第七节 结论
居住区位不仅是衡量移民社会经济地位的重要指标,也是其实现社会阶层流动的宝贵资源。基于在上海开展的问卷调查,本章实证研究移民融合与其居住区位之间的关系。在西方和其他发展中国家,从中心城区迁至郊区,反映出移民群体的空间同化。但在中国,居住在区位条件不利的郊区社区,可能进一步加剧移民在社会中的边缘地位。
表5-5 移民空间同化的逻辑回归模型

(续表)

说明:*ρ<0.05;**ρ<0.01;***ρ<0.001。
具体来说,本研究的实证发现包括三个方面。首先,即使是在控制人口和社会经济特征的情况下,郊区移民的收入总体低于中心城区移民。这表明,移民人力资本的经济回报在空间上存在不均衡。其次,由于郊区相对缺少接触本地社会的机会,郊区移民不太可能建立群际友谊或多样的社会网络,而这对其社会融合的过程具有重要意义。最后,虽然移民具有较高的居住流动性,但在郊区居住会减小其迁居中心城区或更为有利的区位的可能性。因此,尽管郊区为移民提供了低成本的住房,但长远来看,居住在郊区社区不利于移民与本地的社会经济和空间融合。
研究结果反映了结构性因素是导致移民受到社会空间排斥的主要机制。即使具有同等的经济和社会资源,居住在郊区的移民迁入更具区位优势的中心城社区的可能性也很小。这一发现更接近于“地方分层理论”对移民居住区位的解释。在中国,随着土地和房产市场的建立,城市发生了大规模的空间重构。虽然中心城区及其郊区均在快速发展,但前者依然在行政、职能以及公共资源配置方面占据优势。大多数移民被排斥在正规的房产市场之外,被挤出了资源更为丰富的中心城区,被迫聚居在城中村等边缘化的郊区社区。由于郊区相对缺少有前景的就业机会、优质的公共设施和服务,加之郊区移民社区往往与本地居民社区高度隔离,移民的社会排斥问题在郊区愈发突出。
移民融合是促进城市化健康发展和社会和谐稳定的一个关键因素,也是“新常态”下城市发展的政策焦点之一。当前促进移民融合的政策,多集中于制度调整,如放宽落户条件、建立均等化的基本社会保障制度等。本研究发现,聚居于发展相对落后的郊区区位的移民,只能获得有限的区位资源和向上社会流动的机会。因此,促进移民融合的政策,需要通过城市规划实现合理的资源配置、有效地改善郊区基础设施、为郊区移民社区提供优质公共服务来实现。
此外,近年来的移民住房政策,多侧重于拆除移民聚居的城中村,在远郊区建设社会保障住房。但事实上,很多城中村位于区位条件相对较好的近郊区,在较为接近中心城区的区位为移民提供实惠的住房,对移民的融合过程有积极作用。然而,拆除城中村可能迫使移民迁往更远地区,地处偏僻的大型郊区社会保障住宅区也面临被边缘化的风险。因此,为了给移民提供更好的区位资源和生存机会,对城中村等移民社区的改造,可以考虑改善居住条件和公共设施,而非完全拆除和强制搬迁。此外,应考虑在近郊区增加建设廉租房、公租房等社会保障住房。
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