Reading Actively
1.Emperor penguins are considered the most beautiful and the largest of all penguins.
帝企鹅被认为是最漂亮、体型最大的企鹅。
consider vt. to think about sth. in a particular way or carefully 认为；考虑
He is considered （thought of； regarded) as an excellent teacher.
他被认为是一个优秀的老师。
I am considering （thinking about) buying a new bike. 我正在考虑买一辆新自行车。
【拓展】
Considering （In view of) his age, he knows quite a lot about it.
鉴于他的年龄,他已经懂得不少了。
When travelling, you should take your safety into consideration （take your safety into account).
在旅行的时候,要考虑到安全问题。
It was very considerate （thoughtful) of you to let us know you were going to be late.
你事前告诉我们你会迟到,考虑得非常周到。
【比较】
1)consider 在表示“考虑做某事”时,后面接动词的-ing 形式。 在表示“把……看作……”时,常用以下句型:consider sb. /sth. （as/to be) sb. /sth.。
2)considerate 和considerable 两个形容词拼写相似,但是意思完全不同。 considerate 的意思是“为别人着想的”（thoughtful)； considerable 的意思是“大量的,相当大的”（fairly large, especially large enough to have an effect or be important),例如:I have saved a considerable amount of money. 我存了一大笔钱。
2.The lowest temperature can reach －89.2 ℃. 最低气温有时会降到零下89.2 摄氏度。
【注意】情态动词can 在这里表示客观可能性。 客观的可能性并不表示具体某事一定发生,而是用来说明人或事物的特征。
Accidents can happen on such rainy days. 事故可能会在这样的雨天发生。
Kids are lovely, but they can be naughty sometimes. 小孩很可爱,但是有时也会调皮。
3.In order to survive the extremely tough environment, emperor penguins have to cooperate.
为了在这样极其艰难的环境中生存,帝企鹅不得不互相合作。
survive vt. /vi. to continue to live after an accident, war or illness 生存；存活
The ship sank, and only 12 of the 140 passengers survived.
船沉了,140 个乘客中只有12 个人幸存。
I don’t know how you all manage to survive on Jeremy’s salary.
我不知道你们只靠杰里米的薪水是怎样过活的。
I am sure she will survive the crisis. 我相信她会渡过难关的。
【拓展】
She was lucky because she was the only survivor of the serious car accident.
她很幸运,因为她是这次严重车祸的唯一幸存者。
Who first used the phrase “survival of the fittest”? （Survival of the fittest refers to a situation in which only the strongest and most successful people or things continue to exist.)
谁最先提出适者生存? （适者生存指的是只有最强者才能在某一环境中生存下来。)
tough adj. 艰难的；棘手的；严厉的；强硬的
The problem is tough （difficult； hard) to handle. 这个问题很难处理。
He is a tough （physically or emotionally strong) man. 他是一个很坚强的人。
Her mother is tough on （strict with) her. 她妈妈对她很严厉。
The meat was tough （difficult to cut or eat； not tender) and hard to chew. 这肉太老,很难嚼动。
4.Their dives often reach about 244 metres, and they can even dive to more than 535 metres when necessary. 它们通常能潜到水下244 米深,并且它们在必要时甚至能让自己下沉到水下超过535 米的深度。
【注意】when necessary 是一个省略句,完整的句子为when it is necessary。 时间、地点、条件状语从句中常省略it is,常见的有if possible, if necessary, if any, where necessary, wherever possible 等。
Whenever （it is) possible, he will come to help me. 他一有可能就来帮我。
If （it is) necessary, we need to take immediate action.
如果有必要的话,我们需要立即采取行动。
Give me a call, if （it is) possible. 如果可能的话,给我打个电话。
5.They can remain under water for almost 18 minutes, longer than any other kind of penguin.
它们能够在水下待近18 分钟,比任何其他种类的企鹅在水下待的时间都要长。
remain v.& n.
linking verb to continue to be in the same state or condition 仍然是；保持不变
Please remain （be) seated until the plane has stopped. 请坐好,直到飞机停下来。
The score is tied, with 15 minutes remaining （left). 比赛还剩15 分钟,双方比分持平。
Very little of the house remained （continued to exist) after the fire.
火灾之后,这所房子所剩无几。
n. 剩余物；古代遗物
the remains of a Roman fort 罗马要塞的遗址(https://www.daowen.com)
6.Emperor penguins have a very hard time bringing up their babies.
帝企鹅们哺育孩子十分不易。
have a hard time doing sth.to be difficult for sb. to do sth. 某人做某事很难
I had a hard time persuading him to accept the job.
我费了很多功夫说服他接受那个工作。
You’ll have a hard time proving that. 你要证明那一点很难。
【拓展】“做某事困难”还可以使用如下表达:
He has difficulty （in) working out the problem. 他解决这个问题有困难。
I have trouble （in) finding a proper solution to the problem.
我很难找到一个合适的解决办法。
We had problems （in) finding a qualified coach for our son.
我们很难为儿子找到一个合格的教练。
bring up to look after and influence a child until he or she is grown up 养育,抚养；提出；呕吐
He was brought up （raised) by his grandparents. 他是由祖父母抚养长大的。
Don’t bring up （mention) the past anymore. 以前的事儿不要再提了。
He felt sick and brought up （threw up； vomited) what he had eaten this morning.
他觉得恶心,把今早吃的东西都吐出来了。
7.They have to go to great lengths to care for their children.
它们不得不竭尽全力地去照顾它们的孩子。
go to great lengths to do sth.to try very hard to achieve sth.； make a lot of effort to do sth. 竭尽全力做某事
He went to great lengths to realise his dream. 他竭尽全力去实现他的梦想。
They went to great lengths to save the boy’s life.
他们全力以赴地去拯救这个男孩的性命。
【拓展】“竭尽全力,全力以赴去做某事”还可以使用如下表达:
I am still striving to be successful. 我仍在努力争取成功。
We always endeavor to please our customers. 我们总是竭尽全力让顾客满意。
He spared no effort to grasp the beautiful girl’s attention.
他竭尽全力去吸引那个漂亮女孩的注意力。
He was straining every nerve to impress the interviewers.
他竭尽全力给面试官留下好的印象。
We are going all out for victory in this afternoon’s game.
我们将拼尽全力赢得下午的这场比赛。
8.After laying an egg, the tired female emperor penguin will leave the family behind to feed at sea, while the male is left to take care of the egg. 在产下蛋后,疲惫的母企鹅会离家到海里捕食,而公企鹅则留下来照看它们的蛋。
lay vt. 放置,安放；铺放
The hens are laying eggs （producing eggs). 母鸡们正在下蛋。
She laid （put down carefully) the baby down gently on the bed.
她把婴儿轻轻地放在床上。
The workers are laying pipes. 工人们正在铺设管道。
Reading a lot of literary classics during her childhood helped her lay a solid foundation for her future career as a novelist.
童年时期,她阅读了大量的文学经典,为她后来成为小说家奠定了坚实的基础。
【比较】lie 和lay
9.When the mother returns from the sea, sometimes up to 60－80 kilometres away, she throws up some of the food for the chick and takes the male’s place to look after it. 当母企鹅从海上归来,有时远达60 至80 公里,它会吐出一些食物给小企鹅,并且代替公企鹅照看小企鹅。
up to 多达；到；干（着)；在于；胜任
The Olympic Stadium will hold up to （as many as) 80,000 people.
奥林匹克体育场可以容纳多达八万名观众。
I didn’t think last night’s performance was up to （reached) her usual standard.
我觉得昨晚的演出没有达到她的正常水平。
The children are very quiet. I wonder what they are up to （doing).
孩子们很安静,我不知道他们在搞什么鬼。
You can pay weekly or monthly—it’s up to you. （You decide.)
你可以每周或者每月付一次款,你自己决定。
I am afraid Tom isn’t up to the job. （He doesn’t have the necessary ability.)
我觉得汤姆干不了这份工作。