【骨质疏松的饮食治疗方案】
补充钙和维生素D防止骨质疏松一直是全球权威学术机构临床指南的基本治疗策略。对于绝经后女性及年龄大于50岁的患有骨质疏松或有骨折风险的人群来说,2 0 2 2年,英国国家骨质疏松症指南工作组(NOGG)发布的《英国骨质疏松症预防和治疗临床指南》[15]建议进行饮食干预治疗,即从饮食中或补充剂中每日最低摄入700mg的钙,最低摄入800IU维生素D。FabianiR等[16]的研究发现那些进食新鲜蔬菜、水果、鱼类、家禽及全谷物食物较多的人群,髋部骨折及骨密度降低的风险要更低。与之相反,饮食中红肉、动物脂肪、精加工糖、非酒精饮料摄入多的人群,髋部骨折及骨密度降低的风险会升高。骨质疏松患者可以在日常肉类的选择中增加鱼类、禽类的摄入而减少红肉的摄入,同时尽量少饮用饮料及少食用含糖较多的食品。LinP-H等[17]的研究结果发现强调水果、蔬菜和低脂乳制品的富含钙质的饮食[阻止高血压的饮食方法(DASH)]可减少骨质流失。建议骨质疏松患者可以加强水果、蔬菜和低脂乳制品的摄入。尽管蔬菜与水果对于减少骨质流失有帮助,但是纯素食人群脊柱与髋部骨密度比杂食人群更低且发生骨折的风险更高[18]。所以绝对素食主义者在规划日常饮食时应适当加入钙、维生素D和蛋白质的强化食品或营养补充剂[19]。
在日常饮食中计算钙及维生素D的摄入量较为困难,建议每日常规进行钙与维生素D制剂的补充。这样虽然可能增加肾结石患病风险,但是最新研究表明其并不增加心血管疾病患病风险[20]。所以,常规补充维生素D及钙制品是方便且安全的。
乳制品是机体蛋白质、钙摄入的最佳来源,250mL牛乳中约有250~300mg钙。日常食用的蔬菜(如花茎甘蓝、卷心菜、白菜)、豆类、海鲜、虾皮、坚果、小鱼等亦含有丰富的钙。面食和谷类等主食亦是钙的来源,虽然此类食物含钙量低,但人们日常摄入量较多,故也能提供不少的钙。

同时需食用含磷的食物,尽量保证每天补充磷1~1.5g,以维持钙磷平衡。当钙磷比值<1∶2时,会增加骨骼中的钙溶解、脱出,导致机体钙流失,因此建议保持1∶1或2∶1的水平,减少骨质疏松。瘦肉、蛋、鱼、坚果、海带和紫菜是钙、磷的好来源。
普通钙制剂难以被机体吸收,维生素D可调节钙和磷的吸收,钙剂与维生素D联合使用可以预防骨质疏松,所以建议补钙时同时补充适量富含维生素D的食物,如动物肝脏、蛋黄、瘦肉、牛奶、鱼肝油等。新鲜蔬菜和水果富含多种维生素及微量元素,对机体内钙质的吸收和骨质的形成大有裨益。蛋白质是机体合成骨基质的物质,对恢复已丢失的骨质不可缺少,但高蛋白和高脂肪食物会增加尿钙的排出和影响钙质的吸收。蛋白质补充宜以多食用豆制品、鲜鱼、鲜鸡蛋等为主[21]。
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