正常甲状腺功能病态综合征与重症心血管疾病

四、正常甲状腺功能病态综合征与重症心血管疾病

正常甲状腺功能病态综合征(Euthyroid Sick Syndrome,ESS)是指甲状腺本身无病变,但由于严重的非甲状腺疾病比如手术、创伤和禁食等应激原因导致甲状腺功能检测指标的异常。表现为T3降低,反T3(rT3)升高,但也可同时伴有FT4和TSH的异常。ESS主要是因为应激状态下,T4的内环脱碘酶被激活而5'-脱碘酶活性减弱,T4向rT3转换增多,向T3转换减少,故T3降低而rT3升高,它是机体的一种自我保护反应机制。这种综合征可见于急性心肌梗死、心力衰竭等多种重症心脏疾病。低T3综合征与患者心功能的严重程度密切相关。在慢性心力衰竭患者中低T3的发生率明显增高,且心力衰竭越重T3水平越低,或伴有多器官系统的受累,预后越差,因此T3水平可以预测死亡的发生。在重症心脏疾病时发生ESS的可能机制如下:①5'-脱碘酶活性受抑制,机体处于低氧状态、酸碱平衡以及电解质的紊乱,5'-脱碘酶活性和浓度下降,T4向T3转化减少,而rT3增多。②CHF患者的应激状态,可使儿茶酚胺、糖皮质激素以及皮质醇的分泌增加,致使TSH的分泌及T4向T3转化受到抑制,导致T3水平的降低。③缺氧、酸中毒等使组织利用T3增加。④由于机体处于组织缺氧、胃肠道瘀血、食欲减退、营养物质的缺乏等,甲状腺激素的合成减少。⑤甲状腺激素受体的改变,CHF患者甲状腺激素受体密度显著增加,且与T3具有较高的亲和力,致使血浆T3水平下降。⑥目前研究还发现CHF时炎症因子的增加使T3降低[31-32]

慢性心力衰竭与ESS之间关系密切,相互影响,两者发病的因果关系有待进一步研究,这是因为心肌细胞不能将T4转化为有活性的T3,当血浆中T3的水平过于低下时,心肌细胞会出现相对性的甲减,因此使得心肌细胞功能紊乱,心肌收缩功能减退,外周血管阻力增加,心排出量减少,同时具有的血流动力学改变使心功能进一步恶化。甲状腺激素水平低下不但影响心脏的收缩功能,而且对舒张功能也有影响,这是因为:①肌质网钙泵ATP酶活性降低,钙离子从细胞内移出减慢而导致心肌松弛性降低,从而出现心肌舒张功能受损。②甲状腺激素低水平时,心肌间质水肿,肌纤维肿胀断裂并有空泡形成,最终导致心肌重构、心脏扩大,心肌舒张功能下降。③甲状腺激素低水平时出现的一系列神经内分泌系统的改变,以及血流动力学的异常进一步使舒张功能恶化。FT3、rT3与CHF的严重程度密切相关,FT3和rT3可预测CHF的病理程度和用于预后的评估[33]

对于重症心血管疾病尤其当慢性心力衰竭患者合并ESS时是否补充甲状腺激素进行治疗,目前的结论尚不一致。传统认为低T3综合征可能是机体的一种保护性的正常生理反应,不需要甲状腺激素治疗,以免增加机体代谢及心肌耗氧量,增加心脏负荷,进一步加重心力衰竭。但是,也有一些探索性研究发现,当给予合并低T3综合征的心力衰竭患者补充甲状腺激素后,虽然血压和心率以及耗氧量没有明显的变化,但患者的心脏后负荷明显下降[34-35],因此认为补充甲状腺激素将来有可能成为治疗心力衰竭的一种新手段。

总之,虽然低T3综合征与严重心血管疾病之间有一定的关联性,对于心力衰竭患者是否补充甲状腺激素治疗,目前还存在一定的争议,但2014年ATA指南不推荐常规予以补充甲状腺激素[36]

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