第五节 本书结构
本书将社会空间置于城乡二元化、市场化和全球化的背景下,从宏观城市和微观社区两个尺度,对21世纪以来上海社会空间变迁的机制和效应展开实证研究。本书也注重将中国城市作为案例,放置于比较视野下进行思考,发掘中国的独特性对于理解转型城市社会的普遍意义。本书将揭示中国城市社会空间从相对均质、混居状态,逐渐转向以各种新兴社区为特征的差异化,与此同时,在社区层面形成同质社区。伴随以社区为基本单元的城市治理体系的发展,社区成为促进社会融合的新尺度。
第二章聚焦城市社会空间演变的物质基础,考察转型期城市居住景观多样化的动力机制。这章首先分析后改革时期体制和社会转型对当前城市住房生产和消费产生的深远影响。然后从城市增长机器的理论视角切入,对上海三个住宅项目开发策略、开发过程、增长联盟等进行深入分析。最后对中国城市与西方城市开发机制的异同进行比较与总结。
第三章与第四章利用人口统计数据,对上海社会空间分异水平与机制展开实证研究。既有研究通常认为,由于旧的体系及物质空间的遗留影响,至20世纪末,中国城市中以社会经济特征为基础的居住隔离水平仍然较低。第三章聚焦教育隔离和户籍隔离,考察1998年住房改革前后上海社会经济隔离水平、空间模式和影响因素的变化,揭示住房制度在居住分选过程中的关键作用。
第四章关注沿族裔维度展开的居住分异,考察跨境移民的居住空间模式与影响机制。尽管这仍不是中国城市空间主要的分异维度,但是跨境移民聚居区反映了跨越尺度的社会行动者如何共同塑造地方的社会空间。跨境移民社区往往形成独特的社会文化环境,对于实现包容性城市治理也带来新的挑战。此章对上海跨境移民的空间集聚水平与模式展开实证研究,并进一步分析了上海的全球城市战略对跨境移民社区形成的影响。
第五章到第七章集中讨论了空间分异的社会效应,关注社会融合如何在社区尺度中展开。其中,第五章研究城市外来移民在城市郊区聚居对其融入城市社会的影响。此章将居住区位作为移民实现社会阶层流动的宝贵资源,利用问卷调查数据,比较中心城区移民和郊区移民的经济和社会融合情况,并进一步考察其向上居住流动的可能。在此基础上,提出促进移民融合的空间治理策略。
第六章关注郊区新城居民的社会融合问题。此章首先回顾经典郊区社会理论,对发达国家和发展中国家的二分法提出质疑。然后,结合社会空间融合的内涵,以松江新城为例,分析郊区新城中以中高档商品房公寓、残留的城中村和外来人口的工业社区为代表的社会空间分异特征。最后,构建基于邻里、城市两个空间尺度,兼顾物理空间与社会关系两个维度的社会空间融合框架,分析邻里尺度特征如何促进居民在城市尺度上的融合,并总结对公共政策的启示。
第七章研究内城社区公共设施与居民社区参与的关系。住房商品化以后,单位制逐渐瓦解,中国城市独特的空间围合性以及公共设施的领域化治理却延续下来。此章利用上海内城社区的问卷调查数据,分析居住区内部设施如何对居民的社区参与产生积极影响,并与西方城市封闭社区进行比较。最后,研究探讨了通过加强社区服务,为社区尺度实现社会融合提供可能。
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