一、句段的定义

更新于 2026年10月13日 版权声明
一、句段的定义

《韦氏第三代新国际词典》 (Webster's Third New International Dictionary,1971)对句段(sentence fragment)的定义是:A word,phrase,or clause usually has in speech the intonation characteristic of a sentence but lacks the grammatical completeness and independence of a full sentence.(句段由单词、短语或从句组成,它们通常具有句子的语调特征但缺乏句子的语法完整性和独立性。)从英语句段的语法形态上看,句段的构成缺乏谓语动词,因此也称为无动词句(verbless sentence);从其语义内涵看,句段所表现的只是主句逻辑语义的一部分,因此,句段也称为不完整句 (incomplete sentence);从句段的文体功能看,句段具有简洁明快的表现力,因此,句段也可以称为文体句(stylistic sentence)。如下例所示(本文所有句段举例皆用黑体加斜体显示):

Zhou Enlai arrived.I watched him,fascinated by his gestures and by the rapid changes in his expressions.An unusuallymobile face,now ironical,now joking,now his head thrown back in laughter;then,at some comment,immediately alert and attentive....Tenacity,a lively humor,the keenest intelligence certainly;a man fully comm itted without divisions within himself,yet also,perhaps,with an ability to stand outside,cool,detached and thoughtful.(周恩来进来了。我注视着他,被他的举止风度和富于变化的神情吸引住了。他的脸部表情异常丰富,时而诙谐幽默,时而妙趣横生,时而仰面而笑,但一旦有人发表评论时,他又立刻变得警觉和聚精会神。……他富有韧性,诙谐幽默,犀利睿智,是一个富于献身精神而毫不徇私的人;同时,他也是一个能够置身事外,沉着冷静,不偏不倚,心思缜密的人。)(https://www.daowen.com)

——Glowing Fish:Zhou Enlai,Some Personal Recollections

由此可见,英语句段主要有两大特点:一是其句法功能的不完整性。从其语法形态来看,句段的表层结构(surface structure)通常是词、短语或从句,而其深层结构(deep structure)却隐含着一个句子的结构和信息,因此,具有一个完整句的语调。二是其语义内容的非独立性。因此,句段与行文语境(textual context)之间具有特定的语义逻辑联系。

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