.Bunny Martin and Mr.Roy Loveday,25 October,2016,Surrey,UK

Brief Introduction to the Interviewees

Ms.Bunny Martin is a project director and a trainer in a youth centre.She is also a practical film-maker with over 15 years’ work experience.She also trains young people in making animation films during their school vacations in a local community centre.

Mr.Roy Loveday is an audiovisual engineer and a manager in a cinema.He has over 10 years’ work experience in animation filmmaking.He is also a trainer in a local community centre.

Interview Topic

How many English characters/words are suitable for an audience to read in one line of a film subtitle?

Scholars’ Suggestions

Ms.Martin suggests no more than 15 words in a single-line subtitle and emphasizes the fact that it is important to put humour into the subtitles in order to give the audience a sense of fun.The use of slang,Bible stories and popular expressions are primary cultural memes in subtitles.

Mr.Loveday suggests the ideal length of a single-line subtitle is about 11 English words.When making animation films,he prefers to use colloquial expressions in order to make the subtitle brief and simple.

Practitioners’ Suggestions

For the first question,the two practitioners have different ideas.However,both practitioners emphasized that the readability among the audience is their standard when creating subtitles.

The second question asked about investigating the cultural components in the source language.If these are noticed by the producer,when the subtitlers translate the subtitles in to the target language,the translation of culturally specific terms in the source culture should not be neglected.The answers from the interviewees validate another of the hypotheses outlined in this book; therefore,an awareness of cultural components is essential in the subtitle translation.

Transcription

Q = questions asked by the researcher; A1 = answers from Ms.Martin; A2 = answers from Mr.Loveday

Q1: Good afternoon,Ms.Martin,Mr.Loveday! Thank you for taking part in this interview.I am a PhD student studying translated animation film subtitling.May I ask you to give a brief selfintroduction first?

A1: Good afternoon,Ms.Jin.I am glad to take part in this interview.My name is Bunny,I am a project director in a youth centre and have been a practical film-maker for over 15 years.I also train young people in animation film-making with Roy.As you see,we are now preparing the new run of training for the coming week.

A2: Good afternoon! Thank you for your interview! My name is Roy,I am Bunny’s colleague.I will later teach animation film making to a group of young people.I am also a manager in a cinema and an audiovisual engineer.I have over 10 years’ experience in animation film-making.

Q2: Thank you both.Since you are doing animation film making and training,I would like to ask you about your experience of making subtitles.Please talk about the ideal length of a single-line subtitle in English.

A1: No more than 40 characters with spaces and punctuations.My own estimation about the number of English words in a single-line subtitle should be around 15 maximum.However,I should emphasize that my estimation should only be a reference for experienced subtitlers,as they ought to judge its validity visually according to their own experience.Otherwise,subtitlers need to follow the regulation of 40 English characters in each single line strictly.

A2: Based on my experience,taking the factor of the age of the audience in animation films into account,I advise the ideal length of a single-line English subtitle to be within 11 words.

Q3: Do you prefer to use slang and English humour in your animations?

A1: Yes,I like to use colloquial expressions and some typical English expressions in subtitles.I think these can make people have more fun,and make the language more approachable and similar to their real-life language.

A2: Yes,I agree with Bunny.The use of typical local expressions can attract audiences.In the making of animation films,I also encourage my trainees to make subtitles by themselves.These young people prefer to use oral and authentic language they are using in their real life.This makes the animations vivid and real.By the way,I guess the translation of English subtitles should try to keep the original language features for the target audience,then they will know us more.

Q4: Yes,thank you for your suggestions.I agree with you.The use of typical expressions in a language is one way to deliver the original culture.The subtitlers should try their best to use authentic expressions as much as possible.Since an animation film is typically an entertaining and humorous film genre,the subtitles in this kind of film need to be simple and colloquial.Yes,for translators of subtitling,keeping the original humour is meaningful but changeable.We are not always keeping everything as in the original; we need to keep a balance between the audience’s ability to comprehend and the loyalty to the original author of the film.Thank you for your time!

A1 and 2: You are welcome!

5.Interview with three subtitlers from the Shanghai Translated Film Studio in September 2015,Shanghai,China

Brief Introduction to the Interviewees

The subtitlers were happy to share their working experiences with the current researcher; they wished the following comments to be anonymously recorded,because they regard their work as team efforts.

Mr.A is aged 37 years and has worked as a subtitle translator for 11 years since he received a master’s degree from university.

Mr.B is aged 48 years and is a team leader of a subtitle translation group.He has a habit of paying attention to the grades and comments from netizens on their translated films.

Ms.C is about 30 years of age; she is a young subtitler,but has over five years of experience.Her experience helps her to be quickminded and highly efficient in her subtitling translation work.

Interview Topic

Discussing awareness regarding the use of Chinese traditional expressions and popular expressions in the subtitlers’ work,related to their own work experience.

Practitioners’ Suggestions

The practitioners recommend using culturally loaded expressions such as traditional expressions and popular expressions in subtitle translation.On the one hand,they hope that the use of these types of expressions makes foreign films more approachable to Chinese audiences; on the other hand,they believe this is a way to develop and inherit Chinese culture.The three practical subtitlers have different ways of learning and collecting up-to-date popular expressions,always keeping an eye on the quality of their translation.They believe the use of culturally loaded expressions makes their translated film more satisfying.

Transcription

Q = questions asked by the researcher; A1 = answers from Mr.A; A2 = answers from Mr.B; A3 = answers from Ms.C

Q1: Good morning! Thank you for accepting this interview.I am a PhD student in the field of subtitle translation in animation films.My interview question is,do you agree with the use of culturally loaded expressions,such as traditional expressions and popular expressions in film subtitle translation,e.g.,idioms,vernacular words and popular Internet expressions?

A1: Good morning.I am happy to talk about my experience.Yes.I think it is an effective factor to use culturally loaded expressions in my translation.

A2: Yes,I also pay attention to the use of these typical expressions.I think these language expressions make the translation vivid and real.

A3: For English animation films,most of the subtitles are dialogues and episodes.The use of these expressions can help me to find solutions to translate in an oral and sometimes rhythmic way.

Q2: Thanks.Can you please share with me your experience of learning and using these types of expressions?

A1: I began using traditional Chinese expressions in 2005,which was my second year of working in this company.I carried out a survey in certain cinemas,finding that audiences had a more enjoyable experience when they read and heard Chinese traditional expressions in a foreign film.From that time,in order to meet the audience’s preference,I began to notice the use of such kinds of expressions.For young audiences,they are in the process of learning Chinese idioms and archaisms in school,so when we use these expressions in animation film translation,they may feel that the film is accessible.And for us adults,we have language customs in terms of using traditional expressions,such as idioms in our daily communication,so the use of this type of expression in translated subtitles is greatly acceptable.Thanks to Baidu [the biggest online search engine in China],in the process of my translating,Baidu helps me to immediately correct and confirm some expressions I am uncertain of.

A2: I always try my best to use traditional expressions and popular expressions in my translation as much as possible.One more advantage I found besides the one Mr.A just mentioned is that the use of idioms can make shorter and more vivid translations than direct translations.And the use of popular expressions makes the overall translation more localized.We now have a new tendency in film translation,which is localization,which seeks to make the translation more like local language and closer to the local culture.I agree with this tendency.Film products are commercials,and part of our duty; we should make sure our translation is welcomed by the audience.I also have a habit of looking at online feedback from audiences about translated film subtitles,concluding that the turning point in the development of translated film subtitling occurred with Garfield [2005].

A3: I always have two particular reference books by my side when working: 300 Ancient Chinese Poems [by Zeng Guoli,published in 2010 by the Publishing House of Jiangsu Province] and Chinese Idiom Stories [by the Shanghai People’s Fine Arts Publishing House in 1952,published in 2007).Although these two books belong to the teenage reader group in China,they are very helpful in my practical work.I think they are suitable for me because my translation style pursues simple but effective expressions.

Q3: Thank you very much for your invaluable shared experience!

A1,2 and 3: You are welcome!

Postscript

In the answer from the second interviewee,there is a mention of the turning point in the history of translated animation films in China.This turning point is the translation of the 2005 film Garfield.Starting with this translated animation film,more and more scholars,practitioners and netizens have become aware of the use of typical expressions from popular language.The researcher carried out an investigation into this specific historic turning point in order to find more evidence to certify the importance of using popular expressions in current animation film translation.

According to the research,in this film,the translated subtitles comprised more than 34 per cent of expressions,which were culturally loaded Chinese words,including traditional expressions and popular Internet words.Over 32 per cent (2,810 out of 8,769) of netizens (net citizens) stated that they had noticed these expressions,while 60 per cent (168 out of 281) indicated their preference for these kinds of expressions.

It also needs to be mentioned here that the researcher searched online,on reputable Chinese academic websites,such as www.lunwenqikan.net and www.cnki.net,where she found 23 papers from the past five years,which discussed the translation in Garfield,in which the two main discussion points were traditional expressions and popular Internet expressions.For instance,in Xiao Cong’s dissertation (2012:33),he emphasized the success of using culturally loaded expressions in the subtitling of Garfield 2.Meanwhile,for Tian Weijun (2013:39),the purpose of subtitle translation is to help the target audience comprehend the film,so the culturally loaded expressions with some specific strategies in the subtitling may have positive effects on enabling the target audience to understand the purpose.Meanwhile,Wang Yuwei (2008: 36) pointed out that “a good quality of subtitling translation can definitely help the exported film win popularity in its foreign markets”.

Further Opinions Indirectly Made by More Practitioners

Besides the three teammates’ practical comments,the leaders of the team,all of whom are famous subtitlers in this company,expressed similar ideas in their interview at the Shanghai ACME Translation Co.Ltd.The team leader,Mr.Gu Qiyong,along with his teammates,finished the subtitle translation of Garfield 2.His idea of putting many popular expressions into the film translation made this film’s subtitling a hot topic at that time in China.Audiences commented that “this translation of the film really moved the inner heart of the audience” (Gu Qiyong,cited in Wang Xiaojing 2012).However,he also emphasized the “degree” of using this kind of expression in subtitle translation.He worried that the excessive use of this kind of expression will also arouse the dislike of the audience.Another practical subtitler named Lu Yaorong shared her experience of subtitling,stating that subtitling should obey the original meaning of the language and culture,such that subtitlers are not required to rewrite or recreate too drastically.They should find an equivalent as much as possible,or consider how to use culturally loaded expressions to highlight meaning in the subtitling.

6.Interview with Professor Xiao Weiqing and Professor Wang Kun,25 June 2015,Taiwan

Brief Introduction to the Interviewees

Professor Xiao works at Shanghai International Studies University,whose main interest is audiovisual translation.She is one of the famous keynote speakers in the series of summer courses in translation studies at her university.

Professor Wang works at Shaanxi Technology University,whose main interest is translation studies from the perspective of intercultural communication.

Topic

High-graded animation films and the component of the quality of subtitling in these films.

Scholars’ Main Opinions

Based on her opinions and experience,Professor Xiao from Shanghai International Studies University,whose main interest is audiovisual translation,said that higher-marked animation films in the Chinese market are bound to be of good quality when it comes to the translated subtitles.Audiences will probably rely for the most part on the translated subtitles to comprehend unfamiliar cultural elements in a film,such as the names of some characters,the customs and some of the humour.If the subtitlers neglect the translation of these culturally loaded expressions,the film may lose some of its impact.Meanwhile,Professor Wang,who works at Shannxi Technology University,shared her research results with the current researcher,both of whom had conducted a questionnaire survey with cinema audiences.For her part,she found that,in her investigated film types,animation films will attract more young people in the age range of 15-30 years old.Moreover,this age range will pay more attention to the quality of the translated films when they watch exported English-language films and the quality of the language when they watch Chinese imported films.This age range also places an emphasis on the importance of using culturally loaded expressions in the film subtitles,because they considered that this kind of expression can make the translated films more acceptable to the target markets and elicit a spectator’s sense of familiarity with well-established national cultural-linguistic patterns.Moreover,because they are generally a group of citizens in China,who received or are receiving a good education,they have a high expectation about the quality of the language in a film.And because their daily lives are characterized by online activities,they are the sort of active participants to grade the films they watch,writing down their personal comments online on certain websites and expressing their own feelings about the films they have watched.According to these investigations,the researcher can now conclude that the grades and the specific comments in the mentioned websites arguably show the importance of the quality of subtitling to a film,as well as the fact that culturally loaded expressions are able to increase an audiences’ satisfaction with a film.

Transcription

Q = questions asked by the researcher; A1 = answers from Professor Xiao; A2 = answers from Professor Wang

Q1: Good afternoon,Professor Xiao and Professor Wang.I am happy to meet you in Taiwan.Taiwan is beautiful; it is my first time to come to here.Is this your first time here?

A1: No,I’ve been here once for casual traveling.I like this beautiful island as well.And this time is more meaningful for me because I can share my study with my peers like you two.

A2: Yes,this is the first time I have been here.Ms.Jin,did you know we arrived here on the same flight?

Q2: Really? How amazing.We took the same flight to attend the same conference and share similar study interests! And Professor Xiao,I actually met you and talked with you once on the 2013 summer course at your university.

A1: Yes.I remembered.You told me that you just started your PhD study in Britain,and asked me if your research topic was effective.

A2: Yes.I saw you in the passengers’ waiting area in Xianyang International Airport.

Q3: I am very appreciative that I can meet you two for a second time at this conference.This will be very helpful for my research study.May I ask,what is the importance of the quality of translation in translated animation films?

A1: I have been teaching on a translation course by using audiovisual materials for over five years.According to my observation,the quality of the translated subtitles is a key point when my students discuss the quality of a film.Because they are English major students,studying and analysing the quality of the translated subtitles is also a part of their main task.They may pay more attention to this aspect,rather than the aspects of story line,frames or music.

A2: I am always accompanied by my 11-year-old son when I watch animation films at the cinema.For the two types of translated animation films in China,the original English audio but translated Chinese subtitled ones and the translated Chinese audio and visual ones,I always choose the first type for the purpose of improving my son’s English proficiency.

I think the audiences of my son’s age will rely on the translated subtitles to understand the film,so it is important to make a good quality translation in subtitles for this type of audience.For me,because of my major and the difficulty level of the subtitles in animation films,I usually comprehend the film by listening; the translated subtitles are less important to me.However,I may also have an interest in reading these subtitles because of my profession; I always want to check the accuracy of the translated subtitles.

Q4: Yes.Different types of audiences may have different degrees of needs when using the translated subtitles.In my study,I also like to investigate the opinions expressed in the majority of translated animation films in China.Do you have suggestions on the majority group of this genre of films?

A1: According to my previous questionnaire survey,the majority of audiences for English translated animation films comprise young people,the age group of my college students.And over 90% of my students are fans of this genre of films.They may also habitually write their comments about the quality of the films they watch on relevant websites or online forums.

A2: I also conducted a similar survey with my students in three cinemas.The result was that this kind of film may attract more young people in the 15-30 age range compared with other types of translated films in the Chinese market.When I interviewed some of my students,their general view was that they think that translated animation films are always funny and interesting,that the main characters are adorable and that these films always educate people or encourage people in life.They also like this kind of film because it is a good way to practise their English listening comprehension and improve their ability of English-Chinese interpretation.Most young people will choose to watch the animation films with the original English audio soundtrack but with translated Chinese subtitles.

Q5: Thank you.My last question is about whether you think the use of traditional expressions,such as idioms and archaisms,and the use of popular expressions,such as slang and popular Internet words,are helpful for emphasizing the importance of cultural components in subtitle translations?

A1: Yes.I agree that these kinds of culturally loaded expressions should be used as much as possible in film translation.They can make the translation more vivid and attractive to the audience.Most English animation films are interesting and funny,so I think the use of popular expressions may keep or imitate the original humour to a good degree.For the use of traditional expressions,as you mentioned,idioms and archaisms embody Chinese traditional culture,while their unique word formation can help subtitlers to make more succinct subtitles.

A2: Yes,I agree too.We have a language custom of using idioms and popular Internet memes in our daily life.The use of these expressions in film translation is an authentic way of translation for the target audience.

Q6: Thank you very much,both of you! Your comments and experiences will be invaluable to my research.

A1 and 2: You are welcome!