Graves病伴突眼的131I治疗

三、Graves病伴突眼的 131I治疗

Greaves 甲亢伴突眼(Graves’Ophthalmopathy,GO)是发生在眶内与甲状腺自身免疫紊乱相关的炎症性眼病[26]。大部分 GO 是发生在目前存在或既往患 GD 的患者。约半数 Graves甲状腺功能亢进症的患者存在 GO的体征和(或)症状,5%的患者病情较为严重。

GO 明确的危险因素包括甲状腺功能亢进症的放射碘治疗[30]、吸烟、治疗前 T3 高水平(≥325 ng/dL 或≥5nmol/L)、治疗前 TRAb 高水平(>50%TBII抑制或 TSI >8.8 IU/L)[31]和放射碘治疗后甲状腺功能减退症。2016年ATA指南对放射碘治疗Graves甲亢合并GO提出下述的治疗意见。

(1)轻度GO,即使具有吸烟因素,可以选择放射碘、AIT和甲状腺手术3个疗法之一。

(2)轻度活动性GO,没有GO恶化的危险因素,可以选择放射碘、AIT和甲状腺手术3个疗法之一。

(3)如果无使用糖皮质激素的禁忌证,推荐对轻度活动性GO采取放射碘治疗。特别是不存在恶化GO的危险因素条件下。

(4)如果存在GO恶化的危险因素,放射碘治疗同时需要合用糖皮质激素。

(5)在威胁视力、活动性中重度GO,不予放射碘治疗。选择AIT或者甲状腺手术治疗。

(6)不活动的GO采取放射碘治疗,不需要合用糖皮质激素。但是存在危险因素的个体(高滴度TRAb、CAS>1.0、吸烟),考虑给予糖皮质激素。

我们重点推荐选用放射碘治疗甲亢的患者联合使用糖皮质激素[25-32]。两项队列研究中,患者在放射碘治疗后早期使用L-T4预防甲状腺功能减退症发生,这类患者GO极少出现恶化(0~2%)。新诊断 GD 患者进行放射碘治疗后 2 周开始使用L-T4预防甲状腺功能减退,这类患者 GO 恶化的风险相比于 MMI 治疗的患者并无增加(RR=0.95)[33]

在非吸烟的 Graves甲亢患者伴轻度眼病时,131I治疗、甲巯咪唑或甲状腺切除术均为可选择的治疗手段。不必联用糖皮质激素。但是有证据表明放射碘联合糖皮质激素治疗能预防轻度活动性 GO的恶化[34]

选择131I治疗的患者在决定是否联合使用糖皮质激素时,需着重考虑风险、效益比(如GO 恶化的风险、糖皮质激素副作用的风险)。口服糖皮质激素的副作用包括加重高血糖、高血压、骨质疏松症、精神病和感染。如果吸烟,患者联合使用糖皮质激素的风险-效益比明显高,那么使用甲巯咪唑或手术治疗会更有利。除吸烟外,放射碘治疗后GO 恶化的危险因子还有治疗前 T3 高水平(≥325 ng/dL 或≥5nmol/L)、过去 3 个月内 GO 活动和进展、治疗前 TRAb 高水平(>50% TBII 抑制或 TSI>8.8IU/L)和放射碘治疗后出现的甲状腺功能减退症。GO糖皮质激素预防性治疗的推荐剂量等效于 0.4~0.5 mg/(kg·d)的泼尼松,从131I治疗后1~3 d开始,并维持 1 个月,其后 2 个月逐渐减量[35]。但一项新近的回顾性队列研究提示,那些轻度 GO 或无眼病的患者使用较低剂量和较短疗程的口服泼尼松[约0.2mg/(kg·d),6周]在预防 GO 恶化方面是等效的,此结论需要未来随机对照研究支持[35]

甲亢伴随轻度活动性眼病的患者,如吸烟或存在其他眼病恶化危险因素的,选择放射碘治疗后需接受糖皮质激素联合治疗。此外,积极纠正甲减是治疗的重要环节,可在甲状腺激素恢复正常后开始给予L-T4治疗。极少数患者在131I治疗后GO病情加重,及时糖皮质激素治疗往往可收到好的效果。近年国内一些医院使用锝(99Tc)亚甲基二磷酸盐注射液治疗GO,在临床上部分患者的突眼症状得到了不同程度上的缓解。

中度至重度或威胁视力的 GO 的甲状腺功能亢进症的治疗,合并有中度至重度或威胁视力 GO 的Graves甲亢患者需选择甲巯咪唑或手术治疗。在这类患者放射碘治疗并不是理想选择,一旦选择放射碘治疗,需联合使用糖皮质激素[36]

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