东北小鲵Hynobius leechii
地方名：小娃娃鱼、水蛇子、乌鱼
形态特征：成体全长85～145mm，躯体圆柱形，头体长大于尾长。头部扁平，头长大于头宽；吻端钝圆，口裂达眼后，犁骨齿“︺”形，无唇褶；颈短，有明显的颈褶；指4、趾5。皮肤光滑，肋沟通常13（11～14）条。体背灰褐色或浅灰色，密布黑色或深灰色小点，部分个体背面纯色无斑点。雄性泄殖孔呈“十”字形，繁殖期其四周因皮下泄殖腔腺发达而明显隆起；雌体泄殖孔呈“ T ”字纵裂缝形；雄性尾背鳍褶明显，雌性尾背鳍褶不明显，雄性尾高大于雌体。
生活习性：生活于海拔200～850m山地溪水长流的山沟或浸水潭中，繁殖于河沟的缓流或静水区域或者水塘，卵产后黏挂在石下或枯枝下。在3—5月产卵，产卵时雄雌相互追随；雌体先在水内枯枝或石头上爬行，并排出白色黏稠的卵袋柄，然后排出1对卵袋，接着雄体迅速爬上卵袋，用四肢抱住卵袋排精。每对卵袋有卵70～90枚，从卵受精至孵化需时10～16天。自幼体从卵中孵化至完成变态的幼鲵需要60～70天。10月初入蛰，一般越冬于水底或河边山地苔藓下泥土中。幼体以水蚤和水丝蚓为食，成体捕食昆虫及其他小型无脊椎动物。
地理分布：国内分布于东北三省；国外分布于朝鲜半岛。
环渤海地区分布：在环渤海区域仅分布于辽宁省东部山地。
生存现状：易危（VU）。
Urodela Hynobiidae Hynobius
1.Hynobius leechii
Description Adults up to 85-145mm in TOL, body cylindrical, SVL longer than TL; head flattened, HL wider than HW; snout tip rounded; vomerine tooth in “︺” shape; neck short; labial fold absent; jugular fold present; four fingers and five toes; skin is smooth, with 13 (11-14) costal grooves on the lateral.Dorsum grey-brown or gray-white, with densely dark grey or black dots, some individuals are unicolor.Males cloaca in “╉” shape;during the breeding season, the cloacal gland in the hypoderm is developed obviously and the surrounding area is obviously elevated; females cloacal in “T” shape.Male tail is taller than female.Dorsal tail fin of males is distinct, and dorsal tail fin of females is indistinct.
Behaviour They live in mountain streams to higher elevations above 200m to 850m,breed in still waters or ponds, and lay eggs sticking on the stone or sticking under the dead branches.They spawn from March to May.During the spawning season, males and females follow each other.Females first crawl on branches or stones in the water, discharge white sticky egg sacs handle, and then discharge one pairs of egg sacs.Meanwhile, males climb up the egg sacs quickly, hold the eggs with limbs and release sperm onto the egg mass in a reproductive process.Each pair sac has 70-90 eggs.It takes about 10 to 16 days to hatch and newly hatched larvaes may be holometabolous in 60 to 70 days.As soon as in October,they spend the winter in the soil under the water or the moss along the rivers.The larvaes feed on water fleas and limnodrilus whereas the adult ones feed on insects and other small invertebrates.
Distribution China: Liaoning Province, Jilin Province and Heilongjiang Province.At abroad: Korean Peninsula.Distribution around Bohai Sea: in the mountains in the eastern Liaoning Province.
Conservation Vulnerable (VU).
