7.9 各式各样的磨石

更新于 2026年10月10日 版权声明
7.9 各式各样的磨石

多年前,曾经有三大类磨石:(a)在德比郡开采的坚硬的皮克石(Peak stones);(b)法国磨石,是把从法国采石场开采的小块石头,用巴黎的灰泥按需要尺寸黏结成形制成的;(c)蓝石,也叫克灵石(cullin stones),这是一种坚硬的德国石,产自德国的科隆并因此而得名。如今,由金刚砂和水泥制成的复合磨石被广泛采用。经过长时间的碾磨后,磨石会变钝,必须用揳入木制海石竹头里的双头钢凿和尖嘴凿进行修凿磨快。磨石上有标准的主沟纹图案,从位于中心的磨眼一直延伸到外缘,此外还有支沟纹从主沟纹分岔(图118),磨面要么紧密地排列,要么互不接触。磨石通常由磨工自己修凿,但有时也交由流动的磨石修磨工完成,他们从一个磨坊走到另一个磨坊,住在那里直到所有工作都完成。

图示

图118 手工打磨磨石。

图中所示的是一些传统的设计图样。上下磨石的修整方法类似。(A)古罗马后期,(B)18世纪,(C)(D)(E)19世纪,(F)(G)右旋和左旋的磨石的“四等分”打磨。

图版11B所示的是另一种老式的谷物磨粉机,安置在位于牛津郡斯贝尔思贝里的科尔德隆磨坊,大约于1800年建成,1937年被拆毁。

参考书目

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Bennett,R.and Elton,J.‘History of Commilling’,Vols 1,2.Liverpool.1898,1899.

Dickinson,H.W.‘Water Supply of Greater London.’Newcomen Society,London.1954.

Dickinson,H.W.and Straker,E.“The Shetland Water Mill.”Trans.Newcomen Soc.,13,89-94,1932-3.

Fairbairn,Sir William.‘Treatise on Mills and Millwork’(4th ed.).London.1878.

Fitzherbert,John.‘The Boke of Surveyinge and Improvements.’London.1539.See also the edition of 1767.

Gardner,Emilie M.“Some Notes on Dutch Water Mills.”Trans.Newcomen Soc.,27,199-202,1949-51.

Glynn,J.‘Power of Water’(5th ed.).London.1875.

Hillier,J.‘Old Surrey Watermills.’Skeffington,London.1951.

Jespersen,A.‘Gearing in Watennills in Western Europe.’Published by the author,Virum(Denmark).1953.

Rees,A.‘The Cyclopaedia;or Universal Dictionary of Arts.Sciences and Literature’,Vol.38:‘Water.’London.1819.

Rose,W.‘The Village Carpenter.’University Press,Cambridge.1937.(https://www.daowen.com)

Science Museum.‘Historic Books on Machines’,by C.St.C.B.Davison.H.M.Stationery Office,London.1953.

Idem.‘Pumping Machinery’by G.F.Westcott.Part Ⅰ:‘Historical Notes’;Part Ⅱ:‘Catalogue.’H.M.Stationery Office,London.1932-3.

Skilton,C.P.‘British Windmills and Watermills.’Collins,London.1947.

Smeaton,J.‘Experimental En

quiry into the Natural Powers of Wind and Water to turn Mills.’London.1794.

Idem.‘Reports of the late John Smeaton(3 vols).London.1812.

Idem.‘Catalogue of the Civil and Mechanical Engineering Designs 1741 to 1792 preserved in the Library of the Royal Society.’Newcomen Society,London.1950.

Somervell,J.‘Water-Power Mills of South Westmorland.’Wilson,Kendal.1930.

Wailes,R.“Tide Mills in England and Wales.”Trans.Newcomen Soc.,16,1-33,1935-6.

Wilson,P.N.“The Origins of Water Power.”Wat.Pwr.,4,308-13,1952.

Idem.‘Water Power and the Industrial Revolution.’Ibid.,6,309-16,1954.

Idem.‘Watermills,an Introduction.’Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings.Booklet No.1.London.1955.

Idem.“The Waterwheels of John Smeaton.”Trans.Newcomen Soc..,30,1955-6(in the press).

图示

位于登地郡罗塞特的半木制水车,建于1661年。

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