6.可信度

质性研究很少使用量性研究中的信度和效度，而是使用“可信度（trustworthiness）”来描述整个研究结果的严谨性（rigor）。此概念由Lincoln和Guba在1985年提出，并引入了4项衡量质性研究可信性和严谨性的指标，即可信性（credibility）、可靠性（dependability）、可确认性（confirmability）和可转移性（transferability）。可通过不同的方法来实现研究的可信度。

如示例4-19所示。可信性（credibility）通过开展深入访谈（indepth interview）、同行汇报（peer debriefing）及研究者自身的可信度来实现。可靠性（dependability）通过过程审查（process audit）来实现，如详细地记录数据分析的每一步以供同行评阅（documentation of every step in the analysis process was maintained for evaluation by peer researchers）。可确认性（confirmability）通过描述决策过程来实现（Confirmability was established by providing a description and rationale for the decisions made based on the findings，helping to ensure they accurately portrayed participants'responses）。可转移性（transferability）通过提供足够多的描述性资料来实现，如对深入访谈进行大量（extensive）、丰富（rich）、详细（detailed）的描述，以便他人对资料进行评价。(https://www.daowen.com)

示例4-19　可信度包含内容

Criteria of credibility，transferability，dependability，and confirmability were used to establish study trustworthiness（Guba and Lincoln，1989）.Credibility was achieved by indepth interviews with participants followed by peer debriefing.The primary investigator performed coding，categorization，and analysis of all the data.Dependability was reached by process audit，i.e.，documentation of every step in the analysis process was maintained for evaluation by peer researchers.Confirmability was established by providing a description and rationale for the decisions made based on the findings，helping to ensure they accurately portrayed participants'responses.Transferability was established by extensive descriptions collected through in-depth interviews.The descriptions provide the basis for outside reviewers to judge transferability（Guba and Lincoln，1989）.