拟声(Onom atopoeia)
拟声主要分为直接拟声 (primary onomatopoeia)和次要拟声 (secondary onomatopoeia)两种。
直接拟声是对事物声音的直接模拟,从而产生音与义之间的直接联想。比如,clash,clank,ting,tinkle,jingle,clang,jangle,ding-dong,tick-tack等模仿金属发出的声音;splash,bubble,sizzle,drip-drop等模仿水和液体动态的声音;giggle,chuckle,shriek,snort,sneeze,snigger,smack,whisper,grunt,grumble,mumble,sputter,murmur,chatter,tittle,gurgle,gargle等模仿人发出的各种声音。
又如动物和物体的拟声:Cows-moo,frogs-croak,cock-crow,hens-chuck,sparrowschirp, squirrels-squeak, brakes-screech, corks-pop, cats-meow, engines-chug-chug,dogs-bow-wow,machines-clang, wind-whisper/roar, racing cars-vroom-vroom, snakeshiss,lions-roar,sheep-baa,trains-toot,doors-bang,windows-rattle,fire-crackle,bellsjingle/tinkle,等等。
次要拟声则是象征性地模拟事物的声音,从而使人产生象征性的联想。比如,sniff,snuff,snort,snare等拟声词都象征性地传达呼吸时发出的不同声音;snip,snatch,snap等常用来象征性地表达迅速等不同动作。
英语中还有许多回声词(echo words),它们常通过间接拟声形成象征意义。如dilly-dally(吊儿郎当地),shilly-shally(犹豫不决地),riff-raff(流氓或乌合之众),pit-a-pat(噼噼啪啪的声音),roly-poly(矮胖的,圆胖的),hocus-pocus(哄骗或戏弄),helter-skelter(慌慌张张地),higgledy-piggeldy(杂乱无章地),tittle-tattle(窃窃私语),pittle-pattle(噼塔啪塔),pit-a-pat(噼噼啪啪的),hugger-mugger(杂乱;混乱),等等。
拟声词的文体功能体现在加强语言的直观性、形象性和生动性,给人一种身临其境的感觉。同时,又能刺激人的听觉,并对语义产生象征性的联想。拟声词不仅音韵响亮,富于音乐性,而且形象鲜明,仪态逼真,能产生情趣盎然的效果(拟声词为斜体、加黑)。
例如,在L.A.Hill和D.J.May的《中东集市》(The Middle Eastern Bazaar)这篇散文中,作者运用的拟声词形象生动地描绘了在集市里的见闻,读后让人仿佛耳边响起金属敲打声的交响音、集市里此起彼伏的嘈杂声以及榨油坊里的各种混响声:
Little donkeys with harmoniously tinkling bells thread their way among the throngs of people entering and leaving the bazaar.The roadway is about twelve feet wide,but it is narrowed every few yards by little stalls where goods of every conceivable kind are sold.The din of the stall-holder;crying their wares,of donkey-boys and porters clearing a way for themselves by shouting vigorously,and of would-be purchasers arguing and bargaining is continuous and makes you dizzy.(一些挂着铃铛的小毛驴穿行于这熙熙攘攘的人群中,边走边发出和谐悦耳的叮当声。市场的路面约有十二英尺宽,但每隔几码远就会因为设在路边的小货摊的挤占而变窄;那儿出售的货物各种各样,应有尽有。你一走进市场,就可以听到摊贩们的叫卖声,赶毛驴的小伙计和脚夫们大着嗓门叫人让道的吆喝声,还有那些想买东西的人们与摊主讨价还价的争吵声。各种各样的噪声此伏彼起,不绝于耳,简直叫人头晕。)
One of themost picturesque and impressive parts of the bazaar is the coppersmiths'market.As you approach it,a tinkling and banging and clashing begins to impinge on your ear.It grows louder and more distinct,until you round a corner and see a fairyland of dancing flashes,as the burnished copper catches the light of innumerable lamps and braziers.(集市上最引人注目、给人印象最深刻的地方之一是铜器市场。你一走近这里,耳朵里便只听得见金属器皿互相碰击时所发出的一阵阵砰砰啪啪、叮叮当当的响声;走得越近,响声便越来越大,越来越清晰。直到你走到拐角处一转弯,眼前便出现了锃亮的铜器,它们映照着无数盏明灯和火盆,流光飞舞,有如仙境。)
...Ancient girders creak and groan,ropes tighten and then a trickle of oil oozes down a stone runnel into a used petrol can.Quickly the trickle becomes a flood of glistening linseed oil as the beam sinks earthwards,taut and protesting,its creaks blending with the squeaking and rumbling of the gringing-wheels and the occasional grunts and sighs of the camels.(古木大梁压得嘎吱作响,缆索开始绷紧,接着便见一滴滴的油沿着一条石槽汩汩流入一只废旧汽油桶里。随着大梁越压越低,缆索越绷越紧,大梁的嘎吱声,石磙的辘辘声,以及骆驼不时发出的咕噜咕噜的呼吸声和叹息声响成一片,榨出的油也很快地由涓滴细流变成了一股晶莹发亮、奔腾不止的洪流。)
再看下面马克·吐温(Mark Twain)在《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》 (Adventures of Huckleberry Finn)中描写雷雨的片段。在这段话里,作者通过运用一连串的拟声词,形象而又逼真地描绘了狂风暴雨、电闪雷鸣的情景,使读者仿佛置身风雨之中,轰隆隆的雷声响彻耳际,哗哗咧咧的闪电闪现在眼前:
My souls,how the wind did scream along!And every second or two there'd come a glare that lip up the white-caps for half a mile around,and you'd see the islands looking dusty through the rain,and the trees thrashing around in the wind;then comes a h-whack!—bum!bum!Bumble—umble—um—bum—bum—bum—bum—and the thunder would go rumbling and grumbling away,and quit...(哎呀!你听狂风呼啸着,每隔一两秒就有一道闪电,将周围半里地的一片白浪照得通亮,这时透过雨幕你就会看到小岛上尘土飞扬似的,树丛也被风吹得摇来晃去,接着是哗的一声——隆!隆!轰隆隆,轰隆隆,轰、轰、轰——雷就这样越响越远了,最后没了……)
拟声词具有音韵响亮,乐感较强的特征,在诗歌运用中常产生形象鲜明逼真、声情并茂和情趣盎然的文体效果。
比如,英国诗人托马斯·纳什(Thomas Nash)在歌吟春天的一首诗(Spring)里,运用了多个拟声词,模拟了布谷鸟、麦头凤鸡、夜莺和猫头鹰的鸣叫声,形象生动地烘托出春暖花开时节人鸟共欢的场景:(https://www.daowen.com)
Spring,the sweet spring,is the year's pleasant king;
Then bloom each thing,then maids dance in a ring,
Cold doth[1]not sting;the pretty birds do sing;
Cuckoo,jug-jug,pu-wee,to-witta-woo!...
再如英国诗人达尔文(E.Darwin)在下面这首短诗(How the Pretty Ladies Talk)中,运用拟声词中的回声词,形象生动而又风趣幽默地描绘了年轻女士交谈时的音效情景:
How the pretty ladies talk—
Tittle tattle,tittle tattle!
Like their patterswhen they walk-
Pittle pattle,pittle pattle!
(漂亮女士在闲聊——
叽叽喳喳,唧唧喳喳!
恰似她们的步履调——
吧嗒吧嗒,吧嗒吧嗒。)