修辞强调(Rhetorical Em phasis)
修辞强调常常在行文语境(textual context)中表现出来。作者或言者通过词语的形象化运用,使词语产生描绘生动、形象鲜明的效果;或通过词语的巧妙安排,使论说有力、表达生动,使语句意味深长、语气浓烈,从而,实现强调的目的。比如19世纪英国现实主义作家狄更斯(Charles Dickens)以法国大革命前夕英、法两国社会为背景创作的小说《双城记》 (The Tale of Two)开篇就是通过排比、反复、渐进、对照、比喻等多种修辞手法的综合运用,使作者的观点产生多层次的强调,语气和情感的抒发显得浓烈和充沛:
“Itwas the best of times,itwas the worst of times;itwas the age ofwisdom,it was the age of foolishness;it was the epoch of belief,it was the epoch of incredulity;itwas the season of light,it was the season of darkness;it was the spring of hope,itwas the winter of despair;we had everything before us,we had nothing before us;we were all going direct to Heaven,we were all going direct to the other way...”(那是最美好的时代,那是最糟糕的时代;那是智慧之年,那是愚蠢之年;那是光明的季节,那是黑暗的季节;那是希望的春天,那是失望的冬天;我们拥有一切,我们一无所有;我们全都在奔向天堂,我们全都在直奔相反的方向……)
英语修辞强调的方式不一而足,本文重点对夸张、对照、反问、排比、反复、渐进和矛盾修饰等修辞强调的方式进行探讨。(文中所有的例证中体现强调的内容皆用黑体加斜体提示。)
(一)夸张强调(emphasis by exaggeration)
夸张手法的运用,常常起到加强语气、强化语义的作用,并使情感表达显得浓烈深厚。如下例所示:
Was this the face that launched a thousand ship
And burnt thetopless towers of Ilium?
Sweet Helen,makeme immortalwith a kiss!
...
O,thou art fairer than the evening star,
Clad in the beauty of a thousand stars...(这就是那曾经推动一千只战船扬帆远征,把特洛伊那高耸入云的城堡化为灰烬的花容月貌吗?甜蜜的海伦,请给我一个吻,使我生命永恒!……哦,你的美貌胜过夜晚天空的星,一千颗星的光彩也不如你妩媚销魂!)
——From The Tragical History of Dr.Faustus by Christopher Marlowe
The camels are the largest and finest I have ever seen,and in superb condition-muscular,massive and stately.(油坊的骆驼是我见过的骆驼中最大最好的,而且体格健壮无比——肌肉发达,身躯伟岸,气宇轩昂。)
——L.A.Hill and D.J.May:The Middle Eastern Bazaar
...Ask yourselves how this gracious reception of our petition comports with those warlike preparations which cover our waters and darken our land...Gentlemenmay cry,“Peace!Peace!”But there is no peace.The war is actually begun!The next gale that sweeps from the north will bring to our ears the clash of resounding arms!(诸位问问自己,接受我们请愿书的彬彬有礼的态度,与我们的领海为之战云密布,领土为之黯然失色的军事部署,这两者协调得起来吗?……先生们尽管可以高喊和平!和平!但是依然没有和平!战争实际上已经开始了!从北方刮来的下一阵大风就会把兵器铿锵洪亮的回响传到我们的耳鼓里。)
——Henry.Patrick:Speech in Virginia Convention of Delegates
(二)反问和反语强调(Emphasis by Rhetorical Questions and Ironical Remarks)
反问是一种以疑问形式表达肯定或否定的句式,具有强烈的反诘语气。用反问句来表示或强调一个概念,更能吸引人的注意力,增强气势,抒发强烈的情感。例如,在莎士比亚的戏剧Julius Caesar(《朱列斯·恺撒》)的一段剧情中,布鲁托斯(Brutus)在一伙阴谋者的欺骗和煽动下,杀死了他的好友恺撒(Caesar)。在对公众演讲中他很痛心地说明,虽然他热爱恺撒,但因为恺撒有独裁的野心,所以,为了罗马共和国的利益,他不得不忍痛割爱,大义灭友。为了强调他杀死恺撒是为了挽救民众享有的民主和自由,布鲁托斯多次向听众提出了反问以强调他杀死恺撒的正义性和必要性:
...Not that I loved Caesar less,but I loved Rome more.Had you rather Caesar were living,and die slaves,than that Caesar were dead,to live all freeman?...Who is here so base that would be a bondman?If any,speak;for him have I offended.Who is here so rude that would not be a Roman?If any,speak;for him have I offended.Who is here so vile thatwill not love his country?If any,speak;for him have I offended.I pause for a reply....Then none have Ioffended.(……并非我不爱恺撒,而是我更爱罗马。你们是宁愿恺撒活着,大家做奴隶而死呢?还是让恺撒死去,大家做自由人而生?……这儿有谁自甘卑贱,愿意做一个奴隶?要是有这样的人,请说出来,因为我已经得罪他了。这儿有谁粗野到不愿做一个罗马人?要是有这样的人,请说出来,因为我已经得罪他了。这儿有谁愿意自甘下流,不爱他的国家?要是有这样的人,请说出来,因为我已经得罪他了。我等待着答复。……那么我没有得罪什么人。)
反语强调则是正话反说,反话正说,使形式与内容构成矛盾,并通过特定语气的辅助,不仅加强了语言的效果,而且突出了讽刺的力量。例如,在Julius Caesar(《朱列斯·恺撒》)同场的一段剧情中,布鲁托斯向公众表明了他杀死恺撒的心迹后,恺撒生前的好友安东尼(Antony)在恺撒的葬礼上对公众发表演讲,他通过具体事例的陈述,巧妙运用反问和反语手段,清晰的言辞和逻辑,借用布鲁托斯所谓“恺撒有独裁野心”的话语,反话正说,使听众对恺撒“有独裁野心”和布鲁托斯一伙所谓“品质高尚”的理解走向反面,从而达到了激怒群众反对阴谋者的目的:
...The noble Brutus hath told you Caesar was ambitious.If it were so,it was a grievous fault,and grievously hath Caesar answered it.Here,under leave of Brutus and the rest—for Brutus is an honorable man,so are they all,all honorablemen—come I to speak in Caesar's funeral.He was my friend,faithful and just tome;but Brutus says he was ambitious,and Brutus is an honorable man.He hath broughtmany captives home to Rome,whose ransoms did the general coffers fill.Did this in Caesar seem ambitious?When that the poor have cried,Caesar hath wept;ambition should be made of stronger stuff.Yet Brutus says he was ambitious,and Brutus is an honorable man.You all did see that on the Lupercal I thrice presented him a kingly crown,which he did thrice refuse.Was this ambition?Yet Brutus says he was ambitious,and sure he is an honorable man....But yesterday the word of Caesarmight have stood against the world.Now lies her there,and none so poor to do him reverence.O masters!If I were disposed to stir your hearts and m inds to mutiny and rage,I should do Brutus wrong,and Cassiuswrong,who,you all know,are honorablemen.Iw ill not do them w rong;I rather choose to wrong the dead,to wrongmyself and you,than Iwillwrong such honorablemen.(……因为正人君子布鲁托斯已经告知你们恺撒有野心。如果真是这样,那就是一个滔天大罪,而且恺撒已经为此付出了惨重的代价。现在,经过布鲁托斯及其一伙人的允许,因为布鲁托斯是正人君子,他们一伙人也是正人君子,我来恺撒的葬礼上说几句话。恺撒是我的朋友,对我公正且守信,但布鲁托斯说恺撒有野心,而布鲁托斯是个正人君子。恺撒曾经带许多俘虏回到罗马来,他们的赎金都充实了公用的财库;这可以说是野心者的行径吗?穷苦的人哀哭的时候,恺撒曾经为他们流泪;有野心者是不应当这样仁慈的。然而布鲁托斯却说他是有野心的,而布鲁托斯是一个正人君子。你们大家都看见在卢柏节那天,我三次献给他一顶王冠,他三次都拒绝了,这难道是野心吗?然而布鲁托斯却说他是有野心的,而布鲁托斯的的确确是一个正人君子。……就在昨天恺撒的一句话就足以抵御世界,但现在他却躺在那里,竟没有一个人对他肃然起敬。唉,主啊!如果我是想唤醒你们的心智和良知并因此义愤填膺决意反抗的话,我就会对不起布鲁托斯和卡西斯,你们大家知道,他们都是正人君子。我不愿做对不起他们的事;我宁愿对不起死人,对不起我自己,对不起你们,也不能对不起这些正人君子。)
(三)渐进强调(Emphasis by Means of Climax)
渐进强调的手法是通过对词语由轻到重、从强到弱的逐次排列,从而实现强调语义、激发情感的作用,并产生雄辩的气势和令人信服的力量。
例如,恺撒有一句名言:I came,I saw,I conquered.(我来了,我看到了,我征服了。)这句话可谓渐进修辞的经典,它生动简洁地展示了恺撒征服异邦的迅捷及其得意自傲的神气。
又比如二战时期,盟军在敦克尔大撤退后,面对希特勒的步步紧逼、疯狂进攻,英国首相丘吉尔在国会众议院发表的演讲中,运用渐进手法,语气激昂,言辞铿锵,表达和彰显了宁死不屈、誓与法西斯血战到底的坚强决心:
“...We shall go on to the end,we shall fight in France,we shall fighton the seas and the oceans,we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air,we shall defend our Island,whatever the costmay be,we shall fighton the beaches,we shall fighton the landing grounds,we shall fight in the fields and in the streets,we shall fight in the hills;we shall never surrender,...”(我们将战斗到最后一刻,我们将在法国作战,我们将在海洋上作战,我们将怀着必胜的信念和日益强大的空中力量去战斗,我们将保卫祖国不列颠岛,任何代价,在所不惜,我们将在海滩作战,我们将在陆地作战,我们将在山谷作战,我们绝不屈服……)
——From Speech on Hitler's Invasion of the U.S.S.R.by Winston Churchill
又如美国总统尼克松1972年访华时,在周恩来总理为他举行的欢迎宴会上,尼克松总统在祝酒词里,使用了渐进和排比手法,表达了与中国建立友好关系的良好愿望:
...There is no reason for us to be enemies.Neither of us seek the territory of the other;neither of us seeks domination over the other;neither of us seeks to stretch our hands and rule the world.(……我们没有理由成为敌人。因为我们任何一方都没有占领对方领土的企图;我们任何一方都没有企图去控制对方;我们任何一方都不会伸出手去图霸世界。)
——President Nixon's Toast on His First Visit to China in 1972
下面再摘录两篇演讲片段对渐进强调作进一步例释:一是美国独立战争前夕弗吉尼亚代表会议上Henry Patrick的演讲片段;二是美国南北战争时期美国总统Abraham Lincoln在葛底斯堡烈士公墓奠基仪式上的演讲片段。(https://www.daowen.com)
Sir,we have done everything that could be done,to avert the storm which is now coming on.We have petitioned; we have remonstrated; we have supplicated;we have prostrated ourselves before the throne,and have implored its interposition to arrest the tyrannical hands of the ministry and parliament.Our petitions have been slighted;our remonstrances have produced additional violence and insult;our supplications have been disregarded;and we have been spurned,with contempt,from the footof the throne.In vain,after these things,may we indulge the fond hope of peace and reconciliation.There is no longer any room for hope.If we wish to be free—if we mean to preserve inviolate those inestimable privileges for which we have been so long contending—if wemean not basely to abandon the noble struggle in which we have been so long engaged,and which we have pledged ourselves never to abandon,until the glorious object of our contest shall be obtained—we must fight!I repeat it,sir,we must fight!An appeal to arms and to the God of Hosts,is all that is left us!(先生们,为了躲开这场正在袭来的风暴,凡是我们能做的,我们统统做了。我们请过愿,我们抗议过,我们苦苦哀求过,我们匍匐跪倒在英王御座之前,恳切请求他出面干预,制止英国政府和议会残暴的黑手!然而,我们的请愿受到了轻侮,我们的抗议招致了新的暴力和侮辱,我们的哀求被人置之不理,我们被轻蔑地从御座前一脚踢开了。经历了这一切之后,我们还对和平与和解一厢情愿地抱着不切实际的希望,完全是徒劳无益的。已经不再有任何希望的余地了。如果我们希望自由——如果我们真想维护我们长期为之斗争不懈的珍贵权利,使之完整无损,如果我们真不愿意可耻地放弃我们长期从事的和发誓不达目的决不罢休的崇高斗争,那么,我们就必须战斗!先生们,我再说一遍,我们必须战斗!留给我们的唯一出路,就是诉诸武力,求助于战斗之神!)
——From Speech in Virginia Convention of Delegates by Patrick Henry
...The world will little note,nor long rememberwhatwe say here,but it can never forget what they did here.It is for us the living,rather,to be dedicated here to the unfinished work,which they fought here have thus far so nobly advanced.It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall nothave died in vain—that this nation,under God,shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people,by the people,for the people,shall not perish from the earth.(……全世界将很少注意到,也不会长久地记起我们今天在这里所说的话,但全世界永远不会忘记烈士们在此已付出的生命代价。毋宁说,应是我们这些还活着的人,在这里把自己奉献于先烈们已经如此崇高地向前推进但尚未完成的事业。应是我们在这里把自己奉献于仍然留在我们面前的伟大任务,以便我们从这些光荣的死者身上汲取更多的献身精神,来完成他们已经完全彻底为之献身的事业;以便使我们在这里下定最大的决心,不让这些烈士枉然牺牲;以便使这个国家在上帝的福佑下得到自由的新生,并且使这个民有、民治、民享的政府永世长存。)
——Abraham Lincoln:Gettysburg Address
(四)对照强调(Emphasis by Contrast)
对照强调的方式是把有明显对比意义的词语、观点、事物等通过特定词语结构呈现出来,从而形成鲜明的对照和浓烈的语气,给人以深刻的印象,产生强烈的语言张力。
英语谚语中就有不少对照强调的例子:More haste,less speed(欲速则不达);Man proposes,God disposes(谋事在人,成事在天);A friend to everybody is a friend to nobody(滥交者无真情);Drunkenness revealswhat soberness conceals(清醒会遮掩,酒醉吐真言);等等。
下面的例子摘选自1961年美国总统肯尼迪的就职演说(John Kennedy:Inaugural Address1961),可谓对照强调的范例:
And so,my fellow Americans,ask not what your country can do for you;ask what you can do for your country.My fellow citizens of the world,ask not what America will do for you,but what together we can do for the freedom of mankind.(所以,美国同胞们:不要问你们的国家能为你们做些什么,而是要问你们能为自己的国家做些什么。全世界的公民们:不要问美国能为你们做些什么,而是应该问我们在携手能为人类的自由做些什么。)
United,there is nothing we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures.Divided,there is little we can do—for we dare notmeet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder.(只要团结一心,那么,在许多合作事业中我们将无所不能。但如果离心离德,那么,我们将无所作为。因为我们在意见分歧、各行其是的情况下,是不敢应对强大挑战的。)
Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring those problemswhich divide us...Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors.(让我们双方探究能使我们团结同心的问题,而不要虚耗心力于使我们分裂的问题。……让我们双方都谋求激发科学的神奇力量,而不是科学的恐怖力量。)
(五)排比强调(Emphasis by Parallelism)
排比手法的运用可以使说理透彻充分、条理清晰;或叙事层次分明、细致深刻;或抒情节奏和谐、感情激扬;或辩论气势磅礴、咄咄逼人,从而产生优美和谐的旋律感和铿锵有力的节奏感。
美国总统肯尼迪1961年的就职演说被公认为美国总统就职演说的典范,充满了排比句。下面我们摘录一些排比强调和对照强调的范例:
Let every nation know,whether itwishes uswell or ill,thatwe shall pay any price,bear any burden,meet any hardship,support any friend,oppose any foe,to assure the survival and the success of liberty.(对每一个国家,无论她对我们寄以良好愿望或怀有任何恶意,我们都要对她们宣告,我们将不惜任何代价,承受任何负重,克服一切艰难险阻,支援一切朋友,反对一切敌人,以确保自由的胜利和与人类同在。)
Together let us explore the stars,conquer the deserts,eradicate disease,tap the ocean depths,and encourage the arts and commerce.(让我们联合起来去探索星球,治理沙漠,消除疾病,开发深海,并鼓励艺术和商务。)
通过排比手法强调的另一个经典例子是莎士比亚的戏剧《朱列斯·恺撒》中布鲁托斯的一段演讲:...As Caesar loved me,I weep for him;as he was fortunate,I rejoice at it;as he was valiant,I honor him;but as he was ambitious,I slew him.There is tears for his love;joy for his fortune;honor for his valor;and death for his ambition....(因为恺撒爱我,所以我为他流泪;因为他是幸运的,所以我为他感到欣慰;因为他是勇敢的,所以我尊敬他;因为他有野心,所以我杀死他。我用眼泪报答他的友谊,用喜悦庆祝他的幸运,用尊敬颂扬他的勇敢,用死亡惩戒他的野心。)
(六)反复强调(Emphasis by Means of Repetition)
通过相同词语或同义词的重复,使语义得到加强,让感情推向高潮。下面引用几个著名演讲中的片段来阐释反复作为一种修辞手法在语义和感情上所产生的强调作用:一是丘吉尔在1939年德国入侵苏联后发表的电视讲话;二是马丁.路德.金在1963年美国黑人为争取工作机会和自由权利的“华盛顿工作与自由游行”聚会上发表的演讲《我有一个梦想》。
I see the Russian soldiers standing on the threshold of their native land,guarding the fields which their fathers have tilled from time immemorial.I see them guarding their homes...where mothers and wives pray...I see the ten thousand villages of Russia...where maidens laugh and children play.I see advancing upon all this,in hideous onslaught,the Nazi war machine...I see also the dull,drilled,docile,brutish masses of the Hun soldiery plodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.I see the German bombers and fighters in the sky....Behind all this glare,behind all this storm,I see that small group of villainousmen who planned,organised,and launched this cataract of horrors upon mankind...(此刻我眼前看到的是俄国的士兵昂然挺立于自己的国土,英勇地捍卫着他们祖祖辈辈自古以来一直辛勤耕耘着的土地。我看到他们正在守卫着自己的家园……在那里他们的母亲和妻子正在向上帝祈祷……我看见成千上万的俄国村庄……那儿的姑娘在欢笑,儿童在嬉戏。我看到这一切正面临着凶暴的袭击,正杀气腾腾地扑向他们的纳粹的战争机器……我还看到那些呆头呆脑、训练有素、既驯服听话又凶残野蛮的德国士兵像一群蝗虫般地向前蠕动着。我看见天空中的德国轰炸机和战斗机……在这些刀光剑影背后,在这腥风血雨的场面背后,我看到一小撮恶棍在那里策划、组织,并犯下了这惨绝人寰的滔天罪行……)
We have but one aim and one single irrevocable purpose.We are resolved to destroy Hitler and every vestige of the Nazi regime.From this nothing will turn us—nothing.We will never parley,wewill never negotiatewith Hitler or any of his gang.We shall fight him by land,we shall fight him by sea,we shall fight him in the air,until,with God's help,we have rid the earth of his shadow and liberated its people from his yoke.Any man or State who fights on against Nazidom will have our aid.Any man or state who marches with Hitler is our foe...That is our policy and that is our declaration.(我们只有一个目标,一个唯一的,不可能变的目标,那就是一定要消灭希特勒和纳粹政权的一切痕迹。什么也不能使我们改变这个决定。什么也不能!我们决不妥协;我们决不同希特勒或他的任何党羽谈判。我们将在陆地上同他战斗,直至借上帝之力,在地球上清除他的阴影,并把地球上的人民从他的枷锁中解放出来。我们将援助任何一个同纳粹主义作战的人或者国家。我们将敌视任何一个助纣为虐的人或国家……这就是我们的政策,这就是我们的宣言。)
——Churchill's Speech on Hitler's Invasion of Russia
This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drug of gradualism.Now is the time tomake real the prom ises of democracy.Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice.Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood.Now is the time tomake justice a reality for all of God's children.(现在绝非奢谈冷静下来或服用渐进主义的镇静剂的时候。现在是兑现民主承诺的时候。现在是从种族隔离的荒凉阴暗的深谷攀登至种族平等的光明大道的时候。现在是把我们的国家从种族不平等的流沙中拯救出来,并把她置于兄弟情谊的磐石之上的时候。现在是向上帝所有的儿女实现公正平等的时候。)
And so let freedom ring—from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire.Let freedom ring—from themightymountains of New York.Let freedom ring—from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania.Let freedom ring—from the snow-capped Rockies of Colorado.Let freedom ring—from the curvaceous slopes of California.But notonly that.Let freedom ring—from Stone Mountain of Georgia.Let freedom ring—from Lookout Mountain of Tennessee.Let freedom ring——from every hill andmolehill ofMississippi,from everymountainside,Let freedom ring!(那就让自由之声从新罕布什尔州的巍峨的崇山峻岭响起来吧!让自由之声从纽约州的崇山峻岭响起来!让自由之声从宾夕法尼亚州的阿勒格尼山响起来!让自由之声从科罗拉多州冰雪覆盖的落基山响起来!让自由之声从加利福尼亚州蜿蜒的群峰响起来!不仅如此,还要让自由之声从佐治亚州的石岭响起来!让自由之声从田纳西州的瞭望山响起来!让自由之声从密西西比州的每一座山峰丘陵响起来!让自由之声从每一片山坡响起来!让自由之声响起来!)
——Ihave a Dream by Martin Luther King
(七)矛盾修辞强调(Emphasis by Means of Oxymoron)
矛盾修辞强调是把表面相互矛盾、似非而是的两种概念相提并论,从而,突出了矛盾的意义,强调了矛盾的心境。这种强调方式在莎士比亚戏剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》中多次出现。
例一,罗密欧在与朱丽叶一见钟情之前因单相思一个女子处于失恋状态。罗密欧用这样一段话强调了他失恋的心境: “O brawling love!O loving hate!O anything,of nothing first create!O heavy lightness!Serious vanity!Miss-haped chaos of well-seeming forms!Feather of lead,bright smoke,cold fire,sick health!Still-waking sleep,that is not what it is!”(啊,吵吵闹闹的相爱,亲亲热热的怨恨!啊,无中生有的一切!啊,沉重的轻浮,严肃的狂妄,整齐的混乱,铅铸的羽毛,光明的烟,寒冷的火焰,憔悴的健康,永远觉醒的睡眠,否定的存在!)
例二,在一次晚会上,罗密欧与朱丽叶一见钟情、陷入爱河。因两家世代为仇,当朱丽叶得知罗密欧的身份后,她用以下话语表达了她欲恨不能、深爱不能自拔的强烈的矛盾心境: “My only love sprung from my only hate!Too early seen unknown,and known too late!”(我唯一的爱源自我唯一的恨!相见太早而不知其人,见而太迟又相识恨晚!)
例三,罗密欧在街上遇到了朱丽叶的堂兄提伯尔特(Tybalt)。提伯尔特要和罗密欧决斗,罗密欧极力退让,不愿决斗,但他的朋友茂丘西奥(Mercutio)要为罗密欧挽回面子,和提伯尔特进行了决斗,结果被提伯尔特借机杀死。盛怒之下,罗密欧拔剑为朋友报仇,杀死了提伯尔特。当朱丽叶得知罗密欧杀死了她的表哥之后,她用以下话语表达了她对罗密欧爱恨交加的浓烈的矛盾心境: “...Beautiful tyrant!Fiend angelical!Dove-feather'd raven!Wolfish-ravening lamb!...A damned saint!An honorable villain!...”(英俊的暴君!天使般的恶魔!披着白鸽羽毛的乌鸦!豺狼般残忍的羔羊!……一个万恶的圣人!一个高尚的奸徒!……)