结 论

结 论

本文试图借助混合意志论为正当权威的规范性基础提供解决思路。当且仅当满足以下两个条件时,一个人对另一个人才享有正当权威:(1)通盘考量依赖性理由与辅助性理由之后,至少存在两个处于对等关系的行动方案;(2)出于社会合作利益的需要,社群成员需要确定唯一一个行动方案,而权威的正当性就在于通过创设基于意志的理由以满足社群成员的合作需要。


[1]于婷,中国政法大学2018级法理学专业硕士。

[2]Joseph Raz,“The problem of Authority:Revisiting the Service Conception”,in Between Authority and Interpretation:On the Theory of Law and Practical Reason,Oxford University Press,2009,p.126.

[3]Wolff,R.P,In defense of Anarchism,University of California Press,1970,p.21.

[4]Wolff,R.P,In defense of Anarchism,University of California Press,1970,pp.10-14.

[5]Wolff,R.P,In defense of Anarchism,University of California Press,1970,pp.16-17.

[6]有关对沃尔夫自主悖论的批评,see Scott J.Shapiro,“Authority”,in J.L Coleman and S.Shapiro(ed.),The Oxford Handbook of Jurisprudence and Philosophy of Law,Oxford University press,2002.国内学者的批评参见范立波:“权威,法律与实践理性”,载《法哲学与法社会学期刊》2007年第2期,第133~137页。

[7]See H.L.A Hart,“Commands and Authoritative Reasons”,in his Essays on Bentham:Studies in Jurisprudence and Political Theory,Clarendon Press,1982,pp.253-255.

[8]See Scott J.Shapiro,“Authority”,in J.L Coleman and S.Shapiro(ed.),The Oxford Handbook of Jurisprudence and Philosophy of Law,Oxford University Press,2002,p.390.

[9]See Scott J.Shapiro,“Authority”,in J.L Coleman and S.Shapiro(ed.),The Oxford Handbook of Jurisprudence and Philosophy of Law,Oxford University Press,2002,p.438.

[10]拉兹在早期的作品中会互换使用排他性理由(exclusionary reasons)与优先性理由,基本将两个概念相等同。但是在近期的作品中,拉兹指出,拒绝排他性理由概念的理论家可能会接受优先性理由这一概念,而他的权威理论只需要后者得到接受。为了避免引起更多的争议,本文这里只使用了优先性理由这一概念,并未再进一步引入拉兹对一阶理由与二阶理由的划分。See Kenneth Ehrenberg,“Raz's Service Conception of Authority”,in Philosophy Compass 2011,p.891.

[11]Joseph Raz,The Morality of Freedom,Oxford University Press,1986,p.47.(https://www.daowen.com)

[12]Joseph Raz,Practical Reason and Norms,Oxford University Press,2002.

[13]Joseph Raz,“The problem of Authority:Revisiting the Service Conception”,in Between Authority and Interpretation:On the Theory of Law and Practical Reason,Oxford University Press,2009,pp.147-148.

[14]Joseph Raz,The Morality of Freedom,Oxford University Press,1986,p.53.

[15]Joseph Raz,The Morality of Freedom,Oxford University Press,1986,p.75.

[16]参见范立波:“权威,法律与实践理性”,载《法哲学与法社会学期刊》2007年第2期。

[17]Joseph Raz,The Morality of Freedom,Oxford University Press,1986,p.46.

[18]Joseph Raz,“The problem of Authority:Revisiting the Service Conception”,in Between Authority and Interpretation:On the Theory of Law and Practical Reason,Oxford University Press,2009,p.140.

[19]See Scott J.Shapiro,“Authority”,in J.L Coleman and S.Shapiro(ed.),The Oxford Handbook of Jurisprudence and Philosophy of Law,Oxford University Press,2002,p.415.

[20]See Scott J.Shapiro,“Authority”,in J.L Coleman and S.Shapiro(ed.),The Oxford Handbook of Jurisprudence and Philosophy of Law,Oxford University Press,2002,p.419.

[21]See Scott J.Shapiro,“Authority”,in J.L Coleman and S.Shapiro(ed.),The Oxford Handbook of Jurisprudence and Philosophy of Law,Oxford University Press,2002,pp.432-433.

[22]See Scott J.Shapiro,“Authority”,in J.L Coleman and S.Shapiro(ed.),The Oxford Handbook of Jurisprudence and Philosophy of Law,Oxford University Press,2002,pp.435-437.

[23]有关对等关系的详细论述,see Ruth Chang,“Parity:An Intuitive Case”,Ratio,special issue,2016,pp395-411.“The Possibility of Parity”,Ethics,July 2002,pp.659-88;“Hard Choices”,APA Journal of Philosophy,2017,pp.586-620.

[24]See Ruth Chang,“Hard Choices”,APA Journal of Philosophy,2017(92),pp.617-620;有关混合意志论的详细论述,see“Grounding Practical Normativity:Going Hybrid”,Philosophical Studies,2013(1),pp.163-187.