模拟试卷

Section I Use of English

Directions：

Read the following text. Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A, B，C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.（10 points）

The horse and carriage is a thing of the past, but love and marriage are still with us and still closely interrelated.

Most American marriages， 1 first marriages uniting young people, are the result of mutual attraction and affection 2 than practical considerations.

In the US, parents do not 3 marriages for their children. Teenagers begin dating early and usually find mates through their own academic and social 4 .

5 young people feel free to choose their friends from 6 groups, most choose a mate of similar 7 .

This is due in part to parental guidance. Parents cannot 8 spouses for their children, but they can usually 9 choices by voicing disapproval of someone they consider unsuitable.

10 , marriages between members of different groups are 11 , probably because of the greater mobility of today's youth and the fact that they are 12 by fewer prejudices than their parents. Many young people leave their hometowns to attend college, serve in the army， 13 pursue a career in a bigger city. Once away from home, they are more 14 to date and marry outside their own social group.

In mobile American society, interclass marriages are neither 15 nor astonishing. Interfaith marriages are 16 the rise, especially between Protestants and Catholics. However, interracial marriages are still very 17 . It can be difficult for interracial couples to find a place to live in, maintain friendships, and 18 a family. Marriages between people of different national 19 （but the same race and religion）have been commonplace here 20 colonial times.

1.[A]specially　[B]naturally　[C]particularly　[D]fortunately

2.[A]more　[B]rathe　r[C]less　[D]better

3.[A]arrange　[B]engage　[C]manage　[D]propose

4.[A]position　[B]association　[C]contract　[D]contacts

5.[A]Since　[B]Though　[C]What　[D]Hence

6.[A]separate　[B]identical　[C]independent　[D]different

7.[A]background　[B]situation　[C]circumstance　[D]condition

8.[A]oppose　[B]reject　[C]select　[D]approve

9.[A]influence　[B]make　[C]afford　[D]provide

10.[A]Therefore　[B]However　[C]Moreover　[D]Likewise

11.[A]declining　[B]prohibiting　[C]increasing　[D]reducing

12.[A]restrained　[B]retained　[C]reserved　[D]restricted

13.[A]but　[B]or　[C]so　[D]otherwise

14.[A]likely　[B]willing　[C]reluctant　[D]lonely

15.[A]stubborn　[B]risky　[C]rare　[D]rigid

16.[A]in　[B]at　[C]for　[D]on

17.[A]normal　[B]uncommon　[C]ordinary　[D]united

18.[A]raise　[B]settle　[C]grow　[D]become

19.[A]source　[B]convention　[C]origin　[D]immigrant

20.[A]since　[B]for　[C]in　[D]during

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions：

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B，C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.（40 points）

Text 1

If you ever thought you could safely tiptoe past a sleeping crocodile, please reconsider—scientists have confirmed that the fearsome reptiles sleep with one eye open.

Researchers in Australia and Germany have discovered that crocodiles can do “unilateral eye closure” while dozing to keep a close eye on potential threats or prey. It's already known that birds, other reptiles and aquatic animals such as dolphins, seals and walruses have evolved this kind of sleep, which is when one half of the brain stays awake while the other shuts down. This allows the animals to keep one eye open to monitor events around them.

Until now, researchers have had only unofficial evidence of this behaviour in crocodiles, but a paper published in the Journal of Experimental Biology lends weight to the theory. Three juvenile saltwater crocodiles were taken from northern Queensland to a large aquarium at La Trobe University and filmed 24 hours a day. Scientists confirmed that the crocodiles opened one eye during sleep in response to mild stimulus.“We had a human stand still next to the tank for 10 minutes—the animals responded to that quite strongly and watched the person closely with one eye，”said Dr. John Lesku, who led the study.“After the human left the room they kept looking at the last location of the person with the other eye closed. This suggests that crocodiles have the same kinds of brain activity that birds do.”

A further experiment involved the researchers putting a new young crocodile in with the group. Again, the crocodiles opened one eye and kept watch, possibly because younger crocodiles can be vulnerable to predators and group together to minimise any threat. Lesku said colleagues at the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology in Germany had discovered this behaviour was also present in adult Nile crocodiles and Caimans.

“This suggests that this is a crocodilian trait not specific to one species，”he said.“It persists into adulthood, meaning that an ambush predator could be immobile yet still looking out for prey.” If an animal went to the bank of a river, the crocodile could fully wake up and attack it.“I would certainly never approach a crocodile whether its eyes are open or closed. A good rule is to never approach them.” Further research will now be done to monitor crocodiles'brain activity, to see if one half does indeed shut down, in the same way as those of birds and some marine creatures do.

Birds are crocodiles'closest evolutionary relative, having shared a common ancestor before splitting and becoming vastly different species about 155m years ago. Sleeping with one eye open may seem strange but Lesku said the research underlined that land-based mammals are perhaps the exception by fully shutting down for a snooze.“We think it's an oddity in birds and dolphins but if it turns out that crocodiles and reptiles sleep in this way too, it's our sleep that becomes the oddity，”he said.

21. According to the second paragraph, researchers in Australia and Germany found out____.

[A]crocodiles can predict potential threats or prey

[B]birds can sleep with one eye open like crocodiles

[C]crocodiles are sleeping with one eye open to keep watch

[D]animals can use their special brains to monitor events

22. The phrase “lends weight to”（Line 2，Para.3）means____.

[A]prove

[B]overturn

[C]mock

[D]build

23. Which of the following is TRUE according to Paragraphs 4&5?

[A]Crocodiles sleep with one eye open only when young crocodiles exist.

[B]For safety, one had better leave a sleeping crocodile alone.

[C]Crocodiles can attack animals at the bank of the river while sleeping.

[D]Crocodiles'brain activity shows one half indeed shuts down during dozing.

24. According to the last paragraph, the birds____.

[A]look like crocodiles 155m years ago

[B]can keep their half brain clear when asleep

[C]belong to land-based mammals

[D]are only species without an odd sleeping way

25. What is the best title of the text?

[A]Birds and Crocodiles, the Oddest Creature

[B]The Most Effective Way of Sleeping

[C]Animals'Sleeping Inspires Us

[D]Crocodiles, Still Watchful While Sleeping

Text 2

The greatest brands make life simple. Think Google, Amazon, or even Dunkin'Donuts. They cut through the mess by delivering what consumers want, when they want it, without trouble. By simplifying customer experience in a complex world, these brands win customer loyalty, which drives business results and creates value for shareholders.

For the past six years, Siegel Gale has published its Global Brand Simplicity Index—a study based on a survey of thousands of consumers from around the globe—that ranks brands according to their perceived simplicity or complexity, and the overall simplicity rating of a brand's industry. This year's index, derived from the responses of more than 12，000 consumers in eight countries, provides a definitive measure of which brands excel at providing simple experiences—and reveals rising brands that could threaten these incumbents. Netflix gives instant access to a universe of entertainment with a mouse click, and Amazon and Zappos have perfected streamlined discovery, purchase, and delivery. The grocery retailer Publix is consistently praised by customers and industry insiders for its convenience, superior store design, consistent quality, and customer-service orientation. And this year's fast food and fast casual dining brands excel at keeping the in-store experience simple, fast, and reliable in part by offering a narrow but satisfying menu.

Brands like these benefit in many ways from their simplicity. In addition to strengthening customer loyalty, we find that simplicity reduces price sensitivity and drives positive word of mouth. Our 2015 survey found that 63%of consumers are willing to pay more for a simpler experience, and 69%are more likely to recommend a brand because it provides simpler experiences.

Customer experience is the new battleground for loyalty. Years of findings in the Global Brand Simplicity Index demonstrate that when brands build cultures of simplicity, all parties benefit. Employees have the clarity to invent and deliver superior customer service, consumers have better brand experiences, and ultimately reward brands with their loyalty.

Growth is welcome and inevitable for any successful company—but complexity is an unavoidable side-effect of growth. Companies must be on the lookout to simplify processes and create fresh and clear brand experiences. A commitment to simplicity starts at the top. Senior management must be committed to implementing practices that encourage simplicity. Brand purpose—what a brand does and why it does it—should be articulated in a way that is easy for employees to internalize, and customers must view a brand and its services in a manner consistent with this purpose. While it is necessary to look inward to refine and simplify, ultimately the customer's perspective matters most.

Achieving simplicity is not easy, but the brands that harness its power stand to reap a multitude of both reputational and financial rewards.

26. It is indicated in Paragraph 1 that____.

[A]greatest brands benefit customers

[B]greatest brands benefit the shareholders

[C]greatest brands deliver simple messages

[D]greatest brands simplify our lives

27. The word “incumbents”（Line 7，Para.2）is closest in meaning to____.

[A]incomers

[B]holders

[C]successors

[D]predecessors

28. Which of the following is TRUE according to Paragraph 4?

[A]It mentions ways to strengthen customer loyalty.

[B]It says brands benefit the customers.

[C]It says brands benefit themselves.

[D]It says the reasons why the customers likely to recommend simple brands.

29. According to Paragraph 6, which of the following matters most when encouraging simplicity?

[A]Senior management.

[B]Company.

[C]Employees.

[D]Customers.

30. Which of the following best summarizes the text?

[A]How do we benefit from simple brands?

[B]Why simple brands win?

[C]What's the importance of simple brands?

[D]Do simple brands make our life easy?

Text 3(https://www.daowen.com)

Retailers win this holiday season by creating advantages in other ways, among them: brand strength, distribution, service, and customer experience. All of these require year-round dedication to management and marketing, rather than once-a-year sales gimmicks.

Retailers also use different store formats and new channels to make their brands more relevant and accessible to customers. Nike now operates smaller stores with products just for women, community stores in urban areas that support volunteerism, and a new factory store concept that carries products that are not only discounted but also appeal to local customers, like the one near the University of Alabama that sells college-themed items. Macy's has also established a competitive advantage by tailoring the product assortment it carries in each store.

Perhaps the most successful retailers this holiday season will be the ones who compete on customer experience. They know that people make shopping decisions not only on product, price, offers, convenience, or even service, but rather the combination of all of these elements and the way they make people feel. We instinctively know that shopping is an emotional experience, but now neuroimaging research has confirmed it: shopping produces spins in reward-circuit dopamine activity in the brain. Retailers win by paying attention to the feelings evoked by and benefits delivered through all aspects of the shopping experiences.

Wholesale club Costco uses a carefully conceived assortment of “trigger” products that prompt visits—core items such as laundry cleaner, water, and toothpaste—to draw people into its stores. Then it appeals to shoppers'sense of discovery and entertainment through widespread sampling, stack-'em-high displays, and unique selection to prompt impulse purchases—“treasures” like designer handbags and oversized teddy bears. On the other end of the experience continuum is PIRCH, the premium appliance and fixtures retailer. It designs its customer experience on the “SCARF”model, a neuroscience approach based on five primary human social needs: status, certainty, autonomy, relatedness, and fairness. From the friendly partners who welcome customers at the coffee counters at the entrance of each showroom, to working stoves, shower heads, and grills that customers are encouraged to test on their own, the customer experience at PIRCH helps people feel comfortable and confident.

The holiday season is the ultimate test of a retailer's competitive strength, and brands count on sales at this time of year to carry them through slower months. But make no mistake: winning this game takes year-round attention to brand fairness, distribution, service, and customer experience.

31. The word “gimmicks” in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to____.

[A]strategies

[B]focus

[C]advertisements

[D]tricks

32. What does the author intend to illustrate with Nike?

[A]Products are more target-oriented.

[B]Customers receive better service.

[C]Nike is widely accepted.

[D]Nike has more competitive advantages.

33. Which of the following is the key factor for the retailers to win according to Paragraph 3?

[A]Brand strength.

[B]Distribution.

[C]Service.

[D]Customer experience.

34. What kind of “trigger” does Costco adopt in Paragraph 4?

[A]Designer handbags.

[B]Laundry detergent.

[C]Teddy bears.

[D]SCARF model.

35. What would be the best title for the text?

[A]Different Brands Have Different Strengths for Retailing

[B]Retailers Can't Rely on Holiday-Season Gimmicks Like They Used to

[C]The Winners for This Holiday Season

[D]Competitive Strength for Different Brands

Text 4

If you are one of the 92 percent of the population who regularly experience earworms—fragments of music that pop uninvited into your head and won't go away—you might wish there was a way to make them stop. Earworms are a generally benign form of pondering, the repetitive, invasive thoughts associated with anxiety and depression.

Psychologists have long been looking for ways to turn off those unwelcome thoughts, and now a study from the University of Reading in England suggests a fresh approach: chew some gum. Psychologist Philip Beaman and his colleagues found that college students exposed to a catchy song snippet who then chewed gum reported fewer earworms than those who did not chew. The act of chewing gum, as with silently reading, talking or singing to yourself, engages the tongue, teeth and other parts of the structure used to produce speech, called subvocal articulators. These subvocalizations lessen the brain's ability to form verbal or musical memories.

For some people, gum chewing might just be enough to head off continuous replays of “Maria” from The Sound of Music. The technique probably will not do much for deeply entrenched earworms, however. I personally have had the same one stuck in my head for more than 30 years, a series of nine notes from a tune I have never been able to name.（Experts say that such persistent earworms are very rare but not entirely unheard of.）Chewing gum did not help.

Other strategies for eradicating earworms include what British music psychologist Victoria Williamson of the University of Sheffield describes as “distract and engage.” The most effective distractions, she explains, are verbal or musical: chanting an ode, reciting a poem, listening to a different song, even playing an instrument. They work by activating the component of working memory involved in earworms, a storage and rehearsal cycle called the phonological loop.“If you fill it up with something else that occupies the same circuitry, there's not enough left to make the earworm，” Williamson says.

Focusing on a specific mental task—say, thinking through your schedule for the week—can also beat a tedious melody. Yet if the task is either too easy or too hard, your mind tends to fall back on the earworm. It has to take up just the right amount of cognitive load—what IraHyman, a professor of psychology at Western Washington University, calls the Goldilocks effect. Researchers at the University of Cambridge designed what they believed was the perfect exercise: mentally generating random numbers, at about one a second, without ever repeating a number.

36. The word “earworms” were closest in meaning to____.

[A]tunes uninvited to the mind

[B]anxiety and depression

[C]repetitive thoughts

[D]intrusive thoughts

37. What's the suggested approach for turning off earworms?

[A]Silent reading.

[B]Talking to oneself.

[C]Singing to oneself.

[D]Chewing gum.

38. How many ways the passage mentioned are there to drive earworms away?

[A]Two.

[B]Three.

[C]Four.

[D]Five.

39. What does the author mean by saying “Goldilocks effect”?

[A]Easy task.

[B]Hard task.

[C]Random task.

[D]Task neither too easy nor too hard.

40. What does the author intends to illustrate in the whole passage?

[A]Earworm influence on people's life.

[B]Suffering from an earworm experience.

[C]Solving a problem like an earworm.

[D]Ways to eradicate earworms.

Part B

Directions：

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.

[A]The capital now accounts for over 53%of their total spending in Britain, a figure that has held steady since the Olympics last year.

[B]Hotels and attractions on the south coast already fear that this will reduce overseas bookings next year.

[C]The surging growth in tourism has led to the development of the rural area in Portsmouth.

[D]But with traditional shipbuilding in decline, Portsmouth hopes its increasing attractions can take up the slack.

[E]Portsmouth's wind and rainswept docks this week suggested that any attraction may be strictly seasonal.

[F]This strategy gives French a stimulus to spend more in Portsmouth instead of consume in the domestic tourism market.

[G]Unusually, northern England, Wales, and rural Scotland areas which otherwise struggle to attract new businesses—have recently seen particularly strong job growth.

In the harbour at Portsmouth, the noise of ship-building competes for attention with the giant feet of tourists in its historic docks. Just meters away from sailors and ship workers maintaining the Royal Navy's latest vessels, visitors jostle on the decks of the tiny wooden HMS Victory, searching for the spot where Lord Nelson died in battle in 1805.41._________________The numbers of people looking at its dockyard have risen in the past year, and a smart new museum to house the Mary Rose, a salvaged Tudor warship, opened in May 2013.

New research published on November 21st by Deloitte, a consultancy, has raised hopes that tourism can help Britain's regions reduce their reliance on other industries. It predicts that the sector will grow by 3.8%a year between now and 2025—much faster than manufacturing, retail or construction. Tourism, it says, has been Britain's fastest-growing employment sector since 2010.42._________________

But places like Portsmouth will need to attract more foreigners to keep up the current rate of growth. Deloitte forecasts that the amount international visitors spend will grow by over 6%a year, nearly twice as fast as for the domestic holidaymakers most regions currently rely on. Portsmouth is already trying to drum up more sightseers from abroad. In the same week that BAE, a defence contractor, announced 940 job losses at its shipyard in the city, Brittany Ferries and Visit Britain, which promotes tourism, launched a£3m（$4.8m）advertising campaign to get the French to frequent Portsmouth and its surroundings in greater numbers.

This task may prove more difficult than Deloitte's report suggests. Getting foreigners to venture beyond London is already hard.43._________________Portsmouth's grimy center has also struggled to attract those who are not Britons. According to Brittany Ferries, only 17%of its car-ferry traffic originates from France. Many drive through without stopping.

Recovery elsewhere in Britain's economy may also hamper the growth of regional tourism. The industry fears the weakness of the pound this summer will not last, as a run of good economic news promotes its value.44._________________Likewise, a strong pound has rekindled enthusiasm among Britons for holidays abroad. Many parts of East Anglia and the south-west have lost over 5%of their jobs in tourism since 2010；people who used to visit are jetting off to warmer places instead. Although foreign tourists may bring welcome cash to Britain's struggling regions, persuading Britons to keep holidaying at home will be hard work.45._________________

Part C

Directions：

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.（10 points）

On September 23rd 120-odd presidents and prime ministers will gather in New York for a UN meeting on climate change.

（46）It is the first time the subject has brought so many leaders together since the ill-fated Copenhagen summit of 2009 . Now, as then, they will assert that reining in global warming is a political priority. Some may commit their governments to policies aimed at reducing greenhouse-gas emissions. What few will say is how many tonnes of carbon dioxide these will save—because they almost never do.

According to scientists, cutting carbon-dioxide emissions is an essential part of reducing catastrophic risks from climate change. Yet governments are persistently averse to providing estimates of how much carbon a policy saves.（47）That may be because, in countries where climate change is controversial, it makes more sense to talk about the other benefits a scheme offers rather than its effect on carbon. Or it may be that, in countries which are enthusiastic about renewable energy, pointing out that it may not save that much carbon is seen as unhelpful. Or perhaps governments think climate change is so serious that all measures must be taken, regardless of cost（though their overall lacklustre record suggests this is not the case）.

Whatever the reason, the end result is that while the world's governments have hundreds of policies for tackling climate change, some of them very expensive—China, America and the European Union spend $140 billion a year on subsidising renewable energy—it is hard to say which policies are having the greatest effect.

So The Economist has made a stab at a global comparison of carbon-mitigation efforts.（48）It ranks 20 policies and courses of action according to how much they have done to reduce the atmosphere’s stock of greenhouse gases . We have used figures from governments, the EU and UN agencies. As far as we know, this exercise has not been carried out before.

First, a health warning: the policies and actions on our list are not strictly comparable. Some are global, some regional and some national. Some are long-standing; some new.（49）A couple are not policies at all, such as the collapse of the Soviet Union, which led to the closure of polluting factories and to inefficient state farms reverting to grassland, locking up carbon.

And the numbers almost all come with caveats. It is fairly easy to estimate how much carbon a new field full of solar cells or a nuclear-power plant saves by looking at the amount of electricity it produces in a year and how much carbon would have been emitted if fossil fuels had been used instead, based on the local mix of coal, gas and oil.（50）But as Paul Joskow of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology has pointed out, the standard “levelised” calculations, which divide the total amount of power a plant will produce over its lifetime by its total lifetime cost, are a poor way to compare fossil fuels and renewable energy.

Section III Writing

Part A

51. Directions：

You and your classmates plan to make a package tour to Hong Kong. Write a letter to the manager of a travel agency to

1）state your intention；

2）ask for a brochure, and；

3）express your appreciation.

Part B

52. Directions：

Study the following picture carefully and write an essay of 160-200 words in which you should

1）describe the picture；

2）deduce the purpose of the drawer of the picture；

3）give your suggestions.