Supplementary Reading
Steps in the Right Direction[2]
Before we are overwhelmed by the obstacles，let us reme mber that the application of theory is always slow.Progress is usually achieved in small steps.Some innovative ideas which are entirely consistent with Theory Y are today being applied with some success.
Decentralization and Delegation．These are ways of freeing people from the too-close control of conventional organization，giving them a degree of freedom to direct their own activities，to assume responsibility，and，importantly，to satisfy their egoistic needs.
Job Enlargement．This concept encourages the acceptance of responsibility at the bottom of the organization;it provides opportunities for satisfying social and egoistic needs.In fact，the reorganization of work at the factory level offers one of the more challenging opportunities for innovation consistent with Theory Y.
Participation and Consultative Management．Under proper conditions，participation and consultative management provide encouragement to people to direct their creative energies toward organizational objectives，give them some voice in decisions that affect them，provide significant opportunities for the satisfaction of social and egoistic needs.(https://www.daowen.com)
Performance Appraisal．Most of conventional programs of performance appraisal tend to treat the individual as though he were a product under inspection on the assembly line.A few companies—among them General Electric Company—have been experimenting with approaches which involve the individual in setting“targets”or objectives for himself and in a self-evaluation of performance semiannually or annually.Of course，the superior plays an important leadership role in this process.The role is considerably more congenial to many managers than the role of“judge”or“inspector”which is usually forced upon them.Above all，the individual is encouraged to take a greater responsibility for planning and appraising his own contribution to organizational objectives;and the accompanying effects on egoistic and self-fulfillment needs are substantial.
The ingenuity and the perseverance of industrial management in the pursuit of economic ends have changed many scientific and technological dreams into commonplace realities.It is now becoming clear that the application of these same talents to the human side of enterprise will not only enhance substantially these materialistic achievements，but will bring us one step closer to“the good society”.
【注释】
[1]Source:Shafritz，Jay M.et al.，Classics of Public Administration，Belmont:Wadsworth，2004，pp.171-176.
[2]Source:Shafritz，Jay M.et al.，Classics of Public Administration，Belmont:Wadsworth，2004，pp.175-176.