Text A Four Great Inventions
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四大发明是指中国古代对世界具有很大影响的四种发明：造纸术、指南针、火药、印刷术。四大发明对中国古代的政治、经济、文化的发展产生了巨大的推动作用，而且对世界文明发展史也产生了非常大的影响。
Papermaking,gunpowder,printing and the compass are four ancient inventions by Chinese people that have had a huge impact on the entire world.
Paper Making
The invention of paper greatly contributed to the spread and development of civilization.Before its invention,bones,tortoise shells,and bamboo slips were all used as writing surfaces,but as Chinese civilization developed they proved themselves unsuitable because of their bulk and weight.Hemp fiber and silk were used to make paper but the quality was far from satisfactory.Besides,these two materials could be better used for other purposes so it was not practical to make paper from them.
Xue fu wu che is a Chinese idiom describing a learned man.The story behind it concerns a scholar named Hui Shi who lived during the Warring States Period.He needed five carts to carry his books when he traveled around teaching.Books at that time were made of wood or bamboo slips so they were heavy and occupied a lot of space.Reading at the time needed not only brainwork but also physical strength.
In 105 A.D.Cai Lun,a eunuch during the Eastern Han Dynasty,invented paper from worn fishnet,bark and cloth.These raw materials could be easily found at a much lower cost so large quantities of paper could be produced.
The technique of paper making was exported to Korea in 384 A.D.A Korean monk then took this skill with him to Japan in 610 A.D.
During a war between the Tang Dynasty and the Arab Empire,the Arabs captured some Tang soldiers and papermaking workers.Thus,a paper factory was set up by the Arabs.
In the 11th Century the skill was carried to India when Chinese monks journeyed there in search of Buddhist sutras.
Though the Arabs,Africans and Europeans then mastered the skill,the first paper factory in Europe was set up in Spain.In the latter half of the 16th century,this skill was brought to America.By the 19th century,when paper factories were set up in Australia,paper making had spread to the whole world.
Cai Lun,also known as Tsai Lun,was listed in the book The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History by Michael H.Hart.
Gunpowder
In Chinese,gunpowder is called “huo yao”,meaning “flaming medicine”.Unlike paper and printing,the birth of gunpowder was quite accidental.It was first invented inadvertently by alchemists while attempting to make an elixir of immorality.It was a mixture of sulphur,saltpeter,and charcoal.At the end of the Tang Dynasty,gunpowder was being used in military affairs.During the Song and Yuan Dynasties,frequent wars spurred the development of cannons,and fire-arrows shot from bamboo tubes.
In the 12th and 13th centuries,gunpowder was spread to the Arab countries,then Greece,other European countries,and finally all over the world.
Printing
Inspired by engraved name seals,Chinese people invented fixed-type engraved printing around 600 A.D.The skill played an important role in the Song Dynasty but its shortcomings were apparent.It was time-consuming to engrave a model,not easy to store,and not easy to revise errors.
During the reign of Emperor Ren Zong of the Northern Song Dynasty,Bi Sheng invented moveable,reusable clay type after numerous tests.Single types were made and picked out for printing certain books.These types could be used again and again for different books.Because of the large number of different characters in the Chinese written language,this technique did not have a dramatic impact at the time.However,today,this typesetting technique is regarded as a revolution in the industry.About 200 years later,this moveable-type technique spread to other countries and advanced the development of world civilization.
Compass
During the Warring States period,a device called Si Nan became the forerunner of the compass.A Si Nan was a ladle-like magnet on a plate with the handle of the ladle pointing to the south.In the 11th century,tiny needles made of magnetized steel were invented.One end of the needle points north while the other points south.The compass was thus created.The compass greatly improved a ship’s ability to navigate over long distances.It was not until the beginning of the 14th century that compass was introduced to Europe from China.
Words & Expressions
1.tortoise shell 龟甲
2.hemp fiber 大麻纤维；麻刀
3.eunuch['juːnək] n.太监；阉人；宦官
4.flaming['fleimiŋ] adj.燃烧的；火红的；激昂的
5.inadvertently[inəd'vəːtəntli] adv.非故意地；不注意地
6.elixir[i'liksə] n.不老长寿药；万能药；炼金药
7.sulphur['sʌlfə] n.硫黄；硫黄色
8.saltpeter['sɔːlt'piːtə] n.硝石；硝酸钾
9.charcoal['tʃɑːkəul] n.木炭；炭笔
10.engrave[in'greiv] v.雕刻；使铭记；铭刻
11.typesetting['taip，setiŋ] n.排字
12.forerunner['fɔː，rʌnə] n.先驱；先驱者；预兆
13.ladle['leidl] n.勺子；长柄勺
14.needle['niːdl] n.针；指针
Notes
The Warring States Period（战国时期）：Also known as the Era of Warring States，or the Warring Kingdoms period，it covers the Iron Age period from about 475 B.C.to the reunification of China under the Qin Dynasty in 221 B.C.It is nominally considered to be the second part of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty，following the Spring and Autumn Period，although the Zhou Dynasty ended in 256 B.C.，35 years earlier than the end of the Warring States period.During these periods，the Chinese sovereign （king of the Zhou Dynasty） was merely a figurehead.
Exercises
I.Translate the following phrases into Chinese.
1.Four great inventions
2.Warring states period
3.Bamboo slips
4.engraved name seals
5.fixed-type engraved printing
II.Translate the following sentences into Chinese.
1.The invention of paper greatly contributed to the spread and development of civilization.
2.Books at that time were made of wood or bamboo slips so they were heavy and occupied a lot of space.
3.By the 19th century,when paper factories were set up in Australia,paper making had spread to the whole world.
4.It was time-consuming to engrave a model,not easy to store,and not easy to revise errors.
5.The compass greatly improved a ship’s ability to navigate over long distances.
III.Decide whether each of the following statements is true (T) or false (F) according to the passage.
1.Papermaking,gunpowder,printing and the compass are four contemporary inventions by Chinese people.( )
2.Xue fu wu che is a Chinese idiom describing a learned man.( )
3.It was not until the beginning of the 14th century that compass was introduced to Europe from China.( )
4.It was time-consuming to engrave a model,but it is easy to store,and to revise errors.( )
5.A Si Nan was a ladle-like magnet on a plate with the handle of the ladle pointing to the north.( )