句段的语义特征
句段的表层结构通常是词、短语或从句,但其深层结构却隐含着一个完整句的结构和信息。句段的语义特征表现在其语义内容的非独立性及其对行文语境的依托性。句段在语义内容方面的非独立性及其对行文语境的依托性,使句段的语义内容与行文主句之间形成了特定的语义逻辑依附关系。这种关系表现在:句段与主句处于一种层次结构(hierarchical structure)之中,这种结构所形成的语义环境(semantic context)使主句与句段之间显示出语义的逻辑层次,句段或对主词句进行修饰、限定,或对主词句提出的命题、人物事件、中心概念等作进一步的描叙、说明或补充。如下例所示:
(1)In each shop sits the appendices—boys and youths,some of them incredibly young,—hammering away at copper vessels of all shapes and sizes.——L.A.Hill and D.J.May:The Middle Eastern Bazaar(补充和描述性句段)(https://www.daowen.com)
(2)United,there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures.Divided,there is little we can do—for we dare notmeet a powerful challenge at odds and slit asunder.——John Kennedy:Inaugural Address1961(修饰限定性句段)
(3)Themassive rod,three and a half feet long,an inch and a quarter in diameter,weighing 13 pounds,shot from the hole under the force of the explosion.——Dr.Colin Blakemore:How Brain Research Got Started(补充和说明性句段)