研究的启示（Implication）
开展研究的主要目的是推动科学发展、指导临床实践；撰写科研论文还可以为其他研究人员提供研究思路。因此，论文的最后，还需要体现出本研究对未来临床实践或科学研究有何启示和指导意义。通过阅读这一部分内容，读者可以较为清晰地理解如何将你的研究发现应用于临床实践中，也会对未来如何进一步开展此方面的研究有个初步认识。要给出严谨、科学、有针对性的启示，需要对研究目的、研究主要发现及局限性理解得非常透彻。撰写这一部分时，要将其放在这几部分内容的大背景下。下面将通过2个例子，进一步说明如何撰写这一部分。
举例1，本研究的目的：①describe MCC patient self-care and care partner contributions to self-care in dyads，and②identify determinants of patient self-care and care partner contribution to self-care at the dyadic level.主要研究结果：①Patients and care partners reported higher levels of self-care monitoring than self-care maintenance and management behaviors.②Important patient clinical determinants of self-care included cognitive status，number of medications and type of chronic condition.Care partner determinants of self-care contributions included age，gender，education，perceived income，care partner burden，caregiving hours per week and the presence of a secondary care partner.研究的主要局限性：①cross-sectional nature of the data；②participants were recruited mainly from community settings.
如示例2-74所示，针对以上研究目的、研究结果和局限性，作者给出了以下启示。针对今后的临床实践：①同时考虑患者和家属这个二元体（dyad）作为一个整体，对其自我管理水平进行评估，与第一个研究结果相呼应；②对存在高危因素的人提供相应的支持和资源，与第二个研究结果中发现的危险因素相呼应。针对今后的研究：①采用纵向性研究设计：与第一个局限性呼应。②进行实验性研究，对危险因素进行干预：与第二个研究结果相呼应。
示例2-74 本研究对未来临床实践和研究的启示
Implications for practice and research
In clinical settings，healthcare professionals should consider the dyad as the‘unit of care’，especially in the context of MCC，since self-care for patients and care partners is more challenging due to the possibility of contradictory requirements of the various diseases.Regular assessments of patients and care partners and their self-care behaviours are needed.Support and resources should be offered，especially for dyads with the risk factors we identified（gender，income，education，and availability of a second care partner）.Respite care and homecare services should be offered when possible.Additional dyadic studies with longitudinal design are needed in MCC to confirm our results and identify the causal-effect direction.Moreover，intervention studies are needed to modify the risk factors identified.
举例2，本研究的目的：To assess the relationship between depression and self-care behaviors in individuals with MCC.主要研究结果：Self-care maintenance was the only dimension negatively associated with depression，even after controlling for covariates.研究的局限性：①cross-sectional design；②convenience sampling；③secondary analysis；④used a cut-point of five on the depression questionnaire and many of these participants had only mild depressive symptoms.
如示例2-75所示，针对以上研究目的、研究结果、局限性，作者给出了以下四个启示。第一个研究启示，针对研究结果和研究局限性3给出；第二个研究启示，针对研究局限性4给出；第三/第四个研究启示，在综合考虑研究结果及局限性的情况下提出。值得注意的是，有些期刊（尤其是护理学相关期刊）要求使用“Implications for research and clinical practice”或类似的小标题，给出研究启示；有些则不需要这个小标题，而是将研究启示与结论融合在一起书写。
示例2-75 本研究对未来研究的启示
Implications for research (https://www.daowen.com)
Future research is recommended to gain a more in-depth understanding of the relationship between self-care and depression in MCC populations.It would be helpful to explore how self-care behaviors change at different levels of depression severity.In addition，future studies should determine if selfcare maintenance effectively mediates the relationship between depression and self-care monitoring.With an increased understanding of these dynamics，healthcare providers would be more aware of how best to intervene to improve the outcomes of these fragile populations.
综上所述，研究的特色、局限性及研究启示在撰写上具有一定的连贯性和逻辑性。例如，可以先说明本研究的特色；接着引出本研究的局限性；继而在综合研究特色和局限性的基础上，提出研究对未来临床实践或科研的启示。可以参考以下撰写方式：This study has several strengths...However，there are limitations to this study...Despite the above limitations，findings from this study have important implications for future research and clinical practice.
论文的最后，多是针对该研究给出结论（Conclusion）。有些期刊要求论文单独给出一个小标题（Conclusion），有些期刊则要求将结论放在讨论的最后一段。需要注意的是：结论和摘要不同，结论需要突出主要研究发现及其相关性。如果你在之前的讨论中未单独给出“启示”，则在这里需要给出具体的启示或建议内容，这些启示可以针对政策、实践、教育或研究提出。针对你的研究给出相应的结论，切忌引入新的观点。在撰写结论时，始终牢记：很多读者在阅读时，仅仅浏览摘要和结论。因此，要确保结论中所展现的内容具有吸引力。
如示例2-76所示，本论文未给出“结论”这个小标题，而是在讨论的最后一段给出结论。如示例2-77所示，本文中，给出了一个单独的小标题“结论”，由于在此之前，文中未单独给出一段展示“启示”，所以，在这一部分，作者还提出了本研究对于未来科研和临床实践的启示。
示例2-76 结论举例1
In conclusion，in a large group of patients with ACS and OSA，the use of CPAP therapy had no positive effect on the prevention of recurrent major cardiovascular events.Moreover，the presence of OSA was not associated with an increased prevalence of cardiovascular events.
示例2-77 结论举例2
Conclusions
The weight of the evidence now suggests that gabapentin might be most efficacious after the initiation of abstinence to sustain it and that it might work best in those with a history of more severe alcohol withdrawal symptoms.To further confirm this，future studies should specifically evaluate symptoms related to protracted alcohol withdrawal during gabapentin treatment.Armed with this knowledge，clinicians may have another alternative when choosing a medication to treat AUD and thereby encourage more patient participation in treatment with enhanced expectation of success.
在撰写结论时，切忌夸大研究结论：你的研究所得出的结论一定要是文中数据能够支持的。对于英语非母语的我们来说，比较具有挑战性，因为不同的单词也许翻译成中文都是一个词语，但其所表达的语气强弱在英文中是不同的。例如，might，may，could，都是“可能”的意思，但是“可能”的程度却是由弱变强。