新工党(1997—2010)

更新于 2026年10月13日 版权声明
四、新工党(1997—2010)

作为金诺克之后的工党领袖,约翰·史密斯热衷于重塑工党并防止党派进一步的分裂战争。“现代化者”,包括两位新兴明星,托尼·布莱尔和戈登·布朗,敦促他减少党内工会的权力。史密斯为会议投票和选举,包括为议会候选人投票,引入了一员一票(OMOV),但不包括选举党魁;这种投票方式取代了工会成员传统的“集体投票”。“集体投票”,基于其规模,给了工会相当大的权力。1993年9月的党内会议通过了这一点。与此同时,在为6%的摇摆票里预测能赢一半的席位和一半的工党空缺席位挑选候选人时,经史密斯提议,会议也通过了全女性的入围名单(AWS)。工党女性成员,包括把加入工党当作是反对撒切尔政府、推动自身事业发展的最佳手段的女权主义者,从20世纪80年代开始一直要求提高政治领域里的女性配额,她们认为这是解决地方政党不情愿选择女性去争取获胜席位的唯一方法。但在实施改革的8个月后,史密斯因心脏病发作突然去世,享年55岁。继任者的竞争很可能发生在影子大臣戈登·布朗和影子内政大臣托尼·布莱尔两人之间。

布莱尔在议员群体和工党党员中赢得了明显的多数票,更令人惊讶的是,工会也支持他。他强调自己的年轻,以及与传统的“老工党”的距离。他向撒切尔致敬,但提倡“现代”(他政治词汇中的一个关键词)、后撒切尔议题,呼吁左派和中间派反对纯粹的新自由主义。他任命普雷斯科特为副领袖,以帮助团结工党。布莱尔把自己的中产阶级背景作为一种资产,将工党从日益减少的工人阶级的身份转移到推广“中产英格兰”的抱负上来。1994年10月,布莱尔在作为领袖的首次党内会议上提出了“新工党”的概念,成功地改写工党1918年党章的第4条,取消了工党对国有化的承诺。党员人数增加了。(71)

工党在1997年获得胜利的竞选中所采用的主题曲是《一切只会变得更好》,该曲是由一支北爱尔兰的音乐组合创作的,而在北爱尔兰,人们对美好时光的希冀最为迫切。布莱尔在44岁时成为英国有史以来最年轻的首相,该记录保持到2010年保守党的戴维·卡梅伦当选。不同于最近的三位保守党领袖,布莱尔出身中产阶级,他非常清楚自1979年以来的变化,决心解决工党在20世纪80年代出现的麻烦,并在撒切尔带来的变革之中工作,接受私有制取代公有制以及政府必须与企业保持良好的关系,接受制造业、工联主义和公营部门的衰落已经削弱了工党的传统票仓的现实,因此工党必须吸引更多样的人口和文化,模糊旧的阶级界限。同时布莱尔也意识到挑战撒切尔某些遗产的必要性:最富裕和最贫穷的人口之间的差距已经变得令人无法接受,因此必须缩小差距,尤其是改善贫困和不安全的情况;还有服务,特别是对大多数选民来说非常重要的国民医疗服务体系和教育,已经衰落得太厉害了。他的目标不是建立一个平等的社会。如同撒切尔一样,他认为不平等是不可避免的,而且在某种程度上是可取的,因为他想利用不平等激发人们对更美好生活的强烈渴望。这就是推动他前进的“新”工党的愿景。

新工党在减少社会不平等方面做了很多的工作,尽管在2008年的危机中丧失了部分成果。贫困人口在减少,低收入者的收入在增加,但是收入差距在扩大,虽然扩大的速度慢于20世纪80年代。同时高收入者的人数增长更快,在金融危机之后于2009—2010年达到顶峰。(72)公共服务、教育和卫生的质量得到改善;有效的措施使得更多人找到工作,改善了低收入家庭中儿童的生活机遇;然而社会保障制度也变得更具选择性和惩罚性,特别是针对长期失业者和一些残障人士。(73)地区不平等现象依然存在,最高收入者集中在伦敦和英格兰东南部,北爱尔兰、英格兰东北部以及苏格兰和威尔士部分地区收入最低。(74)一些低收入家庭的生活条件恶化,这主要是由于工党最大的失败:工党未能扭转自20世纪80年代以来低收入家庭能够负担的适用住宅供应下降的状况。相较其他发达国家,英国生产效率依然低下。其他方面的不平等——性别、种族、年龄、性取向——在政府的干预下逐步改善,但在新工党的公共活动中,由于害怕“中产英格兰”群体的疏远,所以减少不平等状况的成功举措并未被突出宣传。从历史上看,选举的低投票率表明,工党可能疏忽了自己传统的支持者,即工人阶级,他们感觉工党不再为他们代言或和他们对话。工人阶级的人数随着制造业的下滑在减少,但是缩减程度并没有新工党所设想的高。工人阶级并没有消失,他们对于“被遗忘”的愤懑持续地对工党的选举造成危害。(75)此外,另一个人数较少的工党的传统支持者是激进的知识分子,但是伊拉克战争等原因已经使得他们离工党而去。布莱尔的“遗产”充其量是好坏参半的,而布朗的则比他好,对布朗的“遗产”的评价受到了国际金融危机的不公正影响,尽管他帮助减轻了经济危机所造成的伤害,却没有得到任何赞誉。


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