注释

注释

序幕 1930年,伦敦

1 Times(London),January 21,1930,16.

2 Ibid.,14.

3 Proceedings of the London NavalConference of 1930 and Supplementary Documents(Washington,DC:Government Printing Office,1931),26-27.

4 Raymond G.O'Connor,Perilous Equilibrium:The United States and the London Naval Conference of 1930(New York:Greenwood Press,1962),ch.2;Sadao Asada,From Mahan to Pearl Harbor:The Imperial Japanese Navy and the United States(Annapolis:Naval Institute Press,2006),130;John H.Maurer and Christopher M.Bell,eds.,At the Crossroads Between Peace and War:The London Naval Conference of 1930(Annapolis:USNI,2013).

5 Proceedings of the London Naval Conference,83.

6 Ibid.,85.

7 Asada,From Mahan to Pearl Harbor,139,153,139-47

8 Proceedings of the London Naval Conference,115.

第1章 潜艇战

1 Gunter Prien,I Sank the Royal Oak(London:Grays Inn Press,1954),15-121.

2 Angus Konstam,Scapa Flow:The Defences of Britain's Great Fleet Anchorage,1914-1945(Oxford:Osprey,2009).

3 Stephen Roskill,The War at Sea,1939-1945(London:Her Majesty's Stationery Office,1954),1:70-74.

4 Prien,I Sank the Royal Oak,182-83.

5 Karl Doenitz,Memoirs:Ten Years and Twenty Days(Annapolis:USNI,1958,1959),3.

6 Ibid.,5;Friedrich Ruge,“German Naval Strategy Across Two Wars,”Proceedings,February 1955,152-66.

7 Doenitz,Memoirs,5-8;Erich Raeder,My Life(Annapolis:USNI,1960),138;Clay Blair,Hitler's U-Boat War:The Hunters,1939-1942(New York:Random House,1996),31;Eberhard Rössler,The U-Boat(London:Cassell,1981),88-101;William A.Wiedersheim,“Factors in the Growth ofthe Reichsmarine,1919-1939,”Proceedings,March 1948,317-24.

8 Wiedersheim,“Factors in the Growth of the Reichsmarine,”319.

9 Edward P.Von der Porten,The German Navy in World War Ⅱ(New York:Thomas Y.Crowell,1969);Joseph Maiolo,The Royal Navy and Nazi Germany,1933-1939:A Study in Appeasement and the Origins of the Second World War(London:Macmillan,1998);D.C.Watt,“The Anglo-German Naval Agreement of 1935:An Interim Judgment,”JMH 2(1956):155-75.1936年的英国海军备忘录引自Terry Hughes and John Costello,The Battle of the Atlantic(New York:Dial Press,1977),31。

10 Rössler,The U-Boat,102-21;Wiedersheim,“Factors in the Growth of the Reichsmarine,”320;Doenitz,Memoirs,7;Raeder,My Life,138.

11 Rössler,The U-Boat,122;Karl H.Kurzak,“German U-Boat Construction,”Proceedings,April 1955,274-89;Raeder,My Life,280.Dönitz quotes his August 28,1939,memo in his Memoirs,43-44.

12 Francis M.Carroll,Athenia Torpedoed:The U-Boat Attack That Ignited the Battle of the Atlantic(Annapolis:USNI,2012),31;Peter Kemp,Decision at Sea:The Convoy Escorts(New York:Elsevier-Dutton,1978),1-8.

13 Doenitz,Memoirs,47.

14 Prien,I Sank the Royal Oak,123-24.

15 Ibid.,124.

16 Ibid.,187.

17 Alexandre Korganoff,The Phantom of Scapa Flow(Skepperton,Surrey:Ian Allen,1974),48-76;Prien,I Sank the Royal Oak,189.

18 Prien,I Sank the Royal Oak,190.

19 Ibid.,191.

20 Gerald S.Snyder,The Royal Oak Disaster(London:William Kimber,1976),94-96.本的证词引自第109页。

21 Snyder,The Royal Oak Disaster,113-31;Prien,I Sank the Royal Oak,190.

22 有几本著作讲述了U-47号潜艇击沉“皇家橡树号”的经历。普里恩本人于1940年在德国出版的自传《我击沉了“皇家橡树号”》(I Sank the Royal Oak)扣人心弦,被用于战时宣传,并在1954年译作英文。除了这本书,还有另外几部作品提供了关于此事的不同说法。亚历山大·麦基(Alexander McKee)的《黑色星期六》(Black Saturday,1959)暗示此次袭击能够成功必在一定程度上得益于内应,否则解释不通;亚历山大·科尔加诺夫(Alexandre Korganoff)的《斯卡帕湾幽灵》(The Phantom of Scapa Flow,1974)从德国视角出发,将此事阐述为一众英勇官兵大胆冒险进取的故事;杰拉尔德·S.斯奈德(Gerald S.Snyder)的《“皇家橡树号”灾难记》(The Royal Oak Disaster,1976)则较为公允,既包含了“皇家橡树号”受害者的视角,又从U-47的角度进行了讲述。最近的一部著作是H.J.韦弗(H.J.Weaver)的《斯卡帕湾噩梦:“皇家橡树号”沉没的真相》(Nightmare at Scapa Flow:The Truth About the Sinking of H.M.S.Royal Oak,1980)。

23 关于深水炸弹效果的描述来自美国海军“鹦鹉螺号”潜艇的艇员斯莱德·本森的口述,记载于Walter Lord Collection,NHHC,box 18。关于U-47艇员反应的描述来自Korganoff,The Phantom of Scapa Flow,119-23。

24 Blair,Hitler's U-Boat War,90,108.

25 Doenitz,Memoirs,51-53.

第2章 装甲舰

1 Erich Raeder,My Life(Annapolis:USNI,1960),283-84;David Miller,Langsdorffand the Battle of the River Plate(Barnsley,South Yorkshire:Pen and Sword,2013),88-89.

2 Eugen Millington-Drake,The Drama of the Graf Spee and the Battle of the Plate:A Documentary Anthology,1914-1964(London:Peter Davies,1964),97-99.米林顿-德雷克的这部作品至今仍是评价“施佩伯爵号”的狂暴行动以及随后的拉普拉塔河河口之战的最有用文献。

3 此人为海军中校A.D.坎贝尔(A.D.Campbell),引自Millington-Drake,The Drama of the Graf Spee,97。

4 Ibid.,99-100,123-25.

5 Ibid.;Eric Grove,The Price of Disobedience:The Battle of the River Plate Reconsidered(Annapolis:USNI,2000),26.当晚,朗斯多夫将哈里斯船长和“克莱门特号”的轮机长移交给中立国希腊的一艘货轮。

6 Karl Doenitz,Memoirs:Ten Years and Twenty Days(Annapolis:USNI,1958,1959),5;Raeder,My Life,3,239-44,251-52,255-63;Leonard Seagren,“The Last Fuehrer,”Proceedings,May 1954,525;Keith W.Bird,Erich Raeder:Admiral of the Third Reich(Annapolis:USNI,2006),31-90;Clay Blair,Hitler's U-Boat War:The Hunters,1939-1942(New York:Random House,1996),41.

7 David Wragg,“Total Germany”:The Royal Navy's War Against the Axis Powers,1939-45(Barnsley,South Yorkshire:Pen and Sword,2016),6;D.L.Kauffman,“German Naval Strategy in World War Ⅱ,”Proceedings,January 1954,2.

8 Raeder,My Life,201-14;Erich Raeder,Struggle for the Sea(London:William Kimber,1959),27,40-41;Friedrich Ruge,“German Naval Strategy Across Two Wars,”Proceedings,February 1955,157.

9 Terry Hughes and John Costello,The Battle of the Atlantic(New York:Dial Press,1977),34-35;Edward P.Von der Porten,The German Navy in World War Ⅱ(New York:Thomas Y.Crowell,1969),29.

10 Andrew Roberts,The Storm of War:A New History of the Second World War(New York:Harper,2011),36-37.

11 Hughes and Costello,The Battle of the Atlantic,35;Raeder,My Life,282,286.

12 Blair,Hitler's U-Boat War,66-69;Ruge,“German Naval Strategy Across Two Wars,”158;Raeder,My Life,287.

13 Millington-Drake,The Drama of the Graf Spee,101-2.关于庞德特征的描述来自1970年3月罗伯特·鲍尔(Robert Bower)致斯蒂芬·罗斯基尔(Stephen Roskill)的信件,引自Correlli Barnett,Engage the Enemy More Closely(New York:W.W.Norton,1991),52。

14 Millington-Drake,The Drama of the Graf Spee,102-4;James Levy,“Ready or Not?The Home Fleet at the Outset of World War Ⅱ,”NWCR 52(Autumn 1999):92.

15 Millington-Drake,The Drama of the Graf Spee,103;Stephen Roskill,The War at Sea,1939-1945(London:Her Majesty's Stationery Office,1954),1:114;Dudley Pope,The Battle of the River Plate(Annapolis:USNI,1956),46-47.

16 Admiralty memo of October 5,1939,printed in Millington-Drake,The Drama of the Graf Spee,102-3.

17 Millington-Drake,The Drama of the Graf Spee,116-7;Roskill,The War at Sea,1:115-16.

18 Millington-Drake,The Drama of the Graf Spee,114-16.The quotation is from F.W.Raseneck's memoir,Panzerschiff Admiral Graf Spee,which Millington-Drake quotes on 116.

19 Millington-Drake,The Drama of the Graf Spee,120-25.

20 Langsdorff memo,dated Nov.26,1939,quoted in Millington-Drake,The Drama of the Graf Spee,133.

21 Millington-Drake,The Drama of the Graf Spee,141.

22 Ibid.,142.

23 Cecil Hampshire,“British Strategy in the River Plate Battle,”Proceedings,December 1958,86-87.Copies of Harwood's orders are in Millington-Drake,The Drama of the Graf Spee,147 and 165.See also Grove,The Price of Disobedience,57.

24 Hampshire,“British Strategy,”87.

25 朗斯多夫的评论被拉森内克中校记录下来,引自Millington-Drake,The Drama of the Graf Spee,189。

26 Miller,Langsdorff and the Battle of the River Plate,119-20;Millington-Drake,The Drama of the Graf Spee,191,204-5,216.

27 Miller,Langsdorff and the Battle of the River Plate,120.

28 Millington-Drake,The Drama of the Graf Spee,227;Miller,Langsdorff and the Battle of the River Plate,127-28.

29 Hampshire,“British Strategy,”90.

30 与“施佩伯爵号”短暂停留于蒙得维的亚相关的外交文件,见Uruguayan Blue Book(London:Hutchinson,1940)。

31 Langsdorff is quoted in Grove,The Price of Disobedience,121.

32 Ibid.,170.

33 Willi Frischauer and Robert Jackson,“The Navy's Here!”:The Altmark Affair(London:Victor Gollancz,1955),212-13.美国版名为The Altmark Affair(New York:Macmillan,1955)。

34 Philip Vian,Action This Day:A War Memoir(London:Frederick Muller,1960),26.丘吉尔对自己在这段时期所扮演角色的讨论,见The Gathering Storm(Boston:Houghton-Mifflin,1949),526-27,561-64。

35 Ibid.,28-29;Frischauer and Jackson,“The Navy's Here,”223-43.

36 David J.Bercuson and Holger Herwig,The Destruction of the Bismarck(Woodstock,NY:Overlook Press,2001),24.

37 Raeder,My Life,290-91,306-7.

第3章 挪威战役

1 Martin Fritz,German Steel and Swedish Iron Ore,1939-1945(Goteborg:Institute of Economics,1974),30-39,41-48;Geirr H.Haarr,The German Invasion of Norway,April 1940(Annapolis:USNI,2009),27.

2 Erich Raeder,My Life(Annapolis:USNI,1960),308-9;希特勒3月1日下达的命令见Fuehrer Conferences on Naval Affairs,1939-1945(Annapolis:USNI,1990),83-84。另外可见Anthony Martienssen,Hitler and His Admirals(New York:E.P.Dutton,1949),50。威悉河是德国的一条河流,可能意在暗示这是一次内部演习而非外部侵略。

3 一些学者认为丘吉尔扮演的角色是海军战略家,例如可见以下文献:Max Hastings,Winston's War:Churchill,1940-1945(New York:Alfred A.Knopf,2010);Stephen S.Roskill,Churchill and the Admirals(London:Collins,1977);and Christopher M.Bell,Churchill and Sea Power(New York:Oxford University Press,2013)。

4 Bell,Churchill and Sea Power,173-79;Correlli Barnett,Engage the Enemy More Closely:The Royal Navy in the Second World War(New York:W.W.Norton,1991),93-94,100-102;Haarr,The German Invasion of Norway,28.

5 Raeder,My Life,309.

6 雷德尔的顾虑在其于1940年3月9日呈交希特勒的报告中十分明显,见Fuehrer Conferences,84-87以及Martienssen,Hitler and His Admirals,51-53。另外可见T.K.Derry,The Campaign in Norway(London:Her Majesty's Stationery Office,1952),18-21;and Raeder,My Life,311。

7 Peter Dickens,Narvik:Battles in the Fjords(Annapolis:USNI,1974),17.

8 David Brown,ed.,Naval Operations of the Campaign in Norway,April-June 1940(London:Frank Cass,2000),5-7;Dickens,Narvik,18;Clay Blair,Hitler's U-Boat War:The Hunted,1939-1942(New York:Random House,1996),147.

9 关于挪威海战的最全面历史著作是Geirr Haarr,The German Invasion of Norway,April 1940(Annapolis:USNI,2009),哈尔在此书的第90页至97页探讨了“萤火虫号”的沉没。皇家海军的官方记述见Brown,ed.,Naval Operations,128以及Richard Porter and M.J.Pearce,eds.,Fight for the Fjords:The Battle for Norway,1940(Plymouth:University of Plymouth Press,2012),后者是Britannia Naval Histories of World War Ⅱ丛书中的一本,“萤火虫号”的损失记载于第36页至37页。

10 Porter and Pearce,eds.,Fight for the Fjords,40;Dickens,Narvik,30.

11 Haarr,The German Invasion of Norway,307-14;Porter and Pearce,eds.,Fight for the Fjords,49-51;Dickens,Narvik,34-40;Vincent P.O'Hara,The German Fleet at War,1939-1945(Annapolis:USNI,2004),24-26;Brown,ed.,Naval Operations,19-21;Stephen Roskill,The War at Sea,1939-1945(London:Her Majesty's Stationery Office,1954),165-66.

12 Dickens,Narvik,17.

13 Haarr,The German Invasion of Norway,323-28;Brown,ed.,Naval Operations,19;Dickens,Narvik,36-39;O'Hara,The German Fleet at War,28-31.

14 Porter and Pearce,eds.,Fight for the Fjords,65-66;Dickens,Narvik,42;Krigsmuseum,Narvik(Narvik:Krigsminnemuseum,n.d.),4;Gardner,ed.,Evacuation of Dunkirk,52.

15 Porter and Pearce,eds.,Fight for the Fjords,66-68.

16 Ibid.,61-62;Dickens,Narvik,46-47;O'Hara,The German Fleet at War,33.

17 Porter and Pearce,eds.,Fight for the Fjords,61-64;Dickens,Narvik,39;Haarr,The German Invasion of Norway,336-46;O'Hara,The German Fleet at War,25-36.

18 Porter and Pearce,eds.,Fight for the Fjords,61-64;Blair,Hitler's U-Boat War,149.

19 Haarr,The German Invasion of Norway,346-50;Dickens,Narvik,78,87-90;O'Hara,The German Fleet at War,32-40.

20 Barnett,Engage the Enemy More Closely,109,122;Andrew Roberts,The Storm of War:A New History of the Second World War(New York:Harper,2011),40.

21 Brown,ed.,Naval Operations,32-36.

22 Porter and Pearce,eds.,Fight for the Fjords,77-86;Dickens,Narvik,119-21,124,141;Haarr,The German Invasion of Norway,357-71.

23 Derry,The Campaign in Norway,145-46.

24 Porter and Pearce,eds.,Fight for the Fjords,103;Roskill,The War at Sea,1:187.

25 Brown,ed.,Naval Operations,101,111;Derry,The Campaign in Norway,145-47.

26 Hastings,Wnston's War,11-19.

27 Derry,The Campaign in Norway,171-72,200-201.

28 Ibid.,207-11.

29 Earl F.Ziemke,“The German Decision to Invade Norway and Denmark,”in Command Decisions,ed.Kent Roberts Greenfield(Washington,DC:Office of the Chief of Military History,1960),71;Raeder,My Life,314.

30 O'Hara,The German Fleet at War,54-59;Haarr,The German Invasion of Norway,1.关于法国洛林铁矿的价值,见Marcus D.Jones,Nazi Steel:Friedrich Flick and German Expansion in Western Europe,1940-1944(Annapolis:USNI,2012)。

31 John Winton,Carrier Glorious:The Life and Death of an Aircraft Carrier(London:Leo Cooper,1986),166-73.

32 Brown,ed.,Naval Operations,127-29;Porter and Pearce,eds.,Fight for the Fjords,128-29;Barnett,Engage the Enemy More Closely,136-38;Fritz-Otto Bush,The Drama of the Scharnhorst(London:Robert Hale,1956),47-50.

第4章 法国沦陷

1 Winston Churchill,Their Finest Hour,vol.2 of The Second World War(Boston:Houghton Mifflin,1949),42;Walter Lord,The Miracle of Dunkirk(New York:Viking Press,1982),2.

2 Stephen S.Roskill,The War at Sea(London:Her Majesty's Stationery Office,1954),1:213-14.

3 W.S.Chalmers,Full Cycle:The Biography ofAdmiral Sir Bertram Home Ramsay(London:Hodder and Stoughton,1959),21.

4 Ibid.,29;David Divine,The Nine Days of Dunkirk(New York:W.W.Norton,1959),31.

5 Lord,Miracle of Dunkirk,47.

6 Robert Carse,Dunkirk,1940(Englewood Cliffs,NJ:Prentice-Hall,1970),40,65.

7 Roskill,The War at Sea,1:216-17;Carse,Dunkirk,1940,24-25;Robin Prior,When Britain Saved the West:The Story of1940(New Haven:Yale University Press,2015),112,114.

8 这位军官是“基思号”驱逐舰的上尉格雷厄姆·拉姆斯登,引自TheMammoth Book ofEyewitness Naval Battles(New York:Carroll and Graf,2003),432。

9 Carse,Dunkirk 1940,54;Correlli Barnett,Engage the Enemy More Closely:The Royal Navy in the Second World War(New York:W.W.Norton,1991),159-60.

10 Lord,Miracle of Dunkirk,117;W.J.R.Gardner,ed.,The Evacuation from Dunkirk:Operation Dynamo,26 May-4 June 1940(London:Frank Cass,2000),27-28;Prior,When Britain Saved the West,115.幸存者的评论由记者戈登·巴克尔斯记载,转引自Lawrence,Eyewitness Naval Battles,434。

11 Gardner,ed.,The Evacuation from Dunkirk,28.

12 M.J.Whitley,German Coastal Forces of World War Two(London:Arms and Armour,1992),23.

13 Prior,When Britain Saved the West,120-21.

14 Ibid.,123-24,260;Gardner,ed.,Evacuation from Dunkirk,36;Roskill,The War at Sea,1:222-23.

15 Prior,When Britain Saved the West,128-29.

16 Churchill,Their Finest Hour,115;Lord,Miracle of Dunkirk,227.

17 Churchill,Their Finest Hour,141,115.

18 值得注意的是,1940年时法国没有作战航母。仅有的一艘航母“贝阿恩号”被指派在西印度群岛执行运输任务,计划用来接替它的“霞飞号”并未建成。关于二战初期法国海军实力的总结,见John Jordan,“France:The Marine Nationale,”in On Seas Contested,ed.Vincent P.O'Hara,W.David Dickson,and Richard Worth(Annapolis:USNI,2010),16-20。

19 关于停战协定的部分转引自Arthur Marder,From the Dardanelles to Oran(London:Oxford University Press,1974),196。马德在第214页至215页讨论了contrôle一词含义的细微差别。还可参见Churchill,Their Finest Hour,158;Roskill,The War at Sea,1:240-41;Warren Tute,The Deadly Stroke(New York:Coward,McCann and Geoghegan,1973),34;and George E.Melton,From Versailles to Mers el-Kebir:The Promise ofAnglo-French Naval Cooperation,1919-1940(Annapolis:USNI,2015)。

20 Roskill,The War at Sea,1:240-41;Marder,From the Dardanelles to Oran,200.

21 Barnett,Engage the Enemy More Closely,211-12;Marder,From the Dardanelles to Oran,228-29;Michael Simpson,“Force H and British Strategy in the Western Mediterranean,1939-1942,”Mariner's Mirror 83(1977):63-64.

22 这道命令见于Marder,From the Dardanelles to Oran,233-37。

23 Marder,From the Dardanelles to Oran,212.

24 Barnett,Engage the Enemy More Closely,221-22;Andrew Browne Cunningham,A Sailor's Odyssey(New York:E.P.Dutton,1951),244-55,quotations from 244 and 250.See also Marder,From the Dardanelles to Oran,260-64;and René-Emile Godfroy,L'Aventure de la Force X à Alexandrie,1940-1943(Paris:Librarie Plon,1953).

25 Barnett,Engage the Enemy More Closely,232;Peter C.Smith,Critical Conflict:The Royal Navy's Mediterranean Campaign in 1940(Barnsley,South Yorkshire:Pen and Sword,2011),124-26.

26 丘吉尔这段著名大胆演讲的结语部分见Churchill,Their Finest Hour,118。

27 Marder,From the Dardanelles to Oran,205;Smith,Critical Conflict,129.

28 Marder,From the Dardanelles to Oran,242-44.

29 Roskill,The War at Sea,1:244;Marder,From the Dardanelles to Oran,239-40.丘吉尔发出的消息引自Their Finest Hour,236。

30 Jack Greene and Alessandro Massignani,The Naval War in the Mediterranean,1940-1943(Annapolis:USNI,2011),58-61;Raymond De Belot,The Struggle for the Mediterranean,1939-1945(Princeton:Princeton University Press,1951),26-29.

31 Somerville is quoted in Simpson,“Force H and British Strategy,”64.See also Smith,Critical Conflict,131.

32 Churchill,Their Finest Hour,233-34.

33 彼得·史密斯以大量篇幅深入探讨了这一问题,见Critical Conflict,151-227。另见Barnett,Engage the Enemy More Closely,204-5,257-58;and Simpson,“Force H and British Strategy,”65-67。

34 Churchill,Their Finest Hour,237-39;Greene and Massignani,The Naval War in the Mediterranean,61;Max Hastings,Winston's War:Churchill,1940-1945(New York:Alfred A.Knopf,2010),66.

35 Henri Noguères,Le Suicide de la Flotte Française à Toulon(Paris:Robert Laffont,1961).

第5章 意大利海军

1 Marc Antonio Bragadin,The Italian Navy in World War Ⅱ(Annapolis:USNI,1957),3-14;James J.Sadkovich,The Italian Navy in World War Ⅱ(Westport,CT:Greenwood Press,1994),1-44;Peter C.Smith,Critical Conflict:The Royal Navy's Mediterranean Campaign in 1940(Barnsley,South Yorkshire:Pen and Sword,2011),26-33.

2 Jack Greene and Alessandro Massignani,The Naval War in the Mediterranean,1940-1942(London:Chatham,2002),51;Alan J.Levine,The War Against Rommel's Supply Lines,1942-1943(Westport,CT:Praeger,1999),4-6.

3 Correlli Barnett,Engage the Enemy More Closely:The Royal Navy in the Second World War(New York:W.W.Norton,1991),224-25;Smith,Critical Conflict,29-31.将这段时期的地中海战事比作游击战的说法来自Giorgio Giorgerini,LaBattaglia dei Convogli in Mediterraneo(Milan:Murcia,1977),引自Sadkovich,The Italian Navy in World War Ⅱ,45。

4 Sadkovich,The Italian Navy in World War Ⅱ,55-63;Friedrich Ruge,Der Seekrieg(Annapolis:USNI,1957),134.齐亚诺的日记写于1940年7月13日,见Galeazzo Ciano,Diary,1937-1943(New York:Enigma Books,2002),370。此处提到的权威是小罗伯特·S.埃勒斯,见Robert S.Ehlers Jr.,The Mediterranean Air War:Airpower and Allied Victory in World War Ⅱ(Lawrence:University Press of Kansas,2015),17-18,53。

5 Ehlers,The Mediterranean Air War,17-18;Raymond De Belot,The Struggle for the Mediterranean,1939-1945(Princeton:Princeton University Press,1951),42;Andrew B.Cunningham,A Sailor's Odyssey(New York:E.P.Dutton,1951),258-59,262.

6 Bragadin,The Italian Navy in World War Ⅱ,28-29;Sadkovich,The Italian Navy in World War Ⅱ,58-59;Greene and Massignani,The Naval War in the Mediterranean,74;Smith,Critical Conflict,34-76.

7 Sadkovich,The Italian Navy in World War Ⅱ,55-58.引用部分来自1979年4月帕克致彼得·史密斯的一封信,见Smith,Critical Conflict,67。坎宁安的官方报告和他的“作战记述”(“Narrative of Operations”)注明的日期为1941年1月29日,见John Grehan and Martin Mace,eds.,The War at Sea in the Mediterranean,1940-1944(Barnsley,South Yorkshire:Pen and Sword,2014),1-12。

8 Greene and Massignani,The Naval War in the Mediterranean,93-97.

9 Ciano,Diary,1937-1943(entry of Sept.9,1940),381.

10 Greene and Massignani,The Naval War in the Mediterranean,95,101-14.

11 Thomas P.Lowry and John W.G.Wellham,The Attack on Taranto:Blueprint for Pearl Harbor(Mechanicsburg,PA:Stackpole Books,1995),Appendix B.

12 Cunningham to Secretary of the Admiralty,Jan.16,1941,in The Fleet Air Arm in the Second World War(Farnham,Surrey:Ashgate,2012),1:314-27.

13 Ibid.,1:318;Stephen Roskill,The War at Sea(London:Her Majesty's Stationery Office,1954),1:301.埃特纳火山的比喻来自飞行员查尔斯·兰姆,引自Richard R.Lawrence,The Mammoth Book of Eyewitness Naval Battles(New York:Carroll and Graf,2003),523-24。

14 Lowry and Wellham,Attack on Taranto,73-82;report of Cunningham to Secretary of Admiralty,Jan.16,1941,in Fleet Air Arm,1:319;Greene and Massignani,The Naval War in the Mediterranean,106-7;Sadkovich,The Italian Navy in World War Ⅱ,90-95;Cunningham,A Sailor's Odyssey,286;Ciano,Diary,1937-1943(entry of Nov.12,1940),395.

15 Lowry and Wellham,Attack on Taranto,87-100.劳里和威勒姆在此夸大了塔兰托港突袭与日军后来偷袭珍珠港之间的关系。

16 关于卡瓦那里的解职,见Robert Mallett,The Italian Navy and Fascist Expansionism,1935-1940(London:Frank Cass,1998);Winston S.Churchill,Their Finest Hour(Boston:Houghton Mifflin,1949),544。

17 Smith,Critical Conflict,259-61,271-81.

18 Ibid.,280,282-84.

19 Somerville's report,dated Dec.18,1940,is in Grehan and Mace,eds.,The War at Sea in the Mediterranean,27-46;Sadkovich,The Italian Navy in World War Ⅱ,96-97.

20 Smith,Critical Conflict,307,315-22.

21 De Belot,The Struggle for the Mediterranean,87-88;Ruge,Der Seekrieg,147-51;Cunningham,A Sailor's Odyssey,298.

22 “Conference Between the C-in-C Navy and the Fuehrer,”Sept.14,1940,in Fuehrer Conferences on Naval Affairs,1939-1945(Annapolis:USNI,1990),137-38.See also Egbert Kieser,Hitler on the Doorstep:Operation“Sea Lion”:The German Plan to Invade Britain,1940(Annapolis:USNI,1997),254-57.

23 Ciano,Diary(Oct.12,1940),300.

24 “Evaluation of the Mediterranean Situation,”Nov.14,1940,in Fuehrer Conferences,154-56.

25 “Report to the Fuehrer,”Feb.13,1942,and“Report by the C-in-C,Navy to the Fuehrer,”Mar.12,1942,both in Fuehrer Conferences,261-65,265-68.

26 Sadkovich,The Italian Navy in World War Ⅱ,120-24.马克·安东尼奥·布拉加丁在他的书中指出:“作者从个人角度可以提出,至少在某些情况下,至少在战争的第一年里,墨索里尼直接影响了意大利海军的决定,站在谨慎的一边。”Bragadin,The Italian Navy in World War Ⅱ,83.

27 Roskill,The War at Sea,2:52-53.See also Rowena Reed,“Central Mediterranean Sea Control and the North African Campaigns,”NWCR 32(July-Aug.1984):85,88-89.

28 相关备忘录见S.W.C.Pack,The Battle of Cape Matapan(New York:Macmillan,1961),19。亚基诺后来写道,德方施加的压力是意军出击的“决定性因素”。Iachino,Gaudo e Matapan,263-67,reprinted in Dark Seas:The Battle of Cape Matapan,Britannia Royal Naval College series,ed.G.H.Bennett,J.E.Harold,and R.Porter(Plymouth:University of Plymouth Press,2012),141 n.2.关于意大利的燃油状况,见Greene and Massignani,The Naval War in the Mediterranean,142-44。

29 De Belot,The Struggle for the Mediterranean,100-102;Ronald Seth,Two Fleets Surprised:The Story of the Battle of Cape Matapan,March,1941(London:Geoffrey Bles,1960),13-19;Pack,Battle of Matapan,60-63.

30 Pack,Battle of Cape Matapan,64.

31 Greene and Massignani,The Naval War in the Mediterranean,141;J.Valerio Borghese,Sea Devils:Italian Navy Commandos in World War Ⅱ(Annapolis:USNI,1995),27,78-82(originally published in 1950 as Decima Flottiglia Mas).

32 Cunningham,A Sailor's Odyssey,312-13,321.

33 关于布莱奇利庄园密码破译工作所扮演的角色,见John Winton,ULTRA at Sea:How Breaking the Nazi Code Affected Allied Naval Strategy During World War Ⅱ(New York:William Morrow,1988),14-16。Cunningham's report,Nov.11,1941,in Grehan and Mace,eds.,The War at Sea in the Mediterranean,48.See also Greene and Massignani,The Naval War in the Mediterranean,146-48;Seth,Two Fleets Surprised,34-37;Cunningham,A Sailor's Odyssey,325-26.

34 Greene and Massignani,The Naval War in the Mediterranean,148-49;S.W.C.Pack,Night Action off Cape Matapan(Shepperton,Surrey:Ian Allan,1972),34-35.

35 亚基诺在Gaudo e Matapan中强调了这个缺点。见Pack,Battle of Cape Matapan,65。

36 Seth,Two Fleets Surprised,42-43;Cunningham,A Sailor's Odyssey,327.一字不差的敌情报告见Appendix D of Bennett,Harrold,and Porter,eds.,Dark Seas,110-111。

37 “Sighting Reports,”Appendix D of Bennett,Harrold,and Porter,eds.,Dark Seas,111;Seth,Two Fleets Surprised,62-66;Cunningham,A Sailor's Odyssey,327.

38 Greene and Massignani,The Naval War in the Mediterranean,151-52;“Sighting Reports,”Appendix D of Bennett,Harrold,and Porter,eds.,Dark Seas,114.

39 Seth,Two Fleets Surprised,68-69.

40 Vincent P.O'Hara,Struggle for the Middle Sea:The Great Navies at War in the Mediterranean Sea,1940-1945(Annapolis:USNI,2009),90-91;Angelo Iachino,Gaudo e Matapan,in Dark Seas,130;Seth,Two Fleets Surprised,92,100;Greene and Massignani,The Naval War in the Mediterranean,153.

41 Seth,Two Fleets Surprised,107;Pack,Battle of Cape Matapan,116.

42 Seth,Two Fleets Surprised,108;Pack,Battle of Cape Matapan,117-20.

43 Cunningham,A Sailor's Odyssey,332.

44 O'Hara,Struggle for the Middle Sea,94;Cunningham,A Sailor's Odyssey,332;Seth,Two Fleets Surprised,117,119-21.

45 此处的叙述来自轮机长G.S.帕罗迪,收录于Seth,Two Fleets Surprised,145-46。

46 Cunningham's report,Nov.11,1941,in Grehan and Mace,The War at Sea in the Mediterranean,51;Greene and Massignani,The Naval War in the Mediterranean,158;Cunningham,A Sailor's Odyssey,334.

47 Sadkovich,The Italian Navy in World War Ⅱ,130;Ehlers,The Mediterranean Air War,80.

48 Cunningham,A Sailor's Odyssey,373.

49 Ibid.,380-89;Ehlers,The Mediterranean Air War,84.

50 特德的话转引自Ehlers,The Mediterranean Air War,129。

第6章 破交战(一)

1 Karl Doenitz,Memoirs:Ten Years and Twenty Days(Annapolis:USNI,1959),111-13,125;Lars Hellwinkel,Hitler's Gateway to the Atlantic:German Naval Bases in France,1940-1945(Annapolis:USNI,2014),12-25;Eberhard Rössler,The U-Boat:The Evolution and Technical History of German Submarines(London:Cassell,1981),126.

2 Doenitz,Memoirs,104-5.

3 Correlli Barnett,Engage the Enemy More Closely:The Royal Navy in the Second World War(New York:W.W.Norton,1991),199-200;Doenitz,Memoirs,137-41.

4 Clay Blair,Hitler's U-Boat War:The Hunters,1939-1942(New York:Random House,1996),87-93,149-62.Dönitz is quoted on 159.

5 Doenitz,Memoirs,137-40.

6 Terry Hughes and John Costello,The Battle of the Atlantic(New York:Dial Press,1977),97.

7 Blair,Hitler's U-Boat War:The Hunters,168-75;Kevin M.Moeller,“A Shaky Axis,”Proceedings,June 2015,30-35;Hughes and Costello,The Battle of the Atlantic,102-3.

8 Arnold Hague,The Allied Convoy System,1939-1945(Annapolis:USNI,2000),26-28.黑格在附录1里列举了护航船队编号。

9 Antony Preston and Alan Raven,Flower Class Corvettes(Norwich:Bivouac Books,1973);Chris Howard Bailey,The Battle of the Atlantic:The Corvettes and Their Crews(Annapolis:USNI,1994),6.蒙萨拉特的部分引自他自己的著作Three Corvettes(London:Cassell,1945),22,27,黑体为作者所加。

10 Peter Kemp,Decision at Sea:The Convoy Escorts(New York:Elsevier-Dutton,1978),12;Hughes and Costello,The Battle of the Atlantic,36-37.

11 Bernard Edwards,Convoy Will Scatter:The Full Story ofJervis Bay and Convoy HX84(Barnsley,Yorkshire:Pen and Sword,2013),15-17;Bruce Allen Watson,Atlantic Convoys and Nazi Raiders:The Deadly Voyage ofHMS Jervis Bay(Westport,CT:Praeger,2006),46.关于在“波纹海军”中服役之人的传闻,可见J.Lennox Kerr and David James,eds.,Wavy Navy,by Some Who Served(London:George G.Harrap,1950)。

12 Marc Milner,North Atlantic Run:The Royal Canadian Navy and the Battle for the Convoys(Annapolis:USNI,1985),26-27;W.A.B.Douglas,Roger Sarty,and Michael Whitby,No Higher Purpose(St.Catharines,ON:Vanwell,2002),181.

13 Winston Churchill,Their Finest Hour,vol.2 of The Second World War(Boston:Houghton Mifflin,1949),406;WSC to FDR,July 31,1940,Aug.15,1940,both in Roosevelt and Churchill:Their Secret Wartime Correspondence,ed.Francis L.Loewenheim,Harold Langley,and Manfred Jones(New York:E.P.Dutton,1975),107-10;George Ⅵ to FDR,June 26,1940,in John W.Wheeler-Bennett,King George Ⅵ:His Life and Reign(New York:St.Martin's Press,1958),511.See also Philip Goodhart,Fifty Ships That Saved the World:The Foundation of the Anglo-American Alliance(Garden City,NY:Doubleday,1965).

14 WSC to FDR,Aug.15,1940,in Roosevelt and Churchill,109.

15 Hague,Allied Convoy System,28.

16 Ibid.,29;Stephen Roskill,The War at Sea,1939-1945(London:Her Majesty's Stationery Office,1954),1:93.

17 Hague,Allied Convoy System,45;Edwards,Convoy Will Scatter,19.

18 Hague,Allied Convoy System,25;Samuel McLean and Roger Sarty,“Gerald S.Graham's Manuscript Diary of His Voyage in HMS Harvester,1942,”Northern Mariner,April 2016,177,180.

19 Paul Lund and Harry Ludlam,Night of the U-Boats(London:W.Foulsham,1973),41-57.

20 Ibid.,32-40.

21 McLean and Sarty,“Gerald S.Graham's Manuscript Diary,”180.

22 Bernard Ireland,The Battle of the Atlantic(Annapolis:Naval Institute Press,2003),54-55.

23 Lund and Ludlum,Night of the U-Boats,79-86.

24 Ibid.,94.

25 这名船队幸存者是亨利·里维利(Henry Revely),见其著作The Convoy That Nearly Died:The Story of ONS 154(London:William Kimber,1979),13。克雷奇默的战时日志引自Doenitz,Memoirs,108。另一版译文稍有差异,见Blair,Hitler's U-Boat War:The Hunters,198。

26 Lund and Ludlam,Night of the U-Boats,93-151,180;Blair,Hitler's U-Boat War:The Hunters,199-200.

27 Lund and Ludlam,Night of the U-Boats,174-75;Hughes and Costello,The Battle of the Atlantic,109-11.

28 Blair,Hitler's U-Boat War:The Hunters,212-13;Hughes and Costello,The Battle of the Atlantic,62.

29 Walter Karig,“Murmansk Run,”Proceedings,Jan.1946,32.

30 Erich Raeder,My Life(Annapolis:USNI,1960),273,345-46.

31 Theodor Krancke and H.J.Brennecke,The Battleship Scheer(London:William Kimber,1956),21-30.

32 Edwards,Convoy Will Scatter,10-11,15,19;Watson,Atlantic Convoys,76.

33 Watson,Atlantic Convoys,87.

34 Krancke,The Battleship Scheer,40.

35 Edwards,Convoy Will Scatter,43-45;Krancke,The Battleship Scheer,40;Watson,Atlantic Convoys,89-95.

36 Edwards,Convoy Will Scatter,76-84;Krancke,The Battleship Scheer,44-47.

37 Watson,Atlantic Convoys,95.

38 Ibid.,101.

39 Edwards,Convoy Will Scatter,61-65;Calum MacNeil,San Demetrio(Sydney:Angus and Robertson,1957),37,81-82.

40 MacNeil,San Demetrio,86,88.

41 Ibid.,88.

42 Ibid.,94,99-100.1943年,“圣德梅特里奥号”的故事被改编成大众电影,名为《圣德梅特里奥》,由查尔斯·弗伦德执导。

43 Krancke,The Battleship Scheer,199.

44 Raeder,My Life,249-50;Vincent P.O'Hara,The German Fleet at War,1939-1945(Annapolis:USNI,2004),70-74;Fritz-Otto Busch,The Drama of the Scharnhorst(London:Robert Hale,1956),32-34.

45 August K.Muggenthaler,German Raiders of World War Ⅱ(New York:Prentice-Hall,1977);Bernard Edwards,Beware Raiders!German Surface Raiders in the Second World War(Annapolis:USNI,2001);Friedrich Ruge,Der Seekrieg(Annapolis:USNI),1957),174-83;Olivier Pigoreau,The Odyssey of the Komet:Raider of the Third Reich(Paris:Histoire et Collections,2016),13.

46 Bernhard Rogge with Wolfgang Frank,Under Ten Flags:The Story of the German Commerce Raider Atlantis(London:Weidenfeld and Nicolson,1955),16-21;Joseph P.Slavick,The Cruise of the German Raider Atlantis(Annapolis:USNI,2003),27-45;Ulrich Mohr and A.V.Sellwood,Ship 16:The Story of the Secret German Raider Atlantis(New York:John Day,1956).

47 Rogge,Under Ten Flags,19,23-25;Slavick,The Cruise of the German Raider Atlantis,44-48.

48 Eiji Seki,Mrs.Ferguson's Tea-set,Japan,and the Second World War:The Global Consequences Following Germany's Sinking of the SS Automedon in 1940(Folkestone,Kent:Global Oriental,2007),6-17;Rogge,Under Ten Flags,99-103;Slavick,The Cruise of the German Raider Atlantis,109-111;Roskill,The War at Sea,1:381.这名德军登船队成员是乌尔里希·莫尔(Ulrich Mohr),引自Ship 16,153。

49 Wesley Olson,Bitter Victory:The Death of HMAS Sydney(Annapolis:USNI,2000),271-72;Michael Montgomery,Who Sank the Sydney?(New York:Hippocrene Books,1981);G.Herman Gill,Royal Australian Navy,1939-1942(Canberra:Australian War Memorial,1957),453-57.德方视角见Joachim von Gösseln,“The Sinking of the Sydney,”Proceedings,March 1953,251-55。

50 Blair,Hitler's U-Boat War:The Hunters,251-53.

51 Ibid.,256-58.

第7章 “俾斯麦号”战列舰

1 Erich Raeder,My Life(Annapolis:USNI,1960),272-75.

2 Iain Ballantyne,Killing the Bismarck:Destroying the Pride of Hitler's Fleet(Barnsley,South Yorkshire:Pen and Sword,2010),21-24;David Bercuson and Holger H.Herwig,The Destruction of the Bismarck(Woodstock,NY:Overlook Press,2001),21-22.

3 Bercuson and Herwig,Destruction of the Bismarck,29-30;Raeder,My Life,351.

4 Raeder,My Life,351-52.

5 Albert Vulliez and Jacques Mordal,Battleship Scharnhorst(Fair Lawn,NJ:Essential Books,1958),110-11.雷德尔1941年3月6日的日记,引自Bercuson and Herwig,Destruction of the Bismarck,43。

6 Raeder,My Life,351-53;Bercuson and Herwig,Destruction of the Bismarck,50-59.

7 Bercuson and Herwig,Destruction of the Bismarck,50-59.

8 Ibid.

9 Correlli Barnett,Engage the Enemy More Closely:The Royal Navy in the Second World War(New York:W.W.Norton,1991),50;Bercuson and Herwig,Destruction of the Bismarck,84-89.

10 Bercuson and Herwig,Destruction of the Bismarck,62-63;Barnett,Engage the Enemy More Closely,283.

11 Russell Grenfell,The Bismarck Episode(New York:Macmillan,1949),22-25,29-30.

12 Ibid.,33-35.

13 Bercuson and Herwig,Destruction of the Bismarck,101-4.

14 Grenfell,The Bismarck Episode,40-41,46-47;Bercuson and Herwig,Destruction of the Bismarck,129-30.

15 Bercuson and Herwig,Destruction of the Bismarck,138-9;Grenfell,The Bismarck Episode,47.

16 根据历书,5月20日丹麦海峡纬度上的日出时间为凌晨4点。帕克的祈祷词见Bernard Ash,Someone Had Blundered(Garden City,NY:Doubleday,1961),75。

17 关于“俾斯麦号”与“胡德号”之间的战斗,见Bercuson and Herwig,Destruction of the Bismarck,147-149,and Burkard Müllenheim-Rechberg,Battleship Bismarck:A Survivor's Story(Annapolis:USNI,1980),105-7。拉塞尔·格伦费尔在《“俾斯麦号”遭遇记》(The Bismarck Episode)中毫不留情地痛批了霍兰的部署,总结称“英军战术的构想和指挥堪称拙劣”(第62页)。

18 Müllenheim-Rechberg,Battleship Bismarck,104-6,109-10.

19 Bercuson and Herwig,Destruction of the Bismarck,162-64;Müllenheim-Rechberg,Battleship Bismarck,113;Grenfell,The Bismarck Episode,32-34,66;Stephen Roskill,The War at Sea(London:Her Majesty's Stationery Office,1954),1:401-6.

20 Müllenheim-Rechberg,Battleship Bismarck,114-15.战后一些文献断言,吕特晏斯和林德曼的激烈争论与林德曼想要返回港口有关,但大部分证据,包括此处引用的米伦海姆-雷希贝格提供的证据表明,二人发生争执是因为林德曼想要继续作战。

21 Winston Churchill,The Grand Alliance,vol.3 of The Second World War(Boston:Houghton-Mifflin,1950),307.20年后,托维称庞德曾扬言要把利奇和韦克-沃克送上军事法庭,直到托维以辞职来威胁他才打消这个念头。Tovey to Roskill,Dec.14,1961,in Roskill Papers,quoted by Barnett,Engage the Enemy More Closely,299.丘吉尔则在战后写道:“韦克-沃克将军决定不再继续作战……他的这一决定是正确的,无可争议。”Churchill,The Grand Alliance,310.

22 Bercuson and Herwig,Destruction of the Bismarck,147-49,163,168;Raeder,My Life,358.

23 Barnett,Engage the Enemy More Closely,247-48.

24 Grenfell,The Bismarck Episode,87-95;Bercuson and Herwig,Destruction of the Bismarck,186-93;Müllenheim-Rechberg,Battleship Bismarck,133;Anthony Martienssen,Hitler and His Admirals(New York:E.P.Dutton,1949),111.

25 Müllenheim-Rechberg,Battleship Bismarck,134-35,138.

26 Bercuson and Herwig,Destruction of the Bismarck,225-26,230-31;Grenfell,The Bismarck Episode,97-98.

27 Müllenheim-Rechberg,Battleship Bismarck,147.

28 Grenfell,The Bismarck Episode,101-4;Barnett,Engage the Enemy More Closely,303-5.

29 Bercuson and Herwig,Destruction of the Bismarck,237-39.

30 Ibid.,231,236-41;Grenfell,The Bismarck Episode,118-20,132-33.

31 Bercuson and Herwig,Destruction of the Bismarck,251-52,256;Grenfell,The Bismarck Episode,133-34.

32 Bercuson and Herwig,Destruction of the Bismarck,257-59;Grenfell,The Bismarck Episode,138-47.

33 Grenfell,The Bismarck Episode,154.

34 Müllenheim-Rechberg,Battleship Bismarck,168-69;Bercuson and Herwig,Destruction of the Bismarck,259-66.“俾斯麦号”收发的无线电报告见Fuehrer Conferences on Naval Affairs,1939-1945(Annapolis:USNI,1990),209-13。

35 Grenfell,The Bismarck Episode,160-61,164-69.

36 Ibid.,177-79;Müllenheim-Rechberg,Battleship Bismarck,204-5.

37 Grenfell,The Bismarck Episode,184-87.

38 Mü llenheim-Rechberg,Battleship Bismarck,211-14.

39 Bercuson and Herwig,Destruction of the Bismarck,297;Churchill,The Grand Alliance,319.

40 Friedrich Ruge,Der Seekrieg:The German Navy's Story(Annapolis:USNI,1957),172;Raeder,My Life,358.

41 Andrew Roberts,The Storm of War:A New History of the Second World War(New York:Harper,2011),160.

第8章 日出之国

1 Sadao Asada,From Mahan to Pearl Harbor:The Imperial Japanese Navy and the United States(Annapolis:USNI,2006),153-56,164-66.

2 Stephen E.Pelz,Race to Pearl Harbor:The Failure of the Second London Naval Conference and the Onset of World War Ⅱ(Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1974),27-29;Sadao Asada,“The Japanese Navy and the United States,”in Pearl Harbor as History,ed.Dorothy Borg and Shumpei Okamoto(New York:Columbia University Press,1973),229-31.69.75%的数据来自麻田贞雄的《从马汉到珍珠港》表2,见Asada,From Mahan to Pearl Harbor,298。

3 Stephen Howarth,The Fighting Ships of the Rising Sun(New York:Atheneum,1983),170-72.

4 Craig Symonds,The Battle ofMdway(New York:Oxford University Press,2011),27-29.我要感谢日本海上自卫队前舰队司令官香田洋二,他帮忙厘清了日本帝国海军战前复杂的政治局面。

5 Howarth,Fighting Ships of the Rising Sun,176-77;Asada,From Mahan to Pearl Harbor,170-71.

6 Tsuneo Watanabe,ed.,Who Was Responsible?From Marco Polo Bridge to Pearl Harbor(Tokyo:Yomiuri Shimbun,2006),21-22,49;Howarth,Fighting Ships of the Rising Sun,191.

7 Richard J.Smethurst,A Social Basis for Prewar Japanese Militarism(Berkeley:University of California Press,1974),xvii;Howarth,Fighting Ships of the Rising Sun,177.

8 Pelz,Race to Pearl Harbor,15-17;Howarth,Fighting Ships of the Rising Sun,190-91.

9 Hiroyuki Agawa,The Reluctant Admiral:Yamamoto and the Imperial Navy(Tokyo:Kodansha International,1979),70-76;Symonds,Midway,23-27;Katō is quoted by Sadao Asada in“The Japanese Navy and the United States,”240.

10 Alfred Thayer Mahan,The Influence of Sea Power upon History,1660-1783(Boston:Little,Brown,1890).第一章总结了马汉的战列舰主导论。麻田贞雄在《从马汉到珍珠港》的第二章探讨了马汉对日本战略思维的影响,见Asada,From Mahan to Pearl Harbor,26-46。

11 Mark R.Peattie,Sunburst:The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power,1909-1941(Annapolis:USNI,2001),83;Agawa,Reluctant Admiral,93;Symonds,Midway,30.

12 Agawa,Reluctant Admiral,13.

13 Peattie,Sunburst,80-81,86-89;Asada,From Mahan to Pearl Harbor,185;Symonds,Midway,32-33.

14 Thomas Wildenberg,All the Factors of Victory:Admiral Joseph Mason Reeves and the Origin of Carrier Airpower(Washington,DC:Brassey's,2003),1-10;Craig C.Felker,Testing American Sea Power:U.S.Navy Strategic Exercises,1923-1940(College Station:Texas A&M University Press,2007),121.

15 David C.Evans and Mark R.Peattie,Kaigun:Strategy,Tactics,and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy,1887-1941(Annapolis:USNI,1997),250-63;Pelz,Race to Pearl Harbor,30-32;Asada,“The Japanese Navy,”239.

16 Evans and Peattie,Kaigun,238-39;Mark R.Peattie,“Japanese Naval Construction,1919-41,”in Phillips P.O'Brien,ed.,Technology and Naval Combat in the Twentieth Century and Beyond(London:Frank Cass,2001),97.

17 Ibid.,266-70.

18 Asada,“The Japanese Navy,”239.

19 Howarth,Fighting Ships of the Rising Sun,192-93,198-203.

20 Agawa,Reluctant Admiral,95-96;W.D.Puleston,The Armed Forces of the Pacific(New Haven:Yale University Press,1941),45.

21 Watanabe,Who Was Responsible?,71.See also Howarth,Fighting Ships of the Rising Sun,178;Asada,From Mahan to Pearl Harbor,170-72;Smethurst,A Social Basis of Prewar Japanese Militarism,ⅹⅲ-ⅹⅳ.

22 Frank Dom,The Sino-Japanese War,1937-41(New York:Macmillan,1974),33-37.

23 Peattie,Sunburst,91-92;Jon Parshall and Anthony Tully,Shattered Sword:The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway(Washington,DC:Potomac Books,2005),78.

24 Asada,From Mahan to Pearl Harbor,238.《基本国策纲要》全文见David J.Lu,Japan:A Documentary History(New York:M.E.Sharpe,1997),418-20。

25 Kitaro Matsumoto,Design and Construction of the Yamato and Musashi(Tokyo:Haga,1961),337-54;Akira Yoshimura,Build the Musashi!The Birth and Death of the World's Greatest Battleship(Tokyo:Kodansha International,1991),37.

26 Janusz Skulski,The Battleship Yamato:Anatomy of a Ship(Annapolis:USNI,1988;Matsumoto,Design and Construction of the Yamato and Musashi;Yoshimura,Build the Musashi!,46-47.

27 Agawa,Reluctant Admiral,91.

28 关于南京大屠杀的遇害者人数,有几种不同的说法。多恩在日本攻入南京时是日方随军人员,他给出的数字是20万人,见Dorn,The Sino-Japanese War,92-95。其他文献在这方面提供的数据低至9万,高至30多万。张纯如在《南京大屠杀:第二次世界大战中被遗忘的大浩劫》中断言遇难人数超过30万,日本右翼团体对此提出强烈反驳,其中一些人还坚称在南京没有出现过强奸这种恶性事件。关于此争议的讨论,见Masahiro Yamamoto,Nanking:Anatomy of an Atrocity(Westport,CT:Praeger,2000)。西方最新的相关研究是Peter Harmsen,Nanjing,1937:Battle for a Doomed City(Havertown,PA:Casemate,2015)。关于斯旺森和罗斯福对“帕奈号”危机的反应,见Frank Freidel,Franklin D.Roosevelt:A Rendezvous with Destiny(Boston:Back Bay Books,1990),291。

29 《德意日三国同盟条约》全文见Lu,ed.,Japan:A Documentary History,424-25。

30 Fujiwara Akira,“The Role of the Japanese Army,”in Pearl Harbor as History,ed.Dorothy Borg and Shumpei Okamoto(New York:Columbia University Press,1973),190-91,194.

31 Asada,Mahan to Pearl Harbor,237.当时传阅的一份备忘录写道:“假如不可避免与美作战,我们便应充分备战。”见Watanabe,ed.,Who Was Responsible?,90。

32 Ibid.,239.See also William L.Langer and S.Everett Gleason,The Undeclared War,1940-1941(New York:Harper and Brothers,1953),7.

33 Agawa,Reluctant Admiral,219-22,225.

第9章 两洋海军

1 Robert F.Cross,Sailor in the White House:The Seafaring Life of FDR(Annapolis:USNI,2003);Joseph E.Persico,Roosevelt's Secret War:FDR and World War Ⅱ(New York:Random House,2001),161.

2 Frank Freidel,Franklin D.Roosevelt:A Rendezvous with Destiny(Boston:Little,Brown,1990),92-98.

3 Stephen E.Pelz,Race to Pearl Harbor:The Failure of the Second London Naval Conference and the Onset of World War Ⅱ(Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1974),77-81.

4 关于战争计划特别是橙色方案的权威著作,见Edward Miller,War Plan Orange:The U.S.Strategy to Defeat Japan,1897-1945(Annapolis:USNI,1991)。

5 Major Ellis's 1921 article is available at www.biblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/ref/AdvBaseOps.

6 Skipper Steeley,Pearl Harbor Countdown:Admiral James O.Richardson(Gretna,LA:Pelican,2008),84;Craig C.Felker,Testing American Sea Power:U.S.Navy Strategic Exercises,1923-1940(College Station:Texas A&M University Press,2007),57-59.

7 Freidel,Franklin D.Roosevelt,291;Time magazine,March 28,1938;Patrick Abbazia,Mr.Roosevelt's Navy:The Private War of the U.S.Atlantic Fleet,1939-1942(Annapolis:USNI,1975),3-4.

8 FDR to WSC,Feb.1,1940,and WSC to FDR,Dec.7,1940,both in Roosevelt and Churchill:Their Secret Wartime Correspondence,ed.Francis L.Loewenheim,Harold Langley,and Manfred Jones(New York:Saturday Review/E.P.Dutton,1975),93,122.

9 Abbazia,Mr.Roosevelt's Navy,62-68;Thomas A.Bailey and Paul B.Ryan,Hitler vs.Roosevelt:The Undeclared Naval War(New York:Free Press,1979),32-33,41,70.Wheeler is quoted on 45.

10 Abbazia,Mr.Roosevelt's Navy,71-74.

11 Ibid.,80.做出这些决策时,罗斯福倚仗的权力基本上都是他自己赋予自己的。1940年5月21日,他启用应急管理办公室,获得了管理军队各部门的权力。Freidel,Franklin D.Roosevelt,341-42.

12 Pelz,Race to Pearl Harbor,317-18;Mark R.Peattie,“Japanese Naval Construction,1919-41,”in Technology and Naval Combat in the Twentieth Century and Beyond,ed.Phillips P.O'Brien(London:Frank Cass,2001),101.

13 James R.Leutze,Bargaining for Supremacy:Anglo-American Naval Collaboration,1937-1941(Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1977),117.

14 Stark to Knox,Nov.12,1940,quoted in Craig L.Symonds,Neptune:The Allied Invasion of Europe and the D-Day Landings(New York:Oxford University Press,2014),11.

15 Symonds,Neptune,12-13.

16 United States-British Staff Conversations Report,March 27,1941,printed as exhibit#49(copy no.98 of 125),U.S.Congress,Pearl Harbor Attack Hearings(Washington,DC:Government Printing Office,1946),15:1487-96.See also Symonds,Neptune,13-17.

17 Robert W.Love Jr.,“Ernest Joseph King,”in The Chiefs of Naval Operations,ed.Robert W.Love Jr.(Annapolis:USNI,1980),139;Abbazia,Mr.Roosevelt's Navy,136.

18 Abbazia,Mr.Roosevelt's Navy,136;Ernest J.King and Walter Muir Whitehill,Fleet Admiral King,a Naval Record(New York:W.W.Norton,1952),313,319.

19 Gordon Prange,with Donald M.Goldstein and Katherine V.Dillon,At Dawn We Slept:The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor(New York:McGraw-Hill,1981),39-40,47;Steeley,Pearl Harbor Countdown,165-82.

20 Complete Presidential Press Conferences of Franklin D.Roosevelt(New York:Da Capo Press,1972),17:285-86.See also H.W.Brands,Traitor to His Class:The Privileged Life and Radical Presidency of Franklin D.Roosevelt(New York:Anchor Books,2009),590.

21 金梅尔对于从他掌管的太平洋舰队抽调众多军舰表示了抗议。斯塔克向他解释说:“我们清楚这些调动可能会影响对日作战,但如果我们想在大西洋上有所作为,就必须接受这些影响。”U.S.Congress,Pearl Harbor Attack Hearings,15:2163.See also Harold Ickes,The Secret Diary of Harold Ickes(New York:Simon and Schuster,1954),3:523(entry of May 25,1941);Prange,At Dawn We Slept,130-33.

22 Abbazia,Mr.Roosevelt's Navy,159-65,176.

23 Bailey and Ryan,Hitler and Roosevelt,138-40.

24 FDR to Ickes,July 1,1941,in Ickes,Secret Diary,3:567.

25 Robert E.Sherwood,Roosevelt and Hopkins:An Intimate History(New York:Harper Collins,1948),242-44.

26 T.R.Fehrenbach,F.D.R.'s Undeclared Naval War(New York:David McKay,1967),254-55;Abbazia,Mr.Roosevelt's Navy,223-24.

27 Abbazia,Mr.Roosevelt's Navy,223-31.

28 FDR's Fireside Chats(Norman:University of Oklahoma Press,1992),189,196;Abbazia,Mr.Roosevelt's Navy,229.

29 Fuehrer Conferences on Naval Affairs,1939-1945(Annapolis:USNI,1990),231-35.

30 Jon Meacham,Franklin and Winston:An Intimate Portrait of an Epic Friendship(New York:Random House,2004),105-6;Sherwood,Roosevelt and Hopkins,276-78.

31 Abbazia,Mr.Roosevelt's Navy,255-61.

32 Action Report,USS Kearny,October 20,1941,USNA.Available at www.destroyers.org/bensonlivermore/USS%Kearny/Kearnyreport.html.

33 Abbazia,Mr.Roosevelt's Navy,270-72.

34 Ibid.,276-79.

35 “Report by the C-in-C,Navy,”Sept.17 and Nov.13,1941,both in Fuehrer Conferences on Naval Affairs,231-35,235-39.

36 Abbazia,Mr.Roosevelt's Navy,298-300.

37 Ickes,Secret Diary,3:650(entry of Nov.23,1941).

38 Memorandum of Conversation,July 24,1941,Documentary History of the Franklin D.Roosevelt Presidency(Dayton,OH:University Publications ofAmerica/LexisNexis,2001),9:265-73.

39 James C.Thomson Jr.,“The Role of the Department of State,”in Pearl Harbor as History:Japanese American Relations,1931-1941,ed.Dorothy Borg and Shumpei Okamoto(New York:Columbia University Press,1973),101.关于艾奇逊在打乱罗斯福石油政策的过程中所扮演的角色,见Jonathan Utley,Going to War with Japan(Knoxville:University of Tennessee Press,1985),95-101,126-33,151-56,引用部分见第154页。See also Jonathan W.Jordan,American Warlords:How Roosevelt's High Command Led America to Victory in World War Ⅱ(New York:Random House,2015),97.

40 Prange,At Dawn We Slept,3-8;Sadao Asada,From Mahan to Pearl Harbor:The Imperial Japanese Navy and the United States(Annapolis:USNI,2006),272-76.

41 Prange,At Dawn We Slept,205;U.S.Congress,Report on the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack(New York:Da Capo Press,1972),32-35.史汀生在日记中坚称,赫尔告诉他:“这事我甩手不管了。现在归你和诺克斯,也就是陆军和海军来处理了。”赫尔后来表示自己从未说过这样的话,不过这可能确实反映了他的态度。See Barbara Wohlstetter,Pearl Harbor:Warning and Decision(Stanford:Stanford University Press,1962),234,258.

42 Prange,At Dawn We Slept,406;Wohlstetter,Pearl Harbor,228-46,259.

第10章 “AI行动”:偷袭珍珠港

1 Jisaburō Ozawa,“Outline Development of Tactics and Organization of the Japanese Carrier Air Force,”in Pacific War Papers:Japanese Documents of World War Ⅱ,ed.Donald M.Goldstein and Katherine V.Dillon(Washington,DC:Potomac Books,2004),78-79;Mark R.Peattie,Sunburst:The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power;1909-1941(Annapolis:USNI,2001),149,151.

2 Hiroyuki Agawa,The Reluctant Admiral:Yamamoto and the Imperial Navy,trans.John Bester(Tokyo:Kodansha International,1979),264;Gordon Prange interview of Genda(Sept.5,1966),Prange Papers,box 17,Hombake Library,University of Maryland,College Park;Matome Ukagi,Fading Victory:The Diary of Admiral Matome Ukagi,1941-1945(Annapolis:USNI,1991),13(diary entry of Oct.22,1941).

3 Atsushi Oi,“The Japanese Navy in 1941,”in Pacific War Papers,16;Peattie,Sunburst,76.

4 John Campbell,Naval Weapons of World War Ⅱ(London:Conway Maritime,1985);Craig L.Symonds,The Battle of Midway(New York:Oxford University Press,2011),38-39.

5 Gordon Prange,with Donald M.Goldstein and Katherine V.Dillon,At Dawn We Slept:The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor(New York:McGraw-Hill,1981),382.

6 Jonathan Parshall and Anthony Tully,Shattered Sword:The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway(Washington,DC:Potomac Books,2005),130;John Campbell,Naval Weapons of World War Ⅱ;Peattie,Sunburst,95.

7 Prange,At Dawn We Slept,390;Walter Lord,Day of Infamy(New York:Holt,Rinehart,and Winston,1957),19.

8 Prange,At Dawn We Slept,393-94.

9 Ibid.,22;Lord,Day of Infamy,17-19,26.

10 Husband E.Kimmel,Admiral Kimmel's Story(Chicago:Henry Regnery,1955),25;Prange,At Dawn We Slept,409.

11 Prange,At Dawn We Slept,440.

12 Robert E.Sherwood,Roosevelt and Hopkins:An Intimate History(New York:Enigma Books,2008,orig.1948),334.

13 Prange,At Dawn We Slept,490-92.

14 Lord,Day of Infamy,27-28,38,43.

15 Prange,At Dawn We Slept,501.

16 Ibid.,397,504.

17 Paul H.Backus,“Why Them and Not Me?”in Paul Stilwell,Air Raid:Pearl Harbor!(Annapolis:USNI,1981),163.

18 Prange,At Dawn We Slept,268-70.

19 Ibid.,515.

20 Lord,Day of Infamy,219-20;Prange,At Dawn We Slept,515;Andrieu D'Albas,Death of a Navy:Japanese Naval Action in World War Ⅱ(New York:Devin-Adair,1957),35-37.

21 Sherwood,Roosevelt and Hopkins,347;Winston S.Churchill,The Grand Alliance(Boston:Houghton Mifflin,1950),603-4;Lynne Olson,Citizens of London(New York:Random House,2010),143-44.

22 Frank Freidel,Franklin D.Roosevelt:Rendezvous with Destiny(Boston:Little,Brown,1990),406.

23 Brian P.Farrell,The Defense and Fall of Singapore,1940-1942(Stroud,Gloucestershire Tempus,2005),139-42;D'Albas,Death of a Navy,38-43.

24 Farrell,The Defense and Fall of Singapore,141;Geoffrey Bennett,The Loss of the Prince of Wales and Repulse(Annapolis:USNI,1973),131.

25 Farrell,The Defense and Fall of Singapore,142-43.

26 Russell Grenfell,Main Fleet to Singapore(New York:Macmillan,1952),92-93;Arthur Nicholson,Hostage to Fortune:Winston Churchill and the Loss of the Prince of Wales and Repulse(Stroud,Gloucestershire:Sutton,2005),33-48.

27 Christopher M.Bell,Churchill and Sea Power(New York:Oxford University Press,2013),239-47.

28 Bennett,The Loss of the Prince of Wales and Repulse,31-34.

29 Ibid.,43;David Thomas,Battle of the Java Sea(New York:Stein and Day,1968),67-71.

30 Bernard Ash,Someone Had Blundered:The Story of the“Repulse”and the“Prince of Wales”(Garden City,NY:Doubleday,1962),210,217.

31 Thomas,Battle of the Java Sea,88.

32 Farrell,The Defense and Fall of Singapore,143.

33 Grenfell,Main Fleet to Singapore,118.

34 Thomas Wildenberg,Billy Mitchell's War with the Navy:The Interwar Rivalry over Air Power(Annapolis:USNI,2014),70-94.

35 Thomas,Battle of the Java Sea,92-95.那名上尉是杰弗里·布鲁克(Geoffrey Brooke),引自Richard R.Lawrence,The Mammoth Book of Eyewitness Naval Battles(New York:Carroll and Graf,2003),462。

36 Ash,Someone Had Blundered,246;Bennett,The Loss of the Prince of Wales and Repulse,52.

37 Churchill,The Grand Alliance,620.

第11章 斗兽出笼

1 这位英国历史学家是戴维·A.托马斯,见David A.Thomas,Battle of the Java Sea(New York:Stein and Day,1968),147。See also Ian W.Toll,Pacific Crucible:War at Sea in the Pacific,1941-1942(New York:W.W.Norton,2012),237-40.

2 Stark to Kimmel,Dec.15,1941,and Stark to Pye,Dec.22,1941,both in Nimitz Papers,box 1:49-50,72,NHHC;John B.Lundstrom,Black Shoe Carrier Admiral:Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea,Midway,and Guadalcanal(Annapolis:USNI,2006),23,31.

3 Thomas,Battle of the Java Sea,117-19;Lodwick H.Alford,Playing for Time:War on an Asiatic Fleet Destroyer(Bennington,VT:Merriam Press,2006),95;Jeffrey R.Cox,Rising Sun,Falling Skies:The Disastrous Java Sea Campaign of World War Ⅱ(Oxford:Osprey,2014),155-61.

4 Craig L.Symonds,The Battle of Midway(New York:Oxford University Press,2011),65-75;Toll,Pacific Crucible,203-27.

5 Thomas,Battle of the Java Sea,120;Toll,Pacific Crucible,233-34.

6 Cox,Rising Sun,Falling Skies,129,137.

7 英美双方关于太平洋上联合指挥的对话,见Craig L.Symonds,Neptune:The Allied Invasion of Europe and the D-Day Landings(New York:Oxford University Press,2014),38-41。See also Stephen W.Roskill,The War at Sea,1939-1945(London:Her Majesty's Stationery Office,1956),2:6.

8 Alford,Playing for Time,116,118;Cox,Rising Sun,Falling Skies,178;G.Hermon Gill,Royal Australian Navy,1939-1942(Canberra:Australia War Memorial,1957),515,553.

9 Toll,Pacific Crucible,252-54;Thomas,Battle of the Java Sea,105-7;James D.Hornfischer,Ship of Ghosts(New York:Bantam Books,2006),7-13.

10 Hubert V.Quispel,The Job and the Tools(Rotterdam:WYT & Sons,1960),37-38;Thomas,Battle of the Java Sea,157;Cox,Rising Sun,Falling Skies,257;Gill,Royal Australian Navy,556--57.

11 Churchill is quoted in Andrew Roberts,The Storm of War:A New History of the Second World War(New York:Harper,2011),205.

12 Andrieu D'Albas,Death of a Navy:Japanese Naval Action in World War Ⅱ(New York:Devin-Adair,1957),65-66;Paul S.Dull,A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy,1941-1945(Annapolis:USNI,1978),54;Alford,Playing for Time,69-79;Cox,Rising Sun,Falling Skies,216-22.

13 Roskill,The War at Sea,2:9.

14 Thomas,Battle of the Java Sea,128-30;Cox,Rising Sun,Falling Skies,209-11.

15 F.C.van Oosten,Battle of the Java Sea(Annapolis:USNI,1976),27.

16 Thomas,Battle of the Java Sea,140-47;Dull,Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy,55-60;Cox,Rising Sun,Falling Skies,232-40.

17 Dwight R.Messimer,Pawns of War:The Loss of the USS Langley and the USS Pecos(Annapolis:USNI,1983),51-79;Cox,Rising Sun,Falling Skies,265-79.

18 Ibid.,281-82;Tameichi Hara,Japanese Destroyer Captain(Annapolis:USNI,1967),64-65.

19 Roskill,The War at Sea,2:13-14;Thomas,Battle of the Java Sea,159;Cox,Rising Sun,Falling Skies,253.

20 Thomas,Battle of the Java Sea,160.

21 Ibid.,153,170;Cox,Rising Sun,Falling Skies,263-64.

22 Cox,Rising Sun,Falling Skies,283-85.

23 Ibid.,259-60.

24 Hara,Japanese Destroyer Captain,72;Thomas,Battle of the Java Sea,178-80.

25 Thomas,Battle of the Java Sea,187-89;Cox,Rising Sun,Falling Skies,296.

26 Thomas,Battle of the Java Sea,191,196,198-99,201-2;Cox,Rising Sun,Falling Skies,297-300;P.C.Boer,The Loss of Java(Singapore:NUS Press,2011),194-95,197.

27 Gill,Royal Australian Navy,614-15.

28 Hara,Japanese Destroyer Captain,74-75;Thomas,Battle of the Java Sea,209-13;Cox,Rising Sun,Falling Skies,312-16;Hornfischer,Ship of Ghosts,92.

29 Hornfischer,Ship of Ghosts,47-48;Gill,Royal Australian Navy,615-16.

30 Hornfischer,Ship of Ghosts,100-102.

31 Roskill,The War at Sea,2:16;Hornfischer,Ship of Ghosts,108.

32 Quoted in Hornfischer,Ship of Ghosts,116.

33 Hornfischer,Ship of Ghosts,122-25;Gill,Royal Australian Navy,621.

34 Hornfischer,Ship of Ghosts,128;W.G.Winslow,The Fleet the Gods Forgot:The U.S.Asiatic Fleet in World WarⅡ(Annapolis:USNI,1982),195.在马塔潘角海战中同样扮演了关键角色的沃勒在战后也因“英勇和决心”而被追授荣誉,1999年入役的澳大利亚潜艇“沃勒号”便是以他的名字命名的。

35 Roskill,The War at Sea,2:18;Toll,Pacific Crucible,260;Thomas,Battle of the Java Sea,148-49.

36 Gordon Prange interview of Watanabe Yasuji(Sept.25,1964),Prange Papers,box 17,UMD;H.P.Willmott,The Barrier and the Javelin:Japanese and Allied Pacific Strategies,February to June 1942(Annapolis:USNI,1983),43-44;Matome Ukagi,Fading Victory:The Diary ofAdmiral Matome Ukagi(entry of Jan.5,1942),trans.Masataka Chiyada,ed.Donald M.Goldstein and Katherine V.Dillon(Annapolis:USNI,1991),68.

37 Quoted in Willmott,The Barrier and the Javelin,79;Prange interview of Watanabe(Feb.3-4,1966),Prange Papers,box 17,UMD.

38 Donald MacIntyre,Fighting Admiral:The Life ofAdmiral of the Fleet Sir James Somerville(London:Evans Brothers,1961),186-88.

39 Dull,A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy,108-9;Roskill,The War at Sea,2:26-27.

40 Mark R.Peattie,Sunburst:The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power,1909-1941(Annapolis:USNI,2001),67-70;Dull,A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy,109-10.

41 Symonds,The Battle of Midway,95-6.

42 Somerville is quoted in MacIntyre,FightingAdmiral,179.对英军在此战中海军战略的详细分析,见Angus Britts,Neglected Skies:The Demise of British Naval Power in the Far East,1922-42(Annapolis:USNI,2017)。

第12章 破交战(二)

1 Stephen W.Roskill,The War at Sea,1939-1945(London:Her Majesty's Stationery Office,1956),2:28.

2 Ed Offley,The Burning Shore:How Hitler's U-Boats Brought World War Ⅱ to America(New York:Basic Books,2014),57-58;Michael Gannon,Operation Drumbeat(New York:Harper and Row,1990),97-99.

3 Clay Blair,Silent Victory(Philadelphia:J.B.Lippincott,1975),106-7.See also Joel Holwitt,“Execute Against Japan”:The U.S.Decision to Conduct Unrestricted Submarine Warfare(College Station:Texas A&M University Press,2013),esp.141-49.

4 Karl Doenitz,Memoirs:Ten Years and Twenty Days(Annapolis:USNI,1959),154,161;Robert S.Ehlers Jr.,The Mediterranean Air War:Airpower and Allied Victory in World War Ⅱ(Lawrence:University of Kansas Press,2015),97-98.

5 J.Valerio Borghese,Sea Devils:Italian Navy Commandos in WWⅡ(Annapolis:USNI,1995),131-60.

6 Vian's report,dated Mar.31,1942,is printed in John Grehan and Martin Mace,eds.,The War at Sea in the Mediterranean,1940-1944(Barnsley,South Yorkshire:Pen and Sword,2014),180-94.维安在其回忆录中记述了这场战斗,见Vian,Action This Day(London:Frederick Muller,1960),89-91。See also S.W.C.Pack,The Battle ofSirte(Annapolis:USNI,1975),54-82.C.S.福里斯特的读者可能会发现,他的小说《船》(The Ship)便是根据维安死守MW-10船队的经历创作的。

7 Winston S.Churchill,The Hinge of Fate,vol.4 of The Second World War(Boston:Houghton Mifflin,1950),273.

8 Corelli Barrett,Engage the Enemy More Closely(New York:W.W.Norton,1991),272-76;Doenitz,Memoirs,152-54,161.

9 “Report of Admiral Commanding Submarines,”May 14,1942,and Apr.21,1943,in Fuehrer Conferences on Naval Affairs,1939-1945(Annapolis:USNI,1990),280-83,316.The Navy Training Manual is quoted by Samuel Eliot Morison in The Battle of the Atlantic,September 1939-May 1943,vol.1 of History of United States Naval Operations in World War Ⅱ(Boston:Little,Brown,1947),127-28.

10 See Appendix R in Roskill,The War at Sea,1:615-18;Doenitz,Memoirs,178,197.

11 W.J.R.Gardner,Decoding History:The Battle of the Atlantic and Ultra(Annapolis:USNI,1999),130-33.

12 Jak P.Mallmann Showell,German Naval Codebreakers(Annapolis:USNI,2003),39,88-93;Offley,The Burning Shore,83;David Kahn,The Codebreakers:The Story of Secret Writing(New York:Macmillan,1967),465-66.

13 David Kahn,Seizing the Enigma:The Race to Break the German U-Boat Codes,1939-1943(Boston:Houghton Mifflin,1991),195-96.

14 Ibid.,53,62-66,68-71.

15 John Winton,Ultra at Sea(New York:William Morrow,1988),22-24;Kahn,Seizing the Enigma,1-14,161-68;David Syrett,The Defeat of the German U-Boats:The Battle of the Atlantic(Columbia:University of South Carolina Press,1994),20;Terry Hughes and John Costello,The Battle of the Atlantic(New York:Dial,1977),153-54.

16 F.W.Winterbotham,The Ultra Secret(New York:Harper and Row,1974),24-26;Offley,The Burning Shore,87-88;Kahn,Seizing the Enigma,184.

17 Syrett,The Defeat of the German U-Boats,19-20.

18 Gannon,Operation Drumbeat,152;Gardner,Decoding History,165;Hughes and Costello,The Battle of the Atlantic,165-66.

19 Jürgen Rohwer,“The Operational Uses of‘Ultra’in the Battle of the Atlantic,”in Intelligence and International Relations,ed.Christopher Andrew and Jeremy Noakes(Exeter:University of Exeter,1987),283-84.See also David Syrett's introduction to his edited volume The Battle of the Atlantic and Signals Intelligence(Aldershot:Navy Records Society,1998),ⅹⅵ.

20 Hughes and Costello,The Battle of the Atlantic,180-83.

21 Gardner,Decoding History,137.有关数据参见Appendix O in Roskill,The War at Sea,2:485。

22 Peter Cremer,U-Boat Commander:A Periscope View of the Battle of the Atlantic(Annapolis:USNI,1982),53-61;Clay Blair,Hitler's U-Boat War:The Hunters,1939-1942(New York:Random House,1996),453-54.

23 Gannon,Operation Drumbeat,206-9.

24 Ernest J.King and Walter Muir Whitehall,Fleet Admiral King:A Naval Record(New York:W.W.Norton,1952),349-55;Walter R.Borneman,The Admirals:Nimitz,Halsey,Leahy,and King(New York:Little,Brown,2012),212.

25 历史学家在金不愿意建立沿岸护航队的问题上分成了两派。迈克尔·甘农(Michael Gannon,Operation Drumbeat,1990)认为金对护航队的漠视近乎渎职,克莱·布莱尔(Clay Blair,Hitler's U-Boat War:The Hunters,1996)则捍卫金的立场,并且坚称批评金的声音主要来自英方,因为他们认为金过于重视太平洋战场了。关于德国潜艇袭击美国东海岸的最新研究是Ken Brown,U-Boat Assault on America:The Eastern Seaboard Campaign,1942(Annapolis:USNI,2017)。

26 Blair,Hitler's U-Boat War:The Hunters,439;Gannon,Operation Drumbeat,466-67.哈德根在18日夜到19日凌晨击沉的四艘船是“布拉索斯号”“亚特兰大城号”“奇尔特瓦伊拉号”“马来号”。

27 Blair,Hitler's U-Boat War:The Hunters,475;Doenitz,Memoirs,203;Cremer,U-Boat Commander,69;Michael L.Hadley,U-Boats Against Canada:German Submarines in Canadian Waters(Kingston,ON:McGill-Queen's University Press,1985),52-74.

28 Blair,Hitler's U-Boat War:The Hunters,481.

29 Homer H.Hickam,Torpedo Junction:U-Boat War off America's East Coast,1942(Annapolis:USNI,1989),114-29.

30 See the table of ship losses in Blair,Hitler's U-Boat War:The Hunters,695.

31 Hickam,Torpedo Junction,108-13.

32 Blair,Hitler's U-Boat War:The Hunters,Appendix 4,727-30;Cremer,U-Boat Commander,78.海明威的小说遗作《岛在湾流中》便取材于他在“流氓海军”中的这段经历。

33 Hickam,Torpedo Junction,149-57,179,188-95.

34 Ibid.,165-67.

35 关于“奶牛”,见Blair,Hitler's U-Boat War:The Hunters,534n(克雷默的战绩在第545页至第546页有详细记述)。潜艇击沉船只的详细数据见Jürgen Rohwer,Axis Submarine Successes,1939-1945(Annapolis:USNI,1983)。

36 Carl Boyd and Akihiko Yoshida,The Japanese Submarine Force and World War Ⅱ(Annapolis:USNI,1995),65-67;New York Times,Jan.21,Jan.24,and Feb.24,1942,all stories page 1.

37 Hickam,Torpedo Junction,230.

38 “Report by Chief of Staff,”Jan.22 and Jan.29,1942,in Fuehrer Conferences on Naval Affairs,259-60;Cremer,U-Boat Commander,53;Roskill,The War at Sea,2:100-101,116;Doenitz,Memoirs,206.

39 Jan Drent,“The Trans-Pacific Lend-Lease Shuttle to the Russian Far East,1941-46,”The Northern Mariner,January 2017,33-34,45-46.运输队中的大部分船为建于美国但移交给苏联使用的自由轮。

40 “Memorandum Concerning the Report of the C-in-C,Navy,”Jan.12,1942,Fuehrer Conferences on Naval Affairs,256-57.

41 Roskill,The War at Sea,2:150;Erich Raeder,My Life(Annapolis:USNI,1960),360-61.

42 Roskill,The War at Sea,2:156-57.

43 London Times,Feb.14,1942;Raeder,My Life,361.

44 Richard M.Leighton and Robert W.Coakley,Global Logistics and Strategy,1940-1943(Washington,DC:Office of the Chief of Military History,1955),555;Michael G.Walling,Forgotten Sacrifice:The Arctic Convoys of World War Ⅱ(Oxford:Osprey,2012),9-36;Richard Woodman,Arctic Convoys,1941-1945(London:John Murray,1994),24-32;Walter Karig,“Murmansk Run,”Proceedings,Jan.1946,27.

45 Roskill,The War at Sea,118-20.

46 Richard M.Leighton and Robert W.Coakley,Global Logistics and Strategy,1940-1943(Washington,DC:Office of the Chief of Military History,1955),557.

47 Winton,Ultra at Sea,53-65;Roskill,The War at Sea,2:120-23,127;Max Hastings,Wnston's War:Churchill,1940-1945(New York:Knopf,2010),207.

48 布鲁姆是从一支混编的护航舰队(包括一艘波兰驱逐舰和一艘“自由法国”驱逐舰)手中接过护航任务的。See Woodman,Arctic Convoys,195-200,and Jack Broome,Convoy Is to Scatter(London:William Kimber,1972),103.

49 Walling,Forgotten Sacrifice,153-54;Roskill,The War at Sea,2:137;Winton,Ultra at Sea,60-65.

50 Woodman,Arctic Convoys,213;Walling,Forgotten Sacrifice,156-57;Broome,Convoy Is to Scatter,160.德军攻击机还有一枚鱼雷击中了苏联油轮“阿塞拜疆号”,不过并未将其击沉。

51 Woodman,Arctic Convoys,211-12;Winton,Ultra at Sea,63-65,68;Broome,Convoy Is to Scatter,178.

52 Broome,Convoy Is to Scatter,182-83.

53 Winton,Ultra at Sea,68-69;Broome,Convoy Is to Scatter,182;Woodman,Arctic Convoys,255;Walling,Forgotten Sacrifice,170,173-79.The quotation is from the memoir of William A.Carter,Why Me,Lord?(Millsboro,DE:William A.Carter,2007),174.盟国在8月的确派美国巡洋舰“塔斯卡卢萨号”运送了一船物资,但一艘军舰能够运载的补给只是杯水车薪,此举更多是在表示善意,而非真正要输送物资。

54 关于潘泰莱里亚海战,见James J.Sadkovich,The Italian Navy in World War Ⅱ(Westport,CT:Greenwood Press,1994),256-65。船只损失的具体数据至今不详。最详细和权威的文献是Jürgen Rohwer,Axis Submarine Successes,1939-1945(Annapolis:USNI,1983),此书按时间顺序列举了二战期间被潜艇击沉的所有船只。不过罗韦尔并没有将北海、北大西洋和美国东海岸单独分类统计,所以这些海域的船只损失总数和总计吨位需要手动清点。克莱·布莱尔逐条列举了“击鼓行动”中的船只损失情况,见Clay Blair,Appendix 4 of Hitler's U-Boat War:The Hunters,727-32。更便于阅读的表格见Morison,The Battle of the Atlantic,412和Roskill,The War at Sea,2:485,不过其中估算的数据没有利用新近的研究成果。罗斯基尔还将大多数船只损失归因于潜艇,莫里森则认为其中一部分船只是因水雷和飞机而沉没的。

第13章 转海回天

1 Theodore Taylor,The Magnificent Mitscher(Annapolis:USNI,1954),112.

2 Duane Schultz,The Doolittle Raid(New York:St.Martin's Press,1988),5-10.

3 James A.Doolittle oral history(Aug.3,1987),and Henry Miller oral history(May 23,1973),both USNI.

4 E.B.Potter,Nimitz(Annapolis:USNI,1976),16-30;William F.Halsey and J.Bryan Ⅲ,Admiral Halsey's Story(New York:McGraw-Hill,1947),101.

5 Henry Miller oral history(May 23,1973),1:37,and James Doolittle oral history(Aug.3,1987),27,both USNI;Mitscher to Nimitz,April 28,1942,Action Reports:Part Ⅰ,CINCPAC,reel 2.

6 Lowell Thomas and Edward Jablonsky,Doolittle:A Biography(Garden City,NY:Doubleday,1976),178-79;James H.Doolittle and Carroll Ⅴ.Glines,I Could Never Be So Lucky Again:An Autobiography by General James H.“Jimmy”Doolittle(New York:Bantam Books,1991),4;Halsey and Bryan,Admiral Halsey's Story,101.

7 John B.Lundstrom,The First Team:Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway(Annapolis:USNI,1984),148;Thomas and Jablonsky,Doolittle:A Biography,181;Doolittle oral history(Aug.3,1987),USNI,19.

8 Quentin Reynolds,The Amazing Mr.Doolittle(New York:Appleton-Century-Crofts,1953),209-12;Doolittle and Glines,I Could Never Be So Lucky Again,10-11.

9 Carroll Ⅴ.Glines,Doolittle's Tokyo Raiders(New York:D.Van Nostrand,1964),337;Gordon Prange interview of Watanabe(Sept.25,1964),Prange Papers,box 17,UMD.

10 Elliot Carlson,Joe Rochefort's War(Annapolis:USNI,2011),esp.172-84,211;John Winton,Ultra in the Pacific:How Breaking Japanese Codes and Ciphers Affected Naval Operations Against Japan(London:Leo Cooper,1993),6;Rochefort oral history(Aug.14,1969),USNI,99,104.

11 Craig L.Symonds,The Battle of Midway(New York:Oxford University Press,2011),145;Wilfrid Jasper Holmes,Double-Edged Secrets:U.S.Naval Intelligence Operations in the Pacific During World War Ⅱ(Annapolis:USNI,1979),65;Carlson,Joe Rochefort's War,268-70.

12 Frederick C.Sherman,Combat Command:The American Aircraft Carriers in the Pacific War(New York:E.P.Dutton,1950),92;Frederick D.Parker,A Priceless Advantage:U.S.Navy Communications Intelligence and the Battle of Coral Sea,Midway,and the Aleutians(Washington,DC:Center for Cryptologic History,National Security Agency,1993),25;“Running Summary,April 18,1942,”and“Estimate of the Situation,April 22,1942,”both in Nimitz Papers,box 1,501-5,516,NHHC;Edwin Layton,“And I Was There”:Pearl Harbor and Midway—Breaking the Secrets(New York:William Morrow,1985),367-68;John Prados,Combined Fleet Decoded:The Secret History of American Intelligence and the Japanese Navy in World War Ⅱ(New York:Random House,1995),300;Rochefort oral history(Sept.21,1969),USNI,174-75.

13 John Lundstrom,The First South Pacific Campaign:Pacific Fleet Strategy,December 1941-June1942(Annapolis:USNI,1976),98;H.P.Willmott,The Barrier and the Javelin:Japanese and Allied Pacific Strategies,February to June 1942(Annapolis:USNI,1983),171-200.

14 Nimitz to King,June 17,1942,Action Reports:Part Ⅰ,CINCPAC,reel 2,3;Samuel Eliot Morison,Coral Sea,Midway and Submarine Actions,May 1942-August 1942(Boston:Little,Brown,1975),25-26;John Lundstrom,Black Shoe Carrier Admiral:Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea,Midway,and Guadalcanal(Annapolis:USNI,2006)146,149;Willmott,The Barrier and the Javelin,217-18.

15 Richard W.Bates,The Battle of the Coral Sea,May 1 to May 11 Inclusive,1942:Strategical and Tactical Analysis(Washington,DC:Bureau of Naval Personnel,1947),7-12;Lundstrom,First South Pacific Campaign,103-4,as well as his article“A Failure of Radio Intelligence:An Episode in the Battle of the Coral Sea,”Cryptologia 7,no.2(1983):108-110,115;and Willmott,The Barrier and the Javelin,234-35.

16 Lundstrom,The First Team,193;Lundstrom,Black Shoe Carrier Admiral,165;Stuart D.Ludlum,They Turned the War Around at Coral Sea and Midway(Bennington,VT:Merriam,2000),77.

17 Ludlam,They Turned the War Around,74-79;Lundstrom,The First Team,199,205.

18 Lundstrom,The First Team,191;Paul S.Dull,A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy,1941-1945(Annapolis:USNI,1978),124.

19 Pederson to Buckmaster,May 16,1942,Action Reports:Part Ⅰ,CINCPAC,reel 2;Ludlum,They Turned the War Around,86;Morison,Coral Sea and Midway,49-51.引文来自飞行员诺埃尔·盖勒,见Noel Gayler oral history(Feb.15,2002),NHF,6。

20 Buckmaster to Nimitz,May 25,1942,Action Reports:Part Ⅰ:CINCPAC,reel 2,10;Sherman,Combat Command,109-111,114;Gustave Sembritzky oral history(OH00601),NMPW.

21 金一开始对“列克星敦号”的沉没秘而不宣,对外只称该舰受到损伤。

22 Buckmaster to Nimitz,May 25,1942,Action Reports:Part Ⅰ:CINCPAC,reel2,7,40.

23 Matome Ukagi,The Diary ofAdmiral Matome Ukagi,ed.Donald Goldstein and Katherine Dillon(Annapolis:USNI,1991),125(diary entry of May 10,1942).

24 New York Times,May 9,1942,1.

25 Holmes,Double-Edged Secrets,90;Rochefort oral history(Oct.5,1969),211,and Dyer oral history(Sept.14,1983),241,both USNI.

26 Traffic Intelligence Summaries,Combat Intelligence Unit,Fourteenth Naval District(16 July 1941-30 June 1942),Special Collections,Nimitz Library,USNA,3:326.

27 “Estimate of the Situation,”May 26,1942,Nimitz Papers,box 1:516,520,NHHC.

28 指挥“大黄蜂号”的马克·米彻尔是个航空兵,但他要听从斯普鲁恩斯的战略方针,见Thomas B.Buell,The Quiet Warrior:A Biography ofAdmiral Raymond A.Spruance(Boston:Little,Brown,1974),and Lundstrom,Black Shoe CarrierAdmiral。

29 Donald Goldstein and Katherine Dillon,eds.,The Pearl Harbor Papers:Inside the Japanese Plans(Washington,DC:Brassey's,1993),348.

30 Jonathan P.Parshall and Anthony P.Tully,Shattered Sword:The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway(Washington,DC:Potomac Books,2005),63-66.

31 Symonds,Battle of Midway,102-6,212-13;Parshall and Tully,Shattered Sword,48-51;Gordon W.Prange with Donald Goldstein and Katherine Dillon,Miracle at Midway(New York:McGraw-Hill,1982),162-64,170;Willmott,The Barrier and the Javelin,81-82.

32 Symonds,Battle of Midway,231-32;Prange,Miracle at Midway,206;Parshall and Tully,Shattered Sword,149.

33 Symonds,Battle of Midway,236-38;Parshall and Tully,Shattered Sword,153;Ryunosuke Kusuka interview with Gordon Prange(1966),Prange Papers,box 17,UMD.

34 “CINC First Air Fleet Detailed Battle Report,”Feb.1,1943,ONI Review,May 1947;Kusaka interview with Prange,Prange Papers,box 17,UMD;Parshall and Tully,Shattered Sword,132,159,161-66;Symonds,Battle of Midway,238-44.

35 Symonds,Battle of Midway,244;Parshall and Tully,Shattered Sword,165-66.

36 Symonds,Battle of Midway,274-75.

37 Ibid.,260-61,267-73.

38 “Memorandum for the Commander in Chief,”June 7,1942,Action Reports:Part Ⅰ,CINCPAC,reel 2;George Gay,Sole Survivor:The Battle of Midway and the Effects on His Life(Naples,FL:Naples Ad/Graphics,1979),119-21.

39 Symonds,Battle of Midway,287,301-2;Parshall and Tully,Shattered Sword,233-35.

40 Symonds,Battle of Midway,52-54.

41 关于“不知飞往何处的飞行”的完整讨论,见Symonds,Battle of Midway,245-65,plus Appendix F,389-91。

42 John S.Thach oral history(Nov,6,1970),252,USNI;Richard Best interview(Aug.11,1995),17,NMPW;Norman(Dusty)Kleiss oral history(Sept.3,2010),BOMRT;Parshall and Tully,Shattered Sword,250.乔恩·帕歇尔(Jon Parshall)对此次攻击进行过最详尽的研究,他得出的结论是,算上小型的100磅炸弹,美军总共有12枚炸弹击中了“加贺号”,见BOMRT,Aug.25,2010。

43 Best to Walter Lord,Jan.27,1966,Lord Collection,box 18,NHHC;Richard Best interview(Aug.11,1995),42,NMPW.

44 Max Leslie to Smith,Dec.15,1964,Prange Papers,box 17,UMD;Parshall and Tully,Shattered Sword,264.

45 Symonds,Battle of Midway,321-26;John S.Thach Oral History(Nov.6,1970),USNI Oral History Collection,1:268.

46 Symonds,Battle of Midway,347-50.

47 Gallaher to Walter Lord,Feb.26,1967,Walter Lord Collection,box 18,NHHC;Parshall and Tully,Shattered Sword,326-29.

第14章 两岛存亡

1 苏联在黑海也有海军力量,由1艘战列舰、1艘重巡洋舰和5艘轻巡洋舰组成。C.W.Koburger Jr.,Naval Warfare in the Baltic,1939-1945(Westport,CT:Praeger,1994),27-33;V.I.Achlasov and N.B.Pavlovich,Soviet Naval Operations in the Great Patriotic War,1941-1945(Annapolis:USNI,1981),8,25;I.S.Isakov,The Red Fleet in the Second World War(London:Hutchinson,1947),26-27;Friedrich Ruge,The Soviets as Naval Opponents,1941-1945(Annapolis:USNI,1979),16,20-21.

2 Alan J.Levine,The War Against Rommel's Supply Lines,1942-1943(Westport,CT:Praeger,1999),27-28;Peter C.Smith,Pedestal:The Convoy That Saved Malta(London:William Kimber,1970),17-20.

3 Richard B.Frank,Guadalcanal:The Definitive Account of the Landmark Battle(New York:Penguin,1990),25-28.

4 Bruce Gamble,Fortress Rabaul:The Battle for the Southwest Pacific,January 1942—April 1943(Minneapolis:Zenith Press,2010),210-11;James D.Hornfischer,Neptune's Inferno:The U.S.Navy at Guadalcanal(New York:Bantam Books,2011),4;Ian Toll,The Conquering Tide:War in the Pacific Islands,1942-1944(New York:W.W.Norton,2015),xxiv-xxxi;Frank,Guadalcanal,31;Patrick Lindsay,The Coast Watchers:The Men Behind Enemy Lines Who Saved the Pacific(North Sydney,Australia:William Heinemann,2010),197.

5 Ronald H.Spector,Eagle Against the Sun:The American War with Japan(New York:Free Press,1985),184-87;Ernest J.King and Walter Muir Whitehill,Fleet Admiral King:A Naval Record(New York:W.W.Norton,1952),387.

6 Frank,Guadalcanal,32-36.

7 Richard M.Leighton and Robert W.Coakley,Global Logistics and Strategy,1940-1943(Washington,DC:Office of the Chief of Military History,1955),202;Samuel Eliot Morison,The Struggle for Guadalcanal,August 1942-February 1943,vol.5 of A History of United States Naval Operations in World War Ⅱ(Boston:Little,Brown,1949),15.

8 Hornfischer,Neptune's Inferno,32-35;George C.Dyer,The Amphibians Came to Conquer:The Story of Admiral Richmond Kelly Turner(Washington,DC:Naval Historical Center,1969),1:258-67.评价特纳的人是海军将领哈里·希尔(Harry Hill),引自James D.Hornfischer,The Fleet at Flood Tide:America at Total War in the Pacific,1944-1945(New York:Bantam Books,2016),25。

9 King to Fletcher,March 30,1942,Nimitz Papers,series 1,box 1,and Nimitz to King,May 29,1942,King Papers,series 1,box 2,both NHHC.See also John B.Lundstrom,Black Shoe Carrier Admiral:Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea,Midway,and Guadalcanal(Annapolis:USNI,2006),107.

10 Hornfischer,Neptune's Inferno,32-35.

11 Frank,Guadalcanal,64-65;Lindsay,The Coast Watchers,197.Tsukahara is quoted by Bruce Gamble in Fortress Rabaul,217.

12 这名目击者是乔·詹姆斯·卡斯特(Joe James Custer),见他后来所著的Through the Perilous Night:The Astoria's Last Battle(New York:Macmillan,1944),120。

13 Lundstrom,Black Shoe Carrier Admiral,366;Ian W.Toll,The Conquering Tide:War in the Pacific Islands,1942-1944(New York:W.W.Norton,2015),31-33.

14 Lundstrom,Black Shoe CarrierAdmiral,358-60;Gamble,Fortress Rabaul,218.

15 Turner to Ghormley,Aug.7,1942(9:30 p.m.),Action Reports,Part Ⅰ,CINCPAC,reel 1.这封电报也载于Lundstrom,Black Shoe CarrierAdmiral,370。

16 Lundstrom,Black Shoe Carrier Admiral,368,386.

17 John J.Domagalski,Lost at Guadalcanal:The Final Battles of the Astoria and Chicago as Described by Survivors and in Official Reports(Jefferson,NC:McFarland,2010),71;Dyer,The Amphibians Came to Conquer,358-59.

18 The critic is Richard W.Bates,in The Battle of Savo Island,August 9th,1942:Strategical and Tactical Analysis(Newport,RI:Naval War College,1950),55-61;Domagalski,Lost at Guadalcanal,80.

19 Toshikazu Ohmae,“The Battle of Savo Island,”Proceedings,Dec.1957,1270.

20 Ibid.,1271.

21 Ibid.;Hornfischer,Neptune's Inferno,58;Morison,The Struggle for Guadalcanal,19.Turner is quoted in Dyer,The Amphibians Came to Conquer,1:372.

22 Ohmae,“The Battle of Savo Island,”1273;Domagalski,Lost at Guadalcanal,84.

23 Morison,The Struggle for Guadalcanal,37;Hornfischer,Neptune's Inferno,59-60.

24 Ohmae,“The Battle of Savo Island,”1275;U.S.Office of Naval Intelligence,The Battles of Savo Island and the Eastern Solomons(Washington,DC:Naval Historical Center,1994,orig.1943),10;Domagalski,Lost at Guadalcanal,92.

25 Ohmae,“The Battle of Savo Island,”1273;Morison,The Struggle for Guadalcanal,44-46;John Costello,The Pacific War(New York:HarperCollins,1981),325-27.

26 Ohmae,“The Battle of Savo Island,”1275;Hornfischer,Neptune's Inferno,63,75-87;Frank,Guadalcanal,105,111-13;Domagalski,Lost at Guadalcanal,144;Custer,Through the Perilous Night,161-62;Office of Naval Intelligence,Battles of Savo Island and Eastern Solomons,21,24,40-43.

27 三川的评论以附录形式载于Ohmae,“Battle of Savo Island,”1276。另见Morison,The Strugglefor Guadalcanal,53。

28 Fletcher to Ghormley,Aug.9,1942(3:15 a.m.),and COMSOPAC(Ghormley)to CINCPAC(Nimitz),Aug.9,1942(8:30 a.m.),both in Action Reports,NARA,reel 1.See also Lundstrom,Black Shoe Carrier Admiral,384-87.

29 New York Times,Aug.18,1942,1.

30 Morison,Struggle for Guadalcanal,61-64;Lundstrom,Black Shoe Carrier Admiral,399-405;King to Stark,Sept.14,1943,in Hornfischer,The Fleet at Flood Tide,28.伦德斯特伦为弗莱彻进行了辩护,他认为特纳也犯了错误,这不仅是因为他在战斗中不知所措,而且因为他在事后的指责是很不职业的做法。

31 Lewis Richie,The Epic of Malta(London:Odhams,1943),5;Ernle Bradford,Siege:Malta,1940-1943(New York:William Morrow,1986),240-41.The quoted survivor was Jack Belden,who authored Still Time to Die(New York:Harper and Brothers,1943),186.

32 Erich Raeder,My Life(Annapolis:USNI,1960),364;Gerhard Weinberg,A World in Arms(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1994),229.

33 Levine,The War Against Rommel's Supply Lines,20-24;Michael Pearson,The Ohio and Malta:The Legendary Tanker That Refused to Die(Barnsley,South Yorkshire:Leo Cooper,2004),12-13.到访马耳他的这位美国海军将领是H.肯特·休伊特,引自其回忆录H.Kent Hewitt,Memoirs(Newport,RI:Naval War College Press,2004),192。

34 Robert S.Ehlers Jr.,The Mediterranean Air War:Airpower and Allied V ictory in World War Ⅱ(Lawrence:University of Kansas Press,2015),173-74;Smith,Pedestal,32-37.

35 Charles A.Jellison,Besieged:The World War Ⅱ Ordeal of Malta,1940-1942(Hanover,NH:University Press of New England,1984),167,218-25;Richard Woodman,Malta Convoys,1940-1943(London:John Murray,2000),369-72,377;Bradford,Siege,247-48;James J.Sadkovich,The Italian Navy in World War Ⅱ(Westport,CT:Greenwood Press,1994),256-64.见亨利·哈伍德1942年6月2日致海军部的报告,载于John Grehan and Martin Mace,eds.,The Air War in the Mediterranean,1940-1944(Barnsley,South Yorkshire:Pen and Sword,2014),175-80。值得注意的是,哈伍德警告海军部:“下次往马耳他运送物资之前,务必保证岛屿上空拥有空中优势。”Jackson is quoted in Smith,Pedestal,40,and Parks in Jeremy Harwood,World WarⅡat Sea(Minneapolis:Zenith,2015),124.

36 Peter Shankland and Anthony Hunter,Malta Convoy(New York:Ives Washburn,1961),70-72;Sam Moses,At All Costs(New York:Random House,2006),100,107;Pearson,The Ohio and Malta,33.(https://www.daowen.com)

37 Smith,Pedestal,43;Dennis A.Castillo,The Santa Marija Convoy(Lanham,MD:Lexington Books,2012),198.

38 Woodman,Malta Convoys,392-94;Moses,At All Costs,132-36;Smith,Pedestal,82-90.The witness is quoted on 83-84.罗森鲍姆被召回柏林,获颁骑士十字勋章。

39 Castillo,The Santa Marija Convoy,199;Sadkovich,The Italian Navy,289;Moses,At All Costs,142.此处描述高炮发射场面的目击者是护航舰队旗舰“尼日利亚号”上的无线电收发员安东尼·克里明斯(Anthony Krimmins),引自Smith,Pedestal,95-96。

40 认为“不挠号”像沙丁鱼罐头的目击者是电报员查尔斯·麦库姆(Charles McCoombe),引自Smith,Pedestal,134;Moses,At All Costs,144。

41 Syfret's Report to the Admiralty,Aug.25,1942,in Grehan and Mace,eds.,Air War in the Mediterranean,153-61;Smith,Pedestal,91-92,121-22;Moses,At All Costs,131.

42 Shankland and Hunter,Malta Convoy,150-53;Smith,Pedestal,144-51;Pearson,The Ohio and Malta,72-73.

43 Pearson,The Ohio and Malta,70;Smith,Pedestal,155-60.

44 Bradford,Siege,Malta,263-66;Shankland,Malta Convoy,167-72.

45 Shankland and Hunter,Malta Convoy,173-82;Woodman,Malta Convoys,419-20;Smith,Pedestal,193-96.此处提到的德国海军将领是埃伯哈德·维克霍尔德(Eberhard Weichold),引自Smith,Pedestal,199。

46 Shankland and Hunter,Malta Convoy,197-203.

47 Woodman,Malta Convoys,382;Shankland and Hunter,Malta Convoy,209-14;Smith,Pedestal,227-30.

48 Shankland and Hunter,Malta Convoy,241;Syfret's Report to the Admiralty,Aug.25,1942,in Grehan and Mace,eds.,Air War in the Mediterranean,158.

49 Syfret's Report to the Admiralty,Aug.25,1942,in John Grehan and Martin Mace,eds.,War at Sea in the Mediterranean,1940-1944(South Yorkshire,England:Pen and Sword Maritime,2014),153-61.

50 Levine,The War Against Rommel's Supply Lines,27-28;I.S.O.Playfair,The Mediterranean and Middle East,vol.4 of History of the Second World War(London:Her Majesty's Stationery Office,1966),1-4.

第15章 两洋作战

1 Craig L.Symonds,Neptune:The Allied Invasion of Europe and the D-Day Landings(New York:Oxford University Press,2014),146-48;Frederic Lane,Ships for Victory:A History of Shipbuilding Under the US.Maritime Commission in World War Ⅱ(Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1951),3-6.

2 J.R.M.Butler,Grand Strategy Ⅱ,vol.3 of History of the Second World War(London:Her Majesty's Stationery Office,1964),esp.Appendix Ⅲ,675-81;Forrest Pogue,George C.Marshall,Ordeal and Hope,1939-1942(New York:Viking Press,1966);Symonds,Neptune,51-54.

3 1941年12月16日至20日,丘吉尔在“约克公爵号”上写的一份备忘录里勾勒了他的战略蓝图,可见于FRUS,Special Conferences Series,1:30。另见Symonds,Neptune,29-42。

4 Bernard Fergusson,The Watery Maze:The Story of Combined Operations(New York:Holt,Rinehart and Winston,1961),175-81;Robin Neillands,The Dieppe Raid:The Story of the Disastrous 1942 Expedition(Bloomington:Indiana University Press,2005).

5 Maurice Matloff and Edwin M.Snell,Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare(Washington,DC:Department of the Army,1953),278;Samuel Eliot Morison,Operations in North African Waters(New York:Little,Brown,1947),15;Symonds,Neptune,67-70.FDR's memo,dated July 16,1942,is in Robert E.Sherwood,Roosevelt and Hopkins:An Intimate History(New York:Harper Collins,1948),471.

6 Andrieu d'Albas,Death of a Navy:Japanese Naval Action in World War Ⅱ(New York:Devin-Adair,1957),172;Richard B.Frank,Guadalcanal:The Definitive Account of the Landmark Battle(New York:Penguin,1990),139-40;Gerhard Weinberg,A World in Arms:A Global History of World War Ⅱ(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1994),347.

7 Richard Camp,“Flying in the Eye of the Guadalcanal Storm,”Naval History,August 2017,14-19.这名陆战队参谋是奥托·K.威廉姆斯,见Otto K.Williams oral history(OH00821),NMPW,28。

8 日本海军参谋的话引自John F.Wukovits,Tin Can Titans(Boston:Da Capo,2017),76。美军航母在3月10日空袭莱城和萨拉马瓦时击沉三艘大型运输舰,另击伤一艘。Craig L.Symonds,The Battle of Midway(New York:Oxford University Press,2011),86-87;Samuel E.Morison,The Struggle for Guadalcanal,August 1942-February 1943(Boston:Little Brown,1949),81.

9 Frank,Guadalcanal,151-56.

10 Morison,Struggle for Guadalcanal,82;D'Albas,Death of a Navy,172-73.虽然弗莱彻总是对自己掌管的舰船加油的需求格外敏感(有些人认为是过于敏感了),但这次轮流加油的规定是出自戈姆利的要求。8月22日,他致电弗莱彻:“重要的是,加油应尽快进行。如果可行,每次可撤回一支航母特混舰队来完成这一目标。”COMSOPAC to CTF 61,Aug.22,1942,Chester Nimitz Papers[Graybook],NHHC,1:808.战斗序列见Frank,Guadalcanal,167-74。

11 Morison,Struggle for Guadalcanal,87-88;John B.Lundstrom,Black Shoe Carrier Admiral:Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea,Midway,and Guadalcanal(Annapolis:USNI,2006),435-41.

12 Tameichi Hara,Japanese Destroyer Captain(Annapolis:USNI,1967),100.

13 James D.Hornfischer,Neptune's Inferno:The U.S.Navy at Guadalcanal(New York:Bantam Books,2012),114-15;Morison,Struggle for Guadalcanal,97-99;Lundstrom,Black Shoe Carrier Admiral,438-42,445-46,461;Frank,Guadalcanal,176-84.The quotation is from Arthur Brown oral history,NMPW,5.

14 COMSOPAC to CTF 17,Aug.24,1942(1102),Nimitz Papers,box 1(809),NHHC.Slonim is quoted in Lundstrom,Black Shoe Carrier Admiral,451.

15 Hornfischer,Neptune's Inferno,115-16;Raizo Tanaka,“The Struggle for Guadalcanal,”in The Japanese Navy in World War Ⅱ,ed.David C.Evans(Annapolis:USNI,1969,1986),168-69;Morison,Struggle for Guadalcanal,104-5;D'Albas,Death of a Navy,176-77.

16 Lundstrom,Black Shoe Carrier Admiral,460-64.

17 John Costello,The Pacific War(New York:HarperCollins,1981),344.

18 1949年,塞缪尔·埃利奥特·莫里森将“黄蜂号”受到的攻击归于伊-19,却认为“北卡罗来纳号”和“奥布赖恩号”是被伊-15的鱼雷击中的,大多数历史学者沿用了莫里森此说。30多年后,在《海军学院学报》的一篇文章中,本·布利海军上校提供了证据,表明三艘舰船是由伊-19的一次齐射击中的,现在几乎所有海军学者都支持这一观点。见Morison,Struggle for Guadalcanal,130-38,and Ben Blee,“Whodunnit?”Proceedings,June 1982,42-47。我要感谢理查德·B.弗兰克帮助我说明海军史领域的这个小插曲。关于运兵船队,见Costello,The Pacific War,347。

19 Clark,Calculated Risk(New York:Harper and Brothers,1950),45-46.

20 Symonds,Neptune,72-73.

21 I.S.O.Playfair and C.J.C.Molony,The Mediterranean and Middle East,vol.4 of History of the Second World War(London:Her Majesty's Stationery Office,1966),113;Vincent P.O'Hara,Torch:North Africa and the Allied Path to Victory(Annapolis:USNI,2015),77;Symonds,Neptune,83-84.

22 Symonds,Neptune,76-78;O'Hara,Torch,20-29.The quotation is from Playfair and Molony,The Mediterranean and Middle East,127.

23 美军海上编队表见Samuel Eliot Morison,Operations in North African Waters,October 1942-June 1943(Annapolis:USNI,2010,orig.1947),3640。英军战斗序列见Playfair and Molony,TheMediterranean and the Middle East,139。

24 George E.Mowry,Landing Craft and the War Production Board,April 1942 to May 1944,Historical Reports on War Administration,Special Study No.11(Washington,DC:War Production Board,1944),1-4;O'Hara,Torch,27-29;Jerry E.Strahan,Andrew Jackson Higgins and the Boats That Won World War Ⅱ(Baton Rouge:LSU Press,1994),57-58,64;Morison,Operations in North African Waters,29.

25 Morison,Operations in North African Waters,137.

26 Morison,Struggle for Guadalcanal,147-48;Costello,The Pacific War,349-50.

27 Louis Brown,A Radar History of World War Ⅱ(Bristol:Institute of Physics,1999),370;Charles Cook,The Battle of Cape Esperance:Encounter at Guadalcanal(Annapolis:USNI,1968),16-18;Frank,Guadalcanal,294.

28 Hornfischer,Neptune's Inferno,169-70;Morison,Struggle for Guadalcanal,151-52,156;Cook,Battle of Cape Esperance,39-42;Frank,Guadalcanal,300-301.

29 Hornfischer,Neptune's Inferno,171-73;Morison,Struggle for Guadalcanal,157-58;Frank,Guadalcanal,301.

30 Cook,Battle of Cape Esperance,70;Morison,Struggle for Guadalcanal,159-60.

31 Hornfischer,Neptune's Inferno,175;Morison,Struggle for Guadalcanal,160.

32 Cook,Battle of Cape Esperance,77-78.

33 Morison,Struggle for Guadalcanal,163-66;Frank,Guadalcanal,303-4.

34 Morison,Strugglefor Guadalcanal,171;Costello,The Pacific War,352.

35 Thomas Alexander Hughes,Admiral Bill Halsey:A Naval Life(Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,2016),94,175-76;Ian W.Toll,The Conquering Tide:War in the Pacific Islands,1942-1944(New York:W.W.Norton,2015),145-46.

36 Hughes,Admiral Bill Halsey,94;Hornfischer,Neptune's Inferno,216-17;Morison,Struggle for Guadalcanal,182-83,201.

37 Morison,Struggle for Guadalcanal,199.日军战斗序列见于该书的第206至207页,简化的版本见Hornfischer,Neptune's Inferno,226。

38 Frank,Guadalcanal,352-54;Hornfischer,Neptune's Inferno,226;Morison,Struggle for Guadalcanal,204.

39 Hornfischer,Neptune's Inferno,226-27;Morison,Struggle for Guadalcanal,209-10.

40 Hornfischer,Neptune's Inferno,223-29;Morison,Struggle for Guadalcanal,212,219-21;Toll,The Conquering Tide,150-53.

41 Morison,Struggle for Guadalcanal,213.美军飞行员称有6枚炸弹命中目标,但日军报告称只有3枚。Hornfischer,Neptune's Inferno,228-30.

42 Hornfischer,Neptune's Inferno,230-32;Morison,Struggle for Guadalcanal,215-19;Toll,The Conquering Tide,151-52.

43 Costello,The Pacific War,364-66.

44 Ibid.,364;Hughes,Admiral Bill Halsey,195-96;Hornfischer,Neptune's Inferno,235-36;Toll,The Conquering Tide,154.

第16章 引爆点

1 I.S.O.Playfair and C.J.C.Molony,The Mediterranean and Middle East,vol.4 of History of the Second World War(London:Her Majesty's Stationery Office,1966),15-17,27-30.

2 Alan J.Levine,The War Against Rommel's Supply Lines(Westport,CT:Praeger,1999),33-34;Winston Churchill,The Hinge of Fate(Boston:Houghton Miffin,1950),588-89;James J.Sadkovich,The Italian Navy in World War Ⅱ(Westport,CT:Greenwood Press,1994),278-83,302-6;Playfair and Molony,The Mediterranean and Middle East,25,101n.

3 Richard M.Leighton and Robert W.Coakley,Global Logistics and Strategy,1940-1943(Washington,DC:Office of the Chief of Military History,1955),204;Stephen Roskill,The War at Sea,1939-1945(London:Her Majesty's Stationery Office,1956),213;Vincent P.O'Hara,Torch:North Africa and the Allied Path to Victory(Annapolis:USNI,2015),73-75;战斗序列见该书Appendix Ⅲ,305-13。

4 O'Hara,Torch,78-79.

5 有些资料认为袭击“托马斯·斯通号”的是潜艇U-205上的弗朗茨-格奥尔格·雷施克海军少校。然而英国方面的资料明确指出其损伤来自空袭。见Playfair and Molony,The Mediterranean and Middle East,131;and O'Hara,Torch,330,note 11。

6 Oakes Combat Report,Dec.17,1942,is available at www.ww2survivorstories.com;O'Hara,Torch,79-80.

7 一群支持盟军的法国人在墨菲的劝说下,在阿尔及尔夺占了几个据点,但未能撑到被盟军解放的时候,情况因此更加复杂了。See William L.Langer,Our Vichy Gamble(Hamden,CT:Archon Books,1947),esp.345-49.See also George F.Howe,Northwest Africa:Seizing the Initiative in the West,vol.11 of The United States Army in World War Ⅱ(Washington,DC:Office of the Chief of Military History,1957),249-50;Churchill,The Hinge of Fate,611-15,623;and Paul Auphan and Jacques Mordal,The French Navy in World War Ⅱ(Annapolis:USNI,1959),219.

8 Playfair and Molony,The Mediterranean and Middle East,130;Orr Kelly,Meeting the Fox:The Allied Invasion of Africa from Operation Torch to Kasserine Pass to Victory in Tunisia(New York:John Wiley and Sons,2002),55.

9 Auphan and Mordal,The French Navy in World War Ⅱ,226-27;O'Hara,Torch,123-26,132-35.

10 Kelly,Meeting the Fox,69-70;Leslie W.Bailey,Through Hell and High Water:The Wartime Memories of a Junior Combat Infantry Officer(New York:Vantage Press,1994),45-50.

11 Craig L.Symonds,Neptune:The Allied Invasion of Europe and the D-Day Landings(New York:Oxford University Press,2014),89;Auphan and Mordal,The French Navy in World War Ⅱ,222;O'Hara,Torch,91;Kelly,Meeting the Fox,75.

12 Playfair and Molony,The Mediterranean and Middle East,145,160-61;O'Hara,Torch,99-105.

13 Symonds,Neptune,74-75.

14 Ibid.,81-83;Playfair and Molony,The Mediterranean and Middle East,130;Samuel Eliot Morison,Operations in North African Waters(Boston:Little,Brown,1965,orig.1947),43-45.

15 Hewitt to C-in-C Atlantic,Nov.28,1942,Battle Action Reports(Mss.416),USNA,box 3(hereafter Hewitt Report);H.Kent Hewitt,The Memoirs of H.Kent Hewitt,ed.Evelyn M.Cherpak(Newport,RI:Naval War College Press,2004),149-50;Morison,Operations in North African Waters,84.

16 Hewitt Report;Symonds,Neptune,90-91;Morison,Operations in North African Waters,63,65,79.

17 Symonds,Neptune,92.

18 Auphan and Mordal,The French Navy in World War Ⅱ,232-34;O'Hara,Torch,195-205;Morison,Operations in North Africa,100.

19 文森特·奥哈拉称这场战斗为“二战期间大西洋上进行的海空及潜艇部队同时参战的最大规模海军行动”,并且提供了详尽的叙述,见O'Hara,Torch,195-218。另见Morison,Operations in North African Waters,101-7。此处提到的法军将领为加布里埃尔·奥方(Gabriel Auphan),见Auphan and Mordal,The French Navy in World War Ⅱ,233,236。

20 “马萨诸塞号”用了多达60%的16英寸炮弹,“威奇托号”和“塔斯卡卢萨号”巡洋舰各发射了1200枚8英寸炮弹,“布鲁克林号”用光了其2691枚6英寸炮弹。见O'Hara,Torch,213-18。

21 Patton to Beatrice Patton,Nov.8,1942,and diary entry,Nov.8,both in The Patton Papers,1940-1945,ed.Martin Blumenson(Boston:Houghton Mifflin,1974),2:103,105.

22 DesRon 19 to C-in-C,Atlantic,Nov.20,1944,Action Reports(Mss 416),box 3,USNA.

23 Symonds,Neptune,92-93;Morison,Operations in North African Waters,144-48.

24 Levine,Rommel's Supply Line,80;Playfair and Molony,The Mediterranean and Middle East,28;Sadkovich,The Italian Navy,283,286,303-6.

25 Raeder's report,Nov.17,1942,is in Fuehrer Conferences on Naval Affairs,1939-1945(Annapolis:USNI,1990),300.

26 Levine,Rommel's Supply Line,58-60,84-86.

27 Ibid.,83-84.

28 Ibid.,76,81,83-86,89.

29 关于“火炬行动”之后盟军运输船队的锐减,见Table 13 in Leighton and Coakley,Global Logistics and Strategy,485。

30 DDE to Smith,Nov.10,DDE to GCM,Nov.17,and DDE to Thomas T.Handy,Dec.7,1942,all in PDDE,2:686,729-32,812.

31 有些停于突尼斯的法国军舰被德军俘获。魏刚的评论出现在他为奥方与莫道尔所著作品撰写的序言中,见Auphan and Mordal,The French Navy in World War Ⅱ,ⅴ。

32 约翰·L.霍尔少将在其口述史中谈到了米舍利耶的处境,见John L.Hall Jr.oral history,Columbia University,119-20。关于戈德弗鲁瓦,见Playfair and Molony,The Mediterranean and the Middle East,164。

33 Tameichi Hara,Japanese Destroyer Captain(Annapolis:Naval Institute Press,1967),149-50.

34 James D.Hornfischer,Neptune's Inferno:The U.S.Navy at Guadalcanal(New York:Bantam Books,2011),250-52.

35 Ibid.,246.

36 对阿部弘毅性格过度谨慎的描述来自原为一,其判断可能受到了接下来发生的战斗的影响,见Hara,Japanese Destroyer Captain,126。

37 Samuel Eliot Morison,The Struggle for Guadalcanal:August 1942-February 1943(Boston:Little,Brown,1949),237-43;Hornfischer,Neptune's Inferno,263-74;Frank,Guadalcanal,436-40;Timothy S.Wolters,Information at Sea(Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,2013),202-3.

38 Richard B.Frank,Guadalcanal:The Definitive Account of the Landmark Battle(New York:Penguin,1990),436-38;Hara,Japanese Destroyer Captain,130-31.

39 Morison,Struggle for Guadalcanal,244.“奥班农号”副舰长的话引自John F.Wukovits,Tin Can Titans(Boston:Da Capo Press,2017),52。帕克的话引自James Hornfischer,Neptune's Inferno,302,但也请参见该书第275页和第292页。另外见Julian Becton,The Ship That Would Not Die(Englewood Cliffs,NJ:Prentice Hall,1980),9。“海伦娜号”舰长指令的顺序引自C.G.Morris,The Fightin'est Ship:The Story ofthe Cruiser Helena(New York:Dodd,Mead,1944),91。

40 Robert M.Howe Oral History,NMPW,4;Becton,The Ship That Would Not Die,9-10.

41 Howe Oral History,NWPW,5;J.G.Coward,“Destroyer Dust,”Proceedings,Nov.1948,1375;Hornfischer,Neptune's Inferno,282-89,299,301-2(Du Bose is quoted on 302).

42 Frank,Guadalcanal,454-55;Thomas G.Miller Jr.,The Cactus Air Force(New York:Harper and Row,1969),184-89.

43 Matome Ugaki,Fading Victory:The Diary of Matome Ugaki(Pittsburgh:University of Pittsburgh Press,1991),278(diary entry of Nov.17).

44 Morris,The Fightin'est Ship,95;Dan Kurzman,Left to Die:The Tragedy of the USS Juneau(New York:Pocket Books,1994),1-4,10-26.

45 Raizo Tanaka,“The Struggle for Guadalcanal,”in The Japanese Navy in World War Ⅱ,ed.David C.Evans(Annapolis:USNI,1969,1986),192-95.

46 Hornfischer,Neptune's Inferno,335-36,347-50.

47 Ibid.,357-62;Wolters,Information at Sea,203.

48 Louis Brown,A Radar History of World War Ⅱ(Bristol:Institute of Physics,1999),370.

49 Frank,Guadalcanal,582-94.

第17章 破交战(三)

1 对航运损失的整理,见Appendix 20 of Clay Blair,Hitler's U-Boat War:The Hunted(New York:Random House,1996),820。引文来自WSC to FDR,Oct.31,1942,in Roosevelt and Churchill:Their Secret Wartime Correspondence,ed.Francis L.Loewenheim,Harold D.Langley,and Manfred Jones(New York:E.P.Dutton,1975),262。

2 Proceedings of the London Naval Conference of 1930 and Supplementary Documents(Washington,DC:Government Printing Office,1931),83.

3 James P.Duffy,The Sinking of the Laconia and the U-Boat War:Disaster in the Mid-Atlantic(Santa Barbara,CA:Praeger,2009),53,71-84.

4 Léonce Peillard,The Laconia Affair(New York:G.P.Putnam's Sons,1963),166-70;Blair,Hitler's U-Boat War:The Hunted,58-64.

5 Duffy,The Sinking of the Laconia,96;Peillard,The Laconia Affair,190;Blair,Hitler's U-Boat War:The Hunted,65.

6 Karl Doenitz,Memoirs:Ten Years and Twenty Days(Annapolis:USNI,1958,1990),29-94;Blair,Hitler's U-Boat War:The Hunted,767.

7 Stephen S.Roskill,The War at Sea,1939-1945(London:Her Majesty's Stationery Office,1956),2:290-98;A.E.Sokol,“German Attacks on the Murmansk Run,”Proceedings,Dec.1952,1333;Erich Raeder,My Life(Annapolis:USNI,1960),370.

8 Keith Bird,Erich Raeder:Admiral of the Third Reich(Annapolis:USNI,2006),196-97;Winston S.Churchill,The Hinge of Fate,vol.4 of The History of the Second World War(Boston:Houghton Mifflin,1950),275-76.

9 John Winton,The Death of the Scharnhorst(New York:Hippocrene Books,1983),5-6;Raeder,My Life,369-70.

10 “Conference Between the C-in-C Navy and the Fuehrer,”Jan.11,1943,in Fuehrer Conferences on Naval Affairs(Annapolis:USNI,1990),307;Bird,Erich Raeder,202-3.

11 Raeder,My Life,374;Doenitz,Memoirs,299-300,311;“Minutes of Conference Between the C-in-C Navy and the Fuehrer,”Feb.13,1943,in Fuehrer Conferences,310.

12 Jürgen Rohwer,The Critical Convoy Battles of March 1943(Annapolis:USNI,1977),47;Doenitz,Memoirs,315-16;Blair,Hitler's U-Boat War:The Hunted,24-25,40.

13 Blair,Hitler's U-Boat War:The Hunted,25;Peter Padfield,The War Beneath the Sea:Submarine Conflict During World War Ⅱ(New York:John Wiley and Sons,1995),280-81,286.

14 Doenitz,Memoirs,316;Blair,Hitler's U-Boat War:The Hunted,234-35.

15 John M.Waters Jr.,Bloody Winter(Annapolis:USNI,1967,1984),178-94.

16 Rohwer,Critical Convoy Battles,50-51;Blair,Hitler's U-Boat War:The Hunted,260-65.

17 有些书详细描写了HX-229/SC-122船队遇袭的经过,尤其见Rohwer,Critical Convoy Battles,55-62,109-85(plus Appendix 9);Martin Middlebrook,Convoy(New York:William Morrow,1977),126-278(plus Appendix 4);and Michael Gannon,Black May:The Epic Story oftheAllies'Defeat of the German U-Boats in May 1943(New York:HarperCollins,1998).这名下级军官是海军少尉弗兰克·皮林(Frank Pilling),引自Middlebrook,Convoy,188。

18 Doenitz,Memoirs,329.

19 Blair,Hitler's U-Boat War:The Hunted,271,768-69.迈克尔·甘农的结论是,贸易办公室的皇家海军军官变得不那么担心了,因为数据显示德国潜艇正在输掉这场战争。见Gannon,Black May,ⅹⅶ-ⅹⅹⅷ。

20 William T.Y'Blood,Hunter Killer:U.S.Escort Carriers in the Battle of the Atlantic(Annapolis:USNI,1983),35-39;Herbert A.Werner,Iron Coffins:A Personal Account of the German U-Boat Battles of World War Ⅱ(New York:Holt,Rinehart and Winston,1969),120.

21 Dönitz's War Diary,March 5,1943,is printed as Appendix 4 in Rohwer,Critical Convoy Battles,212-14;Doenitz,Memoirs,324-25;Blair,Hitler's U-Boat War:The Hunted,191.

22 “萨佩罗号”上的这位船员是E.E.利普克,他在一篇文章中描述了这次袭击,见E.E.Lipke,“A North Atlantic Convoy,”Proceedings,March 1947,292。

23 迈克尔·甘农对ONS-5遭遇的战斗进行了细致的描述,见Black May,115-240;格雷顿的话引自第233页。另见Roskill,The War at Sea,2:373-74和Peter Gretton,Crisis Convoy:The Story ofHX231(Annapolis:USNI,1974),149-53。

24 Roskill,The War at Sea,2:375-76.

25 Ibid.,2:377;Doenitz,Memoirs,341.

26 Gretton,Crisis Convoy,159-76.

27 Minutes of a Conference Between Donitz and Hitler on April 11,1943,in Fuehrer Conferences on Naval Affairs(Annapolis:USNI,1990),2:20.See also Padfield,War Beneath the Sea,220.

28 Frederic C.Lane,Ships for Victory:A History of Shipbuilding Under the U.S.Maritime Commission in World War Ⅱ(Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1951,2001),138-44;GCM to FDR,Feb.18,1942,Franklin D.Roosevelt Library,Hyde Park,NY,Secretary's File,box 3.这位英国历史学家是马克斯·黑斯廷斯,见Max Hastings,Retribution:The Battle for Japan,1944-45(New York:Alfred A.Knopf,2008),96。

29 Lane,Ships for Victory,72-74.

30 Ibid.,257.

31 Ibid.,214.

32 Ibid.,145,207.

33 Craig L.Symonds,Neptune:The Allied Invasion of Europe and the D-Day Landings(New York:Oxford University Press,2014),159-60;Lane,Ships for Victory,144,149,167;Padfield,War Beneath the Sea,276.The quotations are from Knox to Stimson,Feb.8,1943,Papers of George Catlett Marshall,ed.Larry Ⅰ.Bland(Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1996),3:535n;King to Stark,Aug.29,1942,Commander U.S.Naval Forces Europe[Stark]Subject File,RG 313,box 24,NARA;and WSC to FDR,Oct.31,1942,in Roosevelt and Churchill(New York:E.P.Dutton,1975),262-63.在同一封信里,丘吉尔还提到他对于损失众多舰船感到“痛心”。

34 Clay Blair,Silent Victory:The U.S.Submarine War Against Japan(Philadelphia:J.B.Lippincott,1975),109-12.

35 引语来自William Coffey oral history(OH 00833),NMPW,7。See also Buford Rowland and William B.Boyd,U.S.Navy Bureau of Ordnance in World War Ⅱ(Washington,DC:Bureau of Ordnance,1953),90;Robert Gannon,Hellions of the Deep:The Development ofAmerican Torpedoes in World War Ⅱ(University Park,PA:Penn State University Press,1996),75-76;Blair,Silent Victory,169-70;and Mark P.Parillo,The Japanese Merchant Marine in World WarⅡ(Annapolis:USNI,1993),204.

36 “独角鲸号”的故事见Blair,Silent Victory,319;引文来自Edward L.Beach,Submarine!(New York:Pocket Books,1946),21。

37 Samuel Eliot Morison,Coral Sea,Midway,and Submarine Actions,May 1942-August 1942(Boston:Little,Brown,1949),189.

38 David B.Bell oral history(OH 00646),20,NMPW.

39 Ibid.,3;Edward M.Hary oral history(OH00830),2;and Wiley Davis oral history(OH 00843),1,all NMPW.

40 Blair,Silent Victory,109;Corwin Mendenhall,Submarine Diary(Annapolis:Naval Institute Press,1991),8(entry of Dec.9,1942);and Coffey oral history,10,NMPW.

41 Davis oral history,11;Tim Dearman oral history(OH 00533),10,both NMPW.

42 对潜艇的受害者感到抱歉的军官是“乌贼号”艇长戴维·B.贝尔中校,见David B.Bell oral history,16。

43 莫顿扫射“武洋丸”幸存者一事记述于Richard H.O'Kane,Wahoo:The Patrols of America's Most Famous World War Ⅱ Submarine(Novato,CA:Presidio Press,1987),150-54。See also Blair,Silent Victory,384-85;and Don Keith,Undersea Warrior:The World WarⅡStory of“Mush”Morton and the USS Wahoo(New York:New American Library,2011),168-73.总统部队嘉奖颁奖词中的强调处为作者所加。

44 Bell oral history,16.关于1942—1943年美国潜艇巡逻的统计数字,见Appendix F in Blair,Silent Victory,900-983。关于美国潜艇给日本船只带来的损失,更详细的分析见Japanese Naval and Merchant Shipping Losses During World War Ⅱ by All Causes(Washington,DC:Government Printing Office,1947),29-37(对1942年的分析)。布莱尔的话来自SilentVictory,360。

45 Blair,Silent Victory,275-78;Charles A.Lockwood and Hans Christian Adamson,Hellcats of the Sea(New York:Greenberg,1955),3-23.那名愤怒的艇长是爱德华·L.比奇,见Edward L.Beach,Submarine!,21。

46 Charles A.Lockwood,Sink'Em All:Submarine Warfare in the Pacific(New York:E.P.Dutton,1951),93-95;Blair,Silent Victory,435-39.

47 Samuel Eliot Morison,Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier,22 July 1942-1 May 1944(Boston:Little,Brown,1950),66;Blair,Silent Victory,Appendix F;Gannon,Hellions of the Deep,89.

48 Blair in Hitler's U-Boat War:The Hunted,338-39,353-54.The Dönitz quotations are from his Memoirs,342-43,and from Padfield in War Beneath the Sea,371.

第18章 飞机和船队

1 Wesley Frank Craven and James Lea Cate,Army Air Forces in World War Ⅱ,vol.4:The Pacific:Guadalcanal to Saipan(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1950),136-37;Bruce Gamble,Fortress Rabaul:The Battle for the Southwest Pacific,January 1942-April 1943(Minneapolis:Zenith Press,2010),303.

2 John Prados,Storm over Leyte:The Philippine Invasion and the Destruction of the Japanese Navy(New York:New American Library,2016),39-40;Lex McAulay,Battle of the Bismarck Sea(New York:St.Martin's Press,1991),47-48.

3 Craven and Cate,Army Air Forces in World War Ⅱ,4:140-41.这名日本水兵是增田令二(Masuda Reiji),其记述载于Haruko Taya Cook and Theodore F.Cook,eds.,Japan at War:An Oral History(New York:New Press,1992),301。

4 Cook and Cook,Japan at War,301-2;McAulay,Battle of the Bismarck Sea,77,120-22;Thomas E.Griffith,MacArthur's Airman:General George C.Kenney and the War in the Southwest Pacific(Lawrence:University of Kansas Press,1998),106-8.增田令二的描述见Cook and Cook,eds.,Japan at War,302。

5 McAulay,Battle of the Bismarck Sea,102-3,138;Gamble,Fortress Rabaul,310-11;Griffith,MacArthur's Airman,106-7;Samuel Eliot Morison,Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier,vol.6 of History of United States Naval Operations in World War Ⅱ(Boston:Little,Brown,1950),62.

6 McAulay,Battle of the Bismarck Sea,136,155;Gamble,Fortress Rabaul,312-15.根据飞行员的报告,麦克阿瑟发布了一份新闻通稿,声称其部队击沉6艘驱逐舰或轻巡洋舰,外加22艘商船。当后续证据表明这个数字严重夸大时,麦克阿瑟暗示道,任何胆敢质疑他的报告的人,都将面临违反军纪的处罚。肯尼本人写于战后的回忆录同样采用了这些夸大的数据,见General Kenney Reports(New York:Duell,Sloan and Pearce,1949),205-6。

7 Gamble,Fortress Rabaul,320-21;Matome Ugaki,Fading Victory:The Diary of Admiral Matome Ugaki,1941-1945(Pittsburgh:University of Pittsburgh Press,1991),216,320(diary entries of Dec.29,1942,and Apr.3,1943).

8 Ugaki,Fading Victory(diary entry of Apr.16,1943),348-49;Gamble,Fortress Rabaul,316-18.

9 Gamble,Fortress Rabaul,323-27;Ian W.Toll,The Conquering Tide:War in the Pacific Islands,1942-1944(New York:W.W.Norton,2015),202-3.

10 Stephen S.Roskill,The War at Sea,1939-1945(London:Her Majesty's Stationery Office,1956),2:423.

11 Carroll Ⅴ.Glines,Attack on Yamamoto(New York:Orion Books,1990),1-2.

12 Edwin T.Layton,with Roger Pineau and John Costello,“And I Was There”:Pearl Harbor and Midway—Breaking the Secrets(New York:William Morrow,1985),475.

13 Glines,Attack on Yamamoto,27-39.

14 引语来自P-38飞行员罗杰·埃姆斯(Roger Ames),见得克萨斯州弗雷德里克斯堡太平洋战争国家博物馆(NMPW)1988年4月16日一次研讨会上提交的论文(“The Death of Yamamoto”)。

15 兰菲尔在其事件报告中声称是自己击落了第一架敌机,即山本的座机,他在1966年12月《读者文摘》一篇文章(“I Shot Down Yamamoto”)中也重复了这个说法。不过后来其他美军飞行员的证词,特别是日本零战飞行员(柳谷谦治)的证言,全都表示是巴伯从后方发起的攻击致使日军第一架轰炸机坠落的,而不是兰菲尔。贝斯比·霍姆斯对此事的描述(“Who Really Shot Down Yamamoto?”)登载于1967年3月/4月刊的《大众航空》(Popular Aviation)。两篇文章均收录于Clines,Attack on Yamamoto,63-65,70-73(还有152-53)。在1988年4月16日得克萨斯州弗雷德里克斯堡的一次研讨会上,几乎所有仍然在世的飞行员一致同意,击落第一架轰炸机并且协同(霍姆斯)击落第二架的战功应属于巴伯而非兰菲尔。

16 Glines,Attack on Yamamoto,110-11.

17 Alan J.Levine,The War Against Rommel's Supply Lines,1942-1943(Westport,CT:Praeger,1999),147-48;I.S.O.Playfair and C.J.C.Molony,The Mediterranean and Middle East,vol.4:The Destruction of the Axis Forces in Africa(London:Her Majesty's Stationery Office,1966),240,246;Richard Hammond,“Fighting Under a Different Flag:Multinational Naval Cooperation and Submarine Warfare in the Mediterranean,1940-1944,”JMH,April 2016,452.

18 Playfair and Molony,The Mediterranean and Middle East,407-8(Cunningham is quoted on 410);Levine,The War Against Rommel's Supply Lines,150-54,160.See also Robert S.Ehlers Jr.,The Mediterranean Air War:Airpower and Allied Victory in World War Ⅱ(Lawrence:University of Kansas Press,2015),278,282.

19 关于意大利驱逐舰的损失,见Marc'Antonio Bragadin,The Italian Navy in World War Ⅱ(Annapolis:USNI,1957),249。邓尼茨与里卡尔迪的对话见“Conference at Supermarina,12 May 1943,”in Fuehrer Conferences on Naval Affairs(Annapolis:USNI,1990),323。

20 Playfair and Molony,The Mediterranean and Middle East,411-16;Ehlers,The Mediterranean Air War,287.

21 Ibid.,424,460;Andrew B.Cunningham,A Sailor's Odyssey(New York:E.P.Dutton,1951),529-30.根据Robert S.Ehlers Jr.,The Mediterranean Air War,2,盟军总共俘获了101784名德国人和89442名意大利人,另有47017名其他国籍的俘虏,所有人都毫发无伤。记录中并未记载有多少伤者同样成为战俘。美国的记录显示,总共有27万人被俘,这个数字可能有些夸大。“Conference at Supermarina,12 May 1943,”322.

22 Rick Atkinson,An Army at Dawn:The War in North Africa,1942-1944(New York:Henry Holt,2002),536-39.

23 Minutes of a meeting of the Combined Chiefs of Staff,Jan.18,1943,in FRUS,Special Conferences Series,1:598,628-34,678,689.See also Carlo D'Este,Bitter Victory:The Battle for Sicily,1943(New York:E.P.Dutton,1988),31-52.

24 本段内容来自艾森豪威尔的海军副官哈里·布彻1943年7月11日的日记。Harry C.Butcher,My Three Years with Eisenhower(New York:Simon and Schuster,1946),357.

25 Denis Smyth,Deathly Deception:The Real Story of Operation Mincemeat(New York:Oxford University Press,2013);Bragadin,The Italian Navy in World War Ⅱ,253;“Report to the Fuehrer,14 May 1943,”in Fuehrer Conferences,327.

26 Samuel Eliot Morison,Sicily-Salerno-Anzio,January 1943-June 1944(Boston:Little,Brown,1954),229.

27 Minutes of several meetings of the Combined Chiefs of Staff,May 13,14,and 21,1943,FRUS,Special Conferences Series,3:41-44,53-54,348.

第19章 “哈士奇行动”

1 Bernard Fergusson,The Watery Maze:The Story of Combined Operations(New York:Holt,Rinehart,and Winston,1961),221;Carlo D'Este,Bitter Victory:The Battle for Sicily(New York:E.P.Dutton,1988),76-77.

2 D'Este,Bitter Victory,115-16;C.J.C.Molony,The Mediterranean and Middle East,vol.5:The Campaign in Sicily,1943(London:Her Majesty's Stationery Office,1973),25;Cunningham to Pound,Apr.28,1942,quoted in John Winton,Cunningham(London:John Murray,1998),311;Diary of George Patton(entry of Apr.29,1942),in The Patton Papers,1940-1945,ed.Martin Blumenson(Boston:Houghton Mifflin,1974),2:236.

3 Stephen S.Roskill,The War at Sea,1939-1945(London:Her Majesty's Stationery Office,1960),3(part 1):107.

4 Molony,The Mediterranean and Middle East,5:29-34.战斗序列见Appendix B(584-91)in D'Este,Bitter Victory。

5 Andrew B.Cunningham,A Sailor's Odyssey(New York:E.P.Dutton,1951),493,524.

6 Ibid.,547-48,553;Philip Vian,Action This Day:A War Memoir(London:Frederick Muller,1960),106;Molony,The Mediterranean and Middle East,5:53;I.S.O.Playfair,The Mediterranean and Middle East,vol.4 of The Destruction of the Axis Forces in Africa(London:Her Majesty's Stationery Office,1966),Appendix 5,482.

7 特拉斯科特的战后报告引用于Samuel Eliot Morrison,Operations in North African Waters(Boston:Little,Brown,1947),123。

8 Craig L.Symonds,Neptune:The Allied Invasion of Europe and the D-Day Landings(New York:Oxford University Press,2014),152-55;Winston S.Churchill,Closing the Ring(Boston:Houghton Mifflin,1951),28.

9 Lucian Truscott,Command Missions:A Personal Story(New York:E.P.Dutton,1954),202.

10 Symonds,Neptune,150;Charles C.Roberts Jr.,The Boat That Won the War:An Illustrated History of the Higgins LCVP(Annapolis:USNI,2017).

11 Samuel Eliot Morison,Sicily-Salerno-Anzio,January 1943-June 1944(Boston:Little,Brown,1954),106;Symonds,Neptune,210,210n.

12 D'Este,Bitter Victory,157;Cunningham,A Sailor's Odyssey,534-35;H.Kent Hewitt,“Naval Aspects of the Sicilian Campaign,”Proceedings,July 1953,707.

13 Rear Admiral Alan Goodrich Kirk oral history,Columbia University,198.

14 Truscott,Command Missions,203-4.

15 Ibid.

16 Roskill,The War at Sea,3(part 1):116-17;Kirk and Patton are quoted in Morison,Sicily-Anzio-Salerno,16-17,22,61;Hall's quotation is from his oral history,Columbia University,173;and Hewitt's is from his article“Naval Aspects of the Sicilian Campaign,”714.

17 Rick Atkinson,The Day of Battle:The War in Sicily and Italy,1944-1945(New York:Henry Holt,2007),75-78.

18 Action Report,Western Naval Task Force,Operation Husky,NHHC,36;Atkinson,The Day of Battle,65-66;Cunningham,A Sailor's Odyssey,544;Truscott,Command Missions,209.

19 U.S.Office of Naval Intelligence,Sicilian Campaign[Combat Narrative](Washington,DC:U.S.Navy,1945),117-18;Morison,Sicily-Salerno-Anzio,65-66.

20 Albert N.Garland and Howard M.Smith,The Mediterranean Theater of Operations:Sicily and the Surrender of Italy(Washington,DC:Office of the Chief of Military History,1965),125;U.S.Office of Naval Intelligence,The Sicilian Campaign,28;Hugh Pond,Sicily(London:William Kimber,1962),72.

21 Morison,Sicily-Salerno-Anzio,80.

22 Truscott,Command Missions,196,212;Jack Belden,Still Time to Die(New York:Harper and Bros.,1943),251-52;D'Este,Bitter Victory,255-57.

23 Garland and Smith,Mediterranean Theater of Operations,128;Morison,Sicily-Salerno-Anzio,81.

24 U.S.Office of Naval Intelligence,The Sicilian Campaign,7,24,33;D'Este,Bitter Victory,254-59,264n;Molony,The Mediterranean and Middle East,5:63.

25 Molony,The Mediterranean and Middle East,5:59-62;Atkinson,The Day of Battle,87;Mark Zuehlke,Operation Husky:The Canadian Invasion of Sicily,July 10-August 7,1943(Vancouver:Douglas and McIntyre,2008),107.

26 Morison,Sicily-Salerno-Anzio,30-31,84-85.

27 Ibid.,100-101,107-8;U.S.Office of Naval Intelligence,The Sicilian Campaign,39-42;Zuehlke,Operation Husky,112.

28 Belden,Still Time to Die,267;John Mason Brown,To All Hands:An Amphibious Adventure(New York:Whittlesey House,1943),148;Morison,Sicily-Salerno-Anzio,106,108.

29 D'Este,Bitter Victory,285-89;Atkinson,The Day of Battle,100.

30 Robert L.Clifford and William J.Maddocks,“Naval Gunfire Support of the Landings in Sicily,”monograph No.5(Oct.1984),45th Infantry Division Museum,Oklahoma City,25-26,30;U.S.Office of Naval Intelligence,The Sicilian Campaign,69;Atkinson,The Day of Battle,103;Morison,Sicily-Salerno-Anzio,1l3,117.

31 U.S.Office of Naval Intelligence,The Sicilian Campaign,4-10;Hewitt,“Naval Aspects of the Sicilian Campaign,”710.

32 D'Este,Bitter Victory,296;Morison,Sicily-Salerno-Anzio,111-13;George S.Patton,War as I Knew It(Boston:Houghton Mifflin,1947),59.

33 Morison,Sicily-Salerno-Anzio,118;Hewitt,“Naval Aspects of the Sicilian Campaign,”718.

34 D'Este,Bitter Victory,412-27;Morison,Sicily-Salerno-Anzio,179-85;Butcher(diary entry of Aug.2,1943)in Harry C.Butcher,My Three Years with Eisenhower(New York:Simon and Schuster,1946),376.The American visitor was H.Kent Hewitt;The Memoirs of Admiral H.Kent Hewitt,ed.Evelyn Cherpak(Newport,RI:Naval War College Press,2004),192.

35 D'Este,Bitter Victory,476-81;Cunningham,A Sailor's Odyssey,554.

36 Morison,Sicily-Salerno-Anzio,209-18.

第20章 德意海军的落幕

1 Albert N.Garland and Howard McGaw Smith,The Mediterranean Theater of Operations:Sicily and the Surrender of Italy(Washington,DC:Office of the Chief of Military History,1965),440-41,443.

2 WSC to FDR,July 29 and 31,1943,in Winston S.Churchill,Closing the Ring(Boston:Houghton-Mifflin,1951),61,64.

3 DDE to CCS,July 18,1943,FRUS,The Conferences at Washington and Quebec(1943),1056;Samuel Eliot Morison,Sicily-Salerno-Anzio,January 1943-June 1944(Boston:Little,Brown,1954),238.

4 CCS to DDE,Aug.18,1943,and Conference Minutes,Aug.21,1943,both in FRUS,The Conferences at Washington and Quebec,1061,1072,1073,1075;强调处为作者所加。Garland and Smith,Sicily and the Surrender of Italy,445,459;D.K.R.Crosswell,Beetle:The Life of General Walter Bedell Smith(Lexington:University of Kentucky Press,2010),472-73.

5 Garland and Smith,Sicily and the Surrender of Italy,459.

6 Minutes of Meetings held on July 17 and Aug.1-3,1943,Fuehrer Conferences on Naval Affairs(Annapolis:USNI,1990),343-44,352-53.

7 Minutes of Discussions,Aug.9 and 11,1943,in Fuehrer Conferences,359-60;Antonio Bragadin,The Italian Navy in World War Ⅱ(Annapolis:USNI,1957),310.

8 DDE to Smith,Sept.8,1943,PDDE,3:1401-2;Garland and Smith,Sicily and the Surrender of Italy,466-67,474-76.

9 Garland and Smith,Sicily and the Surrender of Italy,483;Bragadin,The Italian Navy in World War Ⅱ,310.意大利的投降书印于FRUS,The Conferences at Washington and Quebec,1162-64。

10 Bragadin,The Italian Navy in World War Ⅱ,311;Garland and Smith,Sicily and the Italian Surrender,480;Jack Greene and Alessandro Massignani,The Naval War in the Mediterranean,1940-1943(Annapolis:USNI,2002),299.

11 Greene and Massignani,The Naval Air War in the Mediterranean,299;Garland and Smith,Sicily and the Surrender ofItaly,508.

12 艾森豪威尔的广播声明见PDDE,3:1402n。

13 Garland and Smith,Sicily and the Surrender ofItaly,ch.9;Ralph S.Mavrogordata,“Hitler's Decision on the Defense of Italy,”in Command Decisions,ed.Kent Roberts Greenfield(Washington,DC:Office of the Chief of Military History,1960),315.

14 Badoglio to DDE,Sept.8,1943,PDDE,3:1403.

15 DDE to Badoglio,Sept.8,1943,PDDE,3:1403;Garland and Smith,Sicily and the Surrender of Italy,510-12,524,543;Greene and Massignani,The Naval War in the Mediterranean,1940-1943,300-301.

16 Bragadin,The Italian Navy in World War Ⅱ,312,313.布拉加丁当时为海军中校,他在意大利海军总部亲眼见证了他所描述的事情。

17 Morison,Sicily-Salerno-Anzio,243;Bragadin,The Italian Navy in World War Ⅱ,316.

18 The eyewitness is quoted by Greene and Massignani in The Naval Air War in the Mediterranean,305;Bragadin,The Italian Navy in World War Ⅱ,318;Morison,Sicily-Salerno-Anzio,243;Stephen S.Roskill,The War at Sea,1939-1945(London:Her Majesty's Stationery Office,1960),3(part 1):167.

19 Morison,Sicily-Salerno-Anzio,236.

20 Garland and Smith,Sicily and the Surrender of Italy,533:Greene and Massignani,The Naval Air War in the Mediterranean,304-5,307.

21 Benito Mussolini,Memoirs,1942-1943,ed.Raymond Klibansky(New York:Howard Fertig,1975),78-79.

22 “Report by the Combined Staff Planners at Quebec,”Aug.26,1943,in FRUS,The Conferences at Washington and Quebec,1134.

23 Morison,Sicily-Salerno-Anzio,253;H.Kent Hewitt,“The Allied Navies at Salerno,”Proceedings,Sept.1953,965;John L.Hall Jr.oral history,Columbia University,147.

24 Mavrogordata,“Hitler's Decision on the Defense of Italy,”317-19.

25 Carlo D'Este,Fatal Decision:Anzio and the Battle for Rome(New York:HarperCollins,1991),36-38,41;Morison,Sicily-Salerno-Anzio,250,265.英军登陆海滩有过短暂的炮击(15分钟),但美军登陆海滩完全没有。

26 Morison,Sicily-Salerno-Anzio,266-68.姓名不详的美军士兵的话引自Rick Atkinson,The Day of Battle:The War in Sicily and Italy,1943-1944(New York:Henry Holt,2013),205。

27 Andrew B.Cunningham,A Sailor's Odyssey(New York:E.P.Dutton,1951),571;Roskill,The War at Sea,3(part 1):172,177;Morison,Sicily-Salerno-Anzio,276-78.

28 Corelli Barnett,Engage the Enemy More Closely(New York:W.W.Norton,1991),659-60;Cunningham,A Sailor's Odyssey,571;Roskill,The War at Sea,3(part 1):155;Atkinson,The Day of Battle,213.

29 DDE to GCM,Sept.13,1943,PDDE 3:1411;C.J.C.Molony,The Mediterranean and Middle East(London:Her Majesty's Stationery Office,1973),5:28;Atkinson,The Day of Battle,205.

30 Hewitt,“The Allied Navies at Salerno,”969.

31 Morison,Sicily-Salerno-Anzio,290;Roskill,The War at Sea,3(part 1):178-79;Cunningham.A Sailor's Odyssey,568-69,571.

32 Morrison,Sicily-Salerno-Anzio,296;Greene and Massignani,The Naval War in the Mediterranean,302.

33 Cunningham,A Sailor's Odyssey,571.

34 希特勒的评论见“Notes Taken at Conferences on Feb.26,1943,”Fuehrer Conferences on Naval Affairs,311。

35 David Woodward,The Tirpitz and the Battle for the North Atlantic(New York:W.W.Norton,1953),147-48;Michael Ogden,The Battle of North Cape(London:William Kimber,1962),43;John Wilton,The Death of the Scharnhorst(New York:Hippocrene Books,1983),40-41.

36 Roskill,The War at Sea,3(part 1):65-66;Woodward,The Tirpitz and the Battle for the North Atlantic,152-53;Barnett,Engage the Enemy More Closely,734-36.

37 Woodward,The Tirpitz and the Battle for the North Atlantic,154-56;G.H.Bennett,J.E.Harrold,and R.Porter,Hunting Tirpitz:Royal Naval Operations Against Bismarck's Sister Ship,Britannia Naval Histories of World War Ⅱ(Plymouth:University of Plymouth Press,2012),196-97;Roskill,The War at Sea,3(part 1):67.

38 Albert Vulliez and Jacques Mordal,Battleship Scharnhorst(Fair Lawn,NJ:Essential Books,1958),198-202;Woodward,The Tirpitz and the Battle for the North Atlantic,156-57.卡梅伦上尉和普莱斯上尉均在战争中幸存,后被授予维多利亚十字勋章。

39 Woodward,The Tirpitz and the Battle for the North Atlantic,150-59;Roskill,The War at Sea,3(part 1):68;“Conference Minutes of the C-in-C Navy,”Sept.25,1943,Fuehrer Conferences,369;Barnett,Engage the Enemy More Closely,737.

40 Churchill,Closing the Ring,163-64;Christopher M.Bell,Churchill and Sea Power(New York:Oxford University Press,2013),262-63;Max Hastings,Winston's War:Churchill,1940-1945(New York:Alfred A.Knopf,2010),211,218;Winton,Death of the Scharnhorst,45-46.

41 Winton,Death of the Scharnhorst,46-47;Churchill,Closing the Ring,270-74.

42 B.B.Schofield,The Russian Convoys(Philadelphia:Dufour Editions,1964),164.

43 档案里的这份备忘录将时间误标为1944年1月8日,但在正式出版的版本中改为了正确的日期,即1943年12月19日至20日。Fuehrer Conferences on Naval Affairs,373-74.

44 Karl Doenitz,Memoirs:Ten Years and Twenty Days(Annapolis:USNI,1958),375;Ogden,The Battle of North Cape,101;Vulliez and Mordal,Battleship Scharnhorst,212;Winton,Death of the Scharnhorst,79.

45 Ogden,The Battle of North Cape,97-103;A.J.Watts,The Loss of the Scharnhorst(London:Ian Allan,1970),26-27;Vulliez and Mordal,Battleship Scharnhorst,216.

46 Ogden,The Battle of North Cape,103;Schofield,The Russian Convoys,172.战后,邓尼茨写道:“尽管我自己认为让‘沙恩霍斯特号’单独行动是种错误,但参谋们和我本人都看不出有什么理由干预舰队司令[拜]的作战指令。”Karl Doenitz,Memoirs:Ten Years and Twenty Days(Annapolis:USNI,1958),378.

47 Schofield,The Russian Convoys,172;Winton,The Death of the Scharnhorst,67;Roskill,The War at Sea,3(part 1):80.

48 Winton,The Death of the Scharnhorst,85-86.

49 Watts,The Loss of the Scharnhorst,26-27,38;Vulliez and Mordal,Battleship Scharnhorst,220;Doenitz,Memoirs,380;Derek Howse,Radar at Sea:The Royal Navy in World War 2(Annapolis:USNI,1993),188;Ogden,The Battle of North Cape,122-25;Winton,Death of the Scharnhorst,82-83.

50 Schofield,The Russian Convoys,178-79;Roskill,The War at Sea,3(part 1):85.

51 Vulliez and Mordal,Battleship Scharnhorst,225.

52 Ibid.,228-34;Roskill,The War at Sea,3(part 1):87;Ogden,The Battle of North Cape,186;Winton,Death of the Scharnhorst,77.“野蛮人号”上的瞄准手是乔治·吉尔罗伊(George Gilroy),引自Richard R.Lawrence,The Mammoth Book of Eyewitness Naval Battles(New York:Carroll and Graf,2003),481。

53 Watts,The Loss of the Scharnhorst,48-50;Schofield,The Russian Convoys,179.梅里的话引自Winton,Death of the Scharnhorst,1。

第21章 破盾

1 James C.Shaw,“Introduction,”in Samuel Eliot Morison,Aleutians,Gilberts,and Marshalls(Boston:Little,Brown 1954);Ian Toll,The Conquering Tide:War in the Pacific Islands,1942-1944(New York:W.W.Norton,2015),300-305;Alex Vraciu oral history(OH03808),NMPW,22.

2 Morison,Aleutians,Gilberts,and Marshalls,22-66.

3 Bob Barnett oral history(OH00702),NMPW;Robert Sherrod,Tarawa:The Story of a Battle(Fredericksburg,TX:Admiral Nimitz Foundation,1973,orig.1944),57;John L.Chew,“Some Shall Escape,”Proceedings,Aug.1945,887;John F.Wukovits,Tin Can Titans(Boston:Da Capo,2017),123.

4 最完整的麦克阿瑟长篇传记为D.Clayton James,The Years of MacArthur(New York:Houghton Mifflin,1970);另一部杰出的单卷本传记为William Manchester,American Caesar:Douglas MacArthur,1880-1964(Boston:Little,Brown,1978)。若是想迅速对麦克阿瑟有个简明的认识,见Richard B.Frank,MacArthur:Lessons in Leadership(New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2007)。

5 Max Hastings,Retribution:The Battle for Japan,1944-45(New York:Alfred A.Knopf,2008),23.

6 Thomas Alexander Hughes,Admiral Bill Halsey:A Naval Life(Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,2016),259.

7 William F.Halsey and J.Bryan,Admiral Halsey's Story(New York:McGraw-Hill,1947),154-55,189-90;Jonathan W.Jordan,American Warlords:How Roosevelt's High Command Led America to Victory in World War Ⅱ(New York:Random House,2016),320-21;Toll,The Conquering Tide,220-22.

8 Samuel Eliot Morison,Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier(Boston:Little,Brown,1950),284-86.百武晴吉的话引自John Miller Jr.,Cartwheel:The Reduction of Rabaul(Washington,DC:Office of the Chief of Military History,1959),239。

9 U.S.Office of Naval Intelligence,The Bougainville Landings and the Battle of Empress Augusta Bay,Combat Narratives(Washington,DC:U.S.Navy,1945),47-48;Morison,Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier,338-39.

10 C.G.Morris and Hugh B.Cave,The Fightin'est Ship:The Story of the Cruiser Helena(New York:Dodd Mead,1944),117;Ralph Bailey oral history(OH00770),NWPW.

11 Miller,Cartwheel,91,98.

12 Timothy S.Wolters,Information at Sea:Shipboard Command and Control in the U.S.Navy from Mobile Bay to Okinawa(Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,2013),204-5;Louis Brown,A Radar History of World War Ⅱ:Technical and Military Imperatives(Philadelphia:Institute of Physics,1999),368-71;Morison,Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier,160-75;Harry A.Gailey,Bougainville,1943-1945:The Forgotten Campaign(Lexington:University Press of Kentucky,1991),29.

13 Morris,The Fightin'est Ship,151-156.

14 Ibid.,156.那名战地记者是邓肯·诺顿-泰勒(Duncan Norton-Taylor),引于Wukovits,Tin Can Titans,145。John J.Domagalski,Sunk in Kula Gulf(Washington,DC:Potomac Books,2012),74,85-90;Morison,Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier,255-57;Chew,“Some Shall Escape,”888.

15 Morison,Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier,180-91.引文在其第194页。

16 小约翰·米勒在其书中描述了“马车轮行动”里夺取蒙达的地面战役,见John Miller Jr.,Cartwheel,91-164。另见Toll,The Conquering Tide,231-34。哈尔西语来自Halsey and Bryan,Admiral Halsey's Story,170。

17 Douglas MacArthur,Reminiscences(New York:McGraw-Hill,1964),169;Morison,Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier,226-27,238.

18 Morison,Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier,261-68;Frank,MacArthur,82.

19 Miller,Cartwheel,217-21;Morison,Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier,269-75.

20 Gailey,Bougainville,4;Morison,Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier,300;Miller,Cartwheel,246.

21 Morison,Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier,290-91.盟军空袭列表见Appendix A in The Bougainville Landing and the Battle of Empress Augusta Bay,77-78。

22 Morison,Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier,290,323.导航军官的话引自该书第299页。

23 Miller,Cartwheel,236;The Bougainville Landing and the Battle of Empress Augusta Bay,38-43;Gailey,Bougainville,68-69.

24 Tameichi Hara,Japanese Destroyer Captain:Pearl Harbor,Guadalcanal,Midway—the Great Naval Battles as Seen through Japanese Eyes(Annapolis:USNI,1967),218.

25 Morison,Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier,305-6;Miller,Cartwheel,248-49;E.B.Potter,Admiral Arleigh Burke:A Biography(New York:Random House,1990),94.

26 Hara,Japanese Destroyer Captain,223.

27 Potter,Admiral Arleigh Burke,97-98;The Bougainville Landing and the Battle of Empress Augusta Bay,60-63;Morison,Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier,315-18.

28 Hara,Japanese Destroyer Captain,224-25;Morison,Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier,320-22.

29 Potter,Admiral Arleigh Burke,99;Halsey and Bryan,Admiral Halsey's Story,183.

30 Morison,Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier,323-30(the quotation is on 329);Miller,Cartwheel,232.

31 Miller,Cartwheel,225,225n;Potter,Admiral Arleigh Burke,102-6.

32 Morison,Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier,401,406-7;Masatake Okumiya,Zero(New York:Dutton,1956),222-24.

33 Jordan,American Warlords,281-82.金非但完全没有为萨默维尔的直白感到恼怒,反而像是心生敬意。事后金特意告诉萨默维尔,如果萨默维尔想进行深入的讨论,他随时都欢迎。

34 Philip A.Crowl and Edmund G.Love,Seizure of the Gilberts and Marshalls(Washington,DC:Office of the Chief of Military History,1955),13-14;MacArthur,Reminiscences,173;Jordan,American Warlords,318-19.

35 麦克阿瑟的猜测是对的,金确实想要提升海军在战争中的地位。在回忆录中,金承认自己“坚决地付出了努力,好看到[下一场战役]由陆战队和海军来负责”。Ernest J.King and Walter Muir Whitehill,Fleet Admiral King,a Naval Record(New York:W.W.Norton,1952),481.

36 Samuel Eliot Morison,Aleutians,Gilberts,and Marshalls(Boston:Little,Brown,1951),85;Ashley Halsey Jr.,“The CVL's Success Story,”Proceedings,April 1946,527.诺克斯公布的信息是1943年11月27日《纽约时报》报道的。

37 Crowl and Love,Seizure of the Gilberts and Marshalls,24;Morison,Aleutians,Gilberts,andMarshalls,91.

38 比尔为斯普鲁恩斯写的传记为Thomas B.Buell,The Quiet Warrior:A Biography of Admiral Raymond A.Spruance(Boston:Little,Brown,1974)。另一名采访者是戈登·普兰格(Gordon Prange),时间为1964年9月5日,见Prange Papers,UMD,box 17。

39 Joseph H.Alexander,Across the Reef:The Marine Assault of Tarawa,Marines in World War Ⅱ Commemorative Series(Washington,DC:Marine Corps Historical Center,1993),3.

40 正如莫里森所言:“他们必须在几天之内剿灭敌人,否则自己就会被赶下大海。”Morison,Aleutians,Gilberts,and Marshalls,109.

41 Holland M.Smith,Coral and Brass(New York:Charles Scribner's Sons,1949),120;Henry I.Shaw,Bernard C.Nalty,and Edwin T.Turnbladh,Central Pacific Drive(Washington,DC:Headquarters U.S.Marine Corps,1966),30-31;Maynard M.Nohrden,“The Amphibian Tractor,Jack of All Missions,”Proceedings,Jan.1946,17;James R.Stockman,The Battle for Tarawa(Washington,DC:Historical Section U.S.Marine Corps,1947),4;Crowl and Love,Seizure of the Gilberts and Marshalls,31-33.

42 Alexander,Across the Reef,9.

43 Sherrod,Tarawa,52,62;John Wukovits,One Square Mile of Hell:The Battle for Tarawa(New York:Penguin,2006),103-4.

44 Sherrod,Tarawa,41.

45 Alexander,Across the Reef,13;Fred H.Allison,“We Were Going to Win...or Die There,”Naval History,Oct.2016,35.

46 Alexander,Across the Reef,39;Wukovits,One Square Mile of Hell,108.除了这17个日本人(一人是军官,其余为普通士兵),还有129个朝鲜劳工也幸存下来。

47 Smith,Coral and Brass,126-28;James D.Hornfischer,Last Stand of the Tin Can Sailors(New York:Bantam Books,2004),67.

48 New York Times,Nov.27,1943.《与陆战队在塔拉瓦》(With the Marines at Tarawa)可在网上观看。

第22章 “大型慢速靶子”

1 James L.McGuinness,“The Three Deuces,”Proceedings,Sept.1946,1157;Roy Carter oral history,USNA,6-8.See also Clendel Williams,Echoes of Freedom:Builders of LSTs,1942-1945(Kearney,NE:Morris,2011),3;Craig L.Symonds,Neptune:The Allied Invasion of Europe and the D-Day Landings(New York:Oxford University Press,2014),152-53.

2 George E.Mowry,Landing Craft and the War Production Board,April 1942 to May 1944(Washington,DC:War Production Board,1944),11-13,21-22,34;Symonds,Neptune,157-58.

3 Mowry,Landing Craft and the War Production Board,14-15,17;Frederic C.Lane,Ships for Victory:A History of Shipbuilding Under the U.S.Maritime Commission in World WarⅡ(Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1951),183-84,311;Symonds,Neptune,158-59.

4 H.Kent Hewitt,“The Allied Navies at Salerno,”Proceedings,Sept.1953,961;Symonds,Neptune,154-55,63.

5 Jonathan W.Jordan,American Warlords:How Roosevelt's High Command Led America to Victory in World War Ⅱ(New York:Random House,2016),312-13.

6 Conference Minutes,Sept.24,1943,Fuehrer Conferences on Naval Affairs,1939-1945(Annapolis:USNI,1990),369.

7 Martin Blumenson,Anzio:The Gamble That Failed(Philadelphia:J.B.Lippincott,1963),34.

8 Minutes kept at Tehran,Nov.28,1943,FRUS,Special Conferences Series,2:487,490,500;WSC to British Chiefs of Staff,Dec.19,1943,in Winston S.Churchill,Closing the Ring,vol.5 of The Second World War(Boston:Houghton Mifflin,1951),429.

9 此处我借用了马丁·布吕芒松的一些说法,他写道:“不受约束的丘吉尔会用一个令人眼花缭乱的愿景来迷惑自己和他人。”Blumenson,Anzio,8-9.丘吉尔后来声称,他本来希望能有三个师发动进攻,但又担心如果索求过度的话,他可能一点兵力都得不到了。Churchill,Closing the Ring,435.See also Samuel Eliot Morison,Sicily-Salerno-Anzio,January 1943-June 1944(Boston:Little,Brown,1954),324-25.

10 Henry L.Stimson,On Active Service in Peace and War,with McGeorge Bundy(New York:Harper and Brothers,1947),diary entry of Nov.4,1943;Carlo D'Este,Fatal Decision:Anzio and the Battle for Rome(New York:HarperCollins,1991),93;Symonds,Neptune,164-65;Churchill,Closing the Ring,432.

11 C.J.C.Molony,The Mediterranean and the Middle East,vol.5 of The Campaign in Sicily,History of the Second World War(London:Her Majesty's Stationery Office,1973),644;D'Este,Fatal Decision,98-99;WSC to Chiefs of Staff,Dec.26,1943,in Closing the Ring,434.

12 海军战斗序列见Appendix Ⅲ in Morison,Sicily-Salerno-Anzio,395-97。

13 卢卡斯的话引于Blumenson,Anzio,61-62。

14 D'Este,Fatal Decision,4,122-24.

15 Blumenson,Anzio,83-86.

16 D'Este,Fatal Decision,328-29;Theodore C.Wyman,“Red Shingle,”Proceedings,Aug.1947,923-24.

17 WSC to Dill,Feb.8,1944,in Churchill,Closing the Ring,487;Blumenson,Anzio,20.

18 DDE to CCS,Jan.23,1944,in PDDE,3:1673-75.

19 JCS to DDE,Jan.25,1944,in PDDE,3:1691-92n;DDE to JCS,Mar.9,1944,in PDDE,3:1763.See also Symonds,Neptune,180-83.

20 Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke[Alan Brooke],War Diaries,1939-1945,entry of Mar.29,1944(London:Weidenfeld and Nicholson,2001),535.The proposal to swap LSTs from the Med is in DDE to the British COS,February 18,1944,PDDE,3:1732,and GCM to DDE,Mar.25,1944,in Papers of George Catlett Marshall,ed.Larry Ⅰ.Bland(Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1996),4:374-75.See also Symonds,Neptune,183.

21 Churchill,Closing the Ring,435.

22 DDE to JCS,Mar.9,1944,in PDDE,3:1763-64;DDE to GCM,Mar.20 and 21,1944(italics added),and DDE,Memo for Diary,Mar.22,1944,all in PDDE,3:1775,1777,1783.See also Symonds,Neptune,178-84.

23 DDE Memo for Diary(Feb.7,1944),in PDDE,3:1711-12.

24 Philip A.Crowl and Edmund G.Love,Seizure of the Gilberts and Marshalls,The War in the Pacific(Washington,DC:Department of the Army,1955),166.我此前在另一本书中也用过项链的比喻,见Craig L.Symonds,The Battle of Midway(New York:Oxford University Press,2011),71。

25 Crowl and Love,The Seizure of the Gilberts and Marshalls,206-9;E.B.Potter,Nimitz(Annapolis:USNI,1976),265.

26 Henry Ⅰ.Shaw,Bernard C.Nalty,and Edwin T.Turnbladh,Central Pacific Drive(Washington,DC:Headquarters U.S.Marine Corps,1966),3:109-11;Samuel Eliot Morison,Aleutians,Gilberts,and Marshalls,June 1942—April 1944(Boston:Little,Brown,1951),210;Robert D.Heinl Jr.,“The Most-Shot-At Island in the Pacific,”Proceedings,Apr.1947,397-99.

27 Mowry,Landing Craft and the War Production Board,30;Morison,Aleutians,Gilberts,and Marshalls,208-9;Shaw et al.,Central Pacific Drive,108-9;Symonds,Neptune,164.

28 Shaw et al.,Central Pacific Drive,135;Crowl and Love,The Seizure of the Gilberts and Marshalls,313.

29 Shaw et al.,Central Pacific Drive,157;Crowl and Love,The Seizure of the Gilberts and Marshalls,290,312-13.

30 Shaw et al.,Central Pacific Drive,156;Morison,Aleutians,Gilberts,and Marshalls,243-44,246.

31 James D.Hornfischer,The Fleet at Flood Tide:America at Total War in the Pacific,1944-1945(New York:Bantam Books,2016),23;Morison,Aleutians,Gilberts and Marshalls,215-22;H.E.Smith,“I Saw the Morning Break,”Proceedings,Mar.1946,403.

32 Bertram Vogel,“Truk—South Sea Mystery Base,”Proceedings,Oct.1948,1269-75.

33 New York Times,June 5 and 6,1944.

第23章 诺曼底登陆

1 W.S.Chalmers,Full Cycle:The Biography ofAdmiral Sir Bertram Home Ramsay(London:Hodder and Stoughton,1959),134-36.

2 “Training Schedule of U.S.Naval Advanced Amphibious Training,”General File 2002.570,NWWIIM-EC;Ralph A.Crenshaw oral history,NWWIIM-EC,5.

3 Nigel Lewis,Exercise Tiger:The Dramatic True Story of a Hidden Tragedy of World WarⅡ(New York:Prentice Hall,1990),4.

4 Ibid.,73-74;Craig L.Symonds,Neptune:The Allied Invasion of Europe and the D-Day Landings(New York:Oxford University Press,2014),210-12.

5 Lewis,Exercise Tiger,66;Symonds,Neptune,212-13.

6 Lewis,Exercise Tiger,79.

7 Eugene Ⅴ.Eckstam,“Exercise Tiger,”in Assault on Normandy:First Person Accounts from the Sea Services,ed.Paul Stilwell(Annapolis:USNI,1994),43.

8 Lewis,Exercise Tiger,219-34.死亡人数多少有些争议。此处给出的数字来自海军官方报告。后来的研究显示,实际上死者可能多达739人,这是刻在斯莱普顿沙滩纪念碑上的数字。见Symonds,Neptune,210-18。

9 关于艾森豪威尔的担忧,见DDE to GCM,Apr.29,1944,PDDE,3:1838-39。另见Com 12th Fleet(Stark)to COMINCH(King),May 2,1944,both in ComUSNavEur,Message File,RG 313,box 13,NA。

10 Symonds,Neptune,221.

11 Ibid.,225-26.

12 Ibid.,226-27.

13 “Suggested Operating Procedures for LCT,”Flotilla Nine,in George Keleher File,NWWIIM-EC.

14 Anthony Beevor,D-Day:The Battle for Normandy(New York:Penguin,2009),11.

15 Carlo D'Este,Eisenhower:A Soldier's Life(New York:Henry Holt,2002),782 n.38.

16 Max Hastings,Overlord:D-Day and the Battle of Normandy(New York:Simon and Schuster,1984),348.引语来自oraal history of Curtis Hansen,NW WIIM-EC,6。

17 Symonds,Neptune,252-53.

18 Ibid.,252.

19 Rick Atkinson,The Guns at Last Light(New York:Henry Holt,2013),57.

20 Executive Officer's Report,USS Nevada,June 23,1944,Action Reports,USNA;Joseph H.Esclavon oral history(14)and Edwin Gale oral history(11),both NWWIIM-EC.See also L.Peter Wren and Charles T.Sele,Battle Born:The Unsinkable USS Nevada(n.p.:Xlibris,2008),43-47.

21 Symonds,Neptune,272-76.

22 布赖恩特的恳求被记者塞西尔·卡恩斯(Cecil Carnes)听到了,他将其登在了《星期六晚邮报》上。同样记载了这段话的还有Samuel E.Morison,The Invasion of France and Germany(Boston:Little,Brown,1957),143。

23 Action Reports,USS McCook,June 27,1944,USS Doyle,June 8,1944,and USS Carmick,June 23,1944,USNA.See also Symonds,Neptune,290-98.

24 Action Report,USS Carmick,June 23,1944,USNA.

25 Atkinson,Guns at First Light,73;Adrian Lewis,Omaha Beach:Flawed Victory(Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,2001),25;Action Report,USS Carmick,June 23,1944,USNA.

26 Symonds,Neptune,306.

27 Roy Carter oral history,USNA,13;Robert T.Robertson oral history,NWWIIM-EC,9.See also Symonds,Neptune,316-17.

28 在“奥马哈滩”,“桑葚”建成前的三天里,坦克登陆舰每天提供了8502吨补给;而在“桑葚A”投入使用的三天里,坦克登陆舰每天的供应量只多了200吨(8700吨);“桑葚”被毁后的一周里,坦克登陆舰每天供给的物资则多达13211吨。见Symonds,Neptune,328。

29 Karl Doenitz,Memoirs:Ten Years and Twenty Days(Annapolis:USNI,1958),396.

30 Doenitz,Memoirs,422-23.

31 Stephen Roskill,The War at Sea(London:Her Majesty's Stationery Office,1961),3(part 2):123-35.

32 DDE to GCM,Sept.14,1944,PDDE,2143-44.See also Terry Copp,Cinderella Army:The Canadians in Northwest Europe,1944-1945(Toronto:University of Toronto Press,2006),42-43,47.

33 盟军攻占瓦尔赫伦岛的细节,包括军兵种间的争执,见Roskill,The War at Sea,3(part 2):147-52;Karl Dönitz and Gerhard Wegner,“The Invasion and the German Army,”in Fighting the Invasion:The German Army at D-Day,ed.David C.Isby(London:Greenhill,2000),87;Copp,Cinderella Army,166-73。

第24章 寻敌决战

1 Samuel Eliot Morison,New Guinea and the Marianas(Boston:Little,Brown,1964),6-12.

2 William T.Y'Blood,Red Sun Setting:The Battle of the Philippine Sea(Annapolis:USNI,1981),16.

3 John Prado,Storm over Leyte:The Philippine Invasion and the Destruction of the Japanese Navy(New York:New American Library,2016),126.丰田副武的话引于Charles A.Lockwood with Hans Christian Adamson,Battle for the Philippine Sea(New York:Thomas Y.Crowell,1967),47。

4 Harold J.Goldberg,D-Day in the Pacific:The Battle of Saipan(Bloomington:Indiana University Press,2007),50;James D.Hornfischer,The Fleet at Flood Tide:America at Total War in the Pacific,1944-1945(New York:Bantam,2016),85.海军参战部队列表见Appendix Ⅱ in Morison,New Guinea and the Marianas,407-11。

5 Morison,New Guinea and the Marianas,171;Hornfischer,The Fleet at Flood Tide,60-61.这名目击者是一等兵卡尔·马修斯(Carl Matthews),引于Goldberg,D-Day in the Pacific,48。

6 Goldberg,D-Day in the Pacific,51.

7 关于日本飞行员的训练,见Atsushi Oi,“The Japanese Navy in 1941,”in The Pacific War Papers:Japanese Documents of World War Ⅱ,ed Donald M.Goldstein and Katherine V.Dillon(Washington,DC:Potomac Books,2004),23;and Mark R.Peattie,Sunburst:The Rise ofJapanese Naval Air Power,1909-1941(Annapolis:USNI,2001),133-34。

8 Morison,New Guinea and the Marianas,214;Y'Blood,Red Sun Setting,17;Craig L.Symonds,The Battle of Midway(New York:Oxford University Press,2011),40-42.

9 Goldberg,D-Day in the Pacific,95;Morison,New Guinea and the Marianas,232-37.6月15日,宇垣缠在日记中指出:“陆基飞机必须在决定性战役爆发前击沉敌人三分之一的航母。”Matome Ugaki,Fading Victory(Annapolis:USNI,1991),402.

10 Morison,New Guinea and the Marianas,221,224-25,241,243;Lockwood and Adamson,Battles of the Philippine Sea,82-82.尽管洛克伍德并未提及(他的著作于1967年出版),不过美国潜艇是收到了珍珠港发来的破译电文后,才在其引导下发现敌军动向的。见Prados,Storm over Leyte,25。

11 Goldberg,D-Day in the Pacific,92;Charles F.Barber oral history,NWC,19-20;Hornfischer,The Fleet at Flood Tide,168,170.

12 Morison,New Guinea and the Marianas,250;Hornfischer,The Fleet at Flood Tide,100;J.J.Clark with Clark Reynolds,Carrier Admiral(New York:Davis McKay,1967),166.

13 Hornfischer,The Fleet at Flood Tide,172-73.

14 Y'Blood,Red Sun Setting,93,96;Hornfischer,The Fleet at Flood Tide,175;Morison,New Guinea and the Marianas,252.

15 J.Periam Danton,“The Battle of the Philippine Sea,”Proceedings,Sept.1945,1025;Y'Blood,Red Sun Setting,106;Alex Vraciu oral history(Oct.9,1994),NMPW,74.

16 Danton,“The Battle of the Philippine Sea,”1024-5.

17 Hornfischer,The Fleet at Flood Tide,182.这名枪炮长是威廉·范杜森(William Van Dusen)上尉,引于Bruce M.Petty,Saipan:Oral Histories of the Pacific War(Jefferson,NC:McFarland,2002),162;Morison,New Guinea and the Marianas,269-71。

18 Y'Blood,Red Sun Setting,1118-19;Vraciu oral history,NMPW,77;Morison,New Guinea and the Marianas,267.

19 日本人称这场战役为“马里亚纳海战”。Danton,“The Battle of the Philippine Sea,”1025-26;Vraciu oral history,NMPW,68-69.

20 Lockwood and Adamson,Battle of the Philippine Sea,92-95;Y'Blood,Red Sun Setting,127-29.“马鲹号”现在成了得克萨斯州加尔维斯顿的潜艇博物馆。

21 Hornfischer,The Fleet at Flood Tide,212-14;Y'Blood,Red Sun Setting,148-49;Theodore Taylor,The Magnificent Mitscher(New York:W.W.Norton,1954),232.

22 Hornfischer,The Fleet at Flood Tide,222-25;Y'Blood,Red Sun Setting,177-80.

23 Hornfischer,The Fleet at Flood Tide,225-26;Norman Delisle oral history(OH00468),NMPW,7.

24 Hornfischer,The Fleet at Flood Tide,229-31;Taylor,The Magnificent Mitscher,236-37.

25 Ugaki,Fading Victory,416(diary entry of June 21,1944).

26 西奥多·泰勒讨论了人们对斯普鲁恩斯之决定的不同反应,见Theodore Taylor,The Magnificent Mitscher,238-40。尼米兹的话引自Thomas J.Cutler,The Battle of Leyte Gulf,23-26 October 1944(New York:HarperCollins,1994),20。

27 Goldberg,D-Day in the Pacific,202.

28 Prados,Storm over Leyte,31-33;Max Hastings,Retribution:The Battle for Japan,1944-45(New York:Alfred A.Knopf,2008),39.迟至1945年2月,裕仁天皇还宣称不宜过早寻求和谈,“除非我们再打一场胜仗”。Quoted in Richard Frank,Downfall:The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire(New York:Random House,1999),90.

29 Prados,Storm over Leyte,13;Hastings,Retribution,24.

30 Samuel Eliot Morison,Leyte:June 1944-January 1945(Boston:Little,Brown,1958),11;Prados,Storm over Leyte,7-18.

31 Morison,Leyte,11;William F.Halsey with J.Bryan,Admiral Halsey's Story(New York:McGraw-Hill,1947),197-98.

32 Gerald E.Wheeler,Kinkaid of the Seventh Fleet(Washington,DC:Naval Historical Center,1995),343-45.

33 Dean Moel oral history(OH001257),NMPW,4.

34 Thomas Alexander Hughes,Admiral Bill Halsey:A Naval Life(Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,2016),345.

35 Morison,Leyte,58-60.

36 Prados,Storm over Leyte,52-53.

37 Milan Vego,The Battle for Leyte,1944(Annapolis:USNI,2006),64-65.

38 Morison,Leyte,160-69;Prados,Storm over Leyte,52-53,258;Vego,The Battle for Leyte,55-59.

39 Prados,Storm over Leyte,170.

40 Tomiji Koyanagi,“With Kurita in the Battle of Leyte Gulf,”Proceedings,Feb.1953,119-21(强调处为作者所加);Prados,Storm over Leyte,66,100。

41 Koyanagi,“With Kurita,”120;Prados,Storm over Leyte,66,100.

第25章 决战莱特湾

1 Samuel Eliot Morison,Leyte:June 1944-January 1945(Boston:Little,Brown,1958),75;Waldo Heinrichs and Marc Gallicchio,Implacable Foes:War in the Pacific(New York:Oxford University Press,2017),34-35.

2 Morison,Leyte,30-47.生动描写了贝里琉岛战斗的一部作品是E.B.Sledge,With the Old Breed at Peleliu and Okinawa(Novato:Presidio Press,1981)。

3 讲述莱特湾海战的优秀著作有很多。其中有(按著者姓氏字母顺序排列)Thomas J.Cutler,The Battle of Leyte Gulf(New York:Harper/Collins,1994);Morison,Leyte;John Prados,Storm over Leyte:The Philippines Invasion and the Destruction of the Japanese Navy(New York:New American Library,2016);Evan Thomas,Sea of Thunder(New York:Simon and Schuster,2006);Milan Vego,The Battlefor Leyte:Allied and Japanese Plans,Preparations,and Execution(Annapolis:USNI,2006);and H.P.Willmott,The Battle of Leyte Gulf:The Last Fleet Action(Bloomington:Indiana University Press,2005)。重点关注此战特定方面的著作有主要描写萨马岛海战的James Hornfischer,Last Stand of the Tin Can Sailors(New York:Bantam Books,2004),以及Anthony Tully,Battle of Surigao Strait(Bloomington:Indiana University Press,2009)。

4 Morison,Leyte,142,156;任务组织表见该书第415页至第432页。

5 Ibid.,133-35.

6 Ibid.,137;Prados,Storm over Leyte,164,167.麦克阿瑟的演讲通过“自由之声”广播,其讲稿则刊于《财富》杂志上,见Fortune,June 1945,157-58。

7 Morison,Leyte,168-69;Prados,Storm over Leyte,261;Cutler,The Battle of Leyte Gulf,84-85.

8 Tully,The Battle of Surigao Strait,44-45;Prados,Storm over Leyte,125-27.

9 这个姓名不详的日本军官的话引于Max Hastings,Retribution:The Battle for Japan,1944-45(New York:Alfred A.Knopf,2008),134。栗田的评论见Masanori Ito and Roger Pineau,The End of the Imperial Japanese Navy(New York:W.W.Norton,1956),120(强调处为作者所加)。另见Prados,Storm over Leyte,177-78。

10 Patrol Report,USS Darter(Nov.5,1944),USNA;John G.Mansfield,Cruisers for Breakfast:War Patrols of the U.S.S.Darter and U.S.S.Dace(Tacoma,WA:Media Center,1997),149-50.

11 William F.Halsey with J.Bryan,Admiral Halsey's Story(New York:McGraw-Hill,1947),210;Patrol Report,USS Darter(Nov.5,1944),22,USNA;Mansfield,Cruisers for Breakfast,153-54.目击报告先是发给弗里曼特尔的潜艇指挥官拉尔夫·克里斯蒂少将,再从此处转交给哈尔西和金凯德。

12 Patrol Report,USS Dace(Nov.6,1944),37,and USS Darter(Nov.6,1944),30,both USNA.“爱宕号”上总共有684人获救,损失了360人。Mansfield,Cruisers for Breakfast,163.

13 Patrol Report,USS Dace(Nov.6,1944),38,USNA.

14 Cutler,Battle of Leyte Gu f,135-36.

15 Halsey and Bryan,Admiral Halsey's Story,214;Tully,Battle of Surigao Strait,68-69,72-74;Prados,Storm over Leyte,231.

16 Cutler,Battle of Leyte Gulf,70-71,116-17.

17 Ibid.,122-28;Morison,Leyte,177-82.

18 Prados,Storm over Leyte,47,203-8,218;Cutler,Battle of Leyte Gulf,146-49;Tomiji Koyanagi,“With Kurita in the Battle of Leyte Gulf,”Proceedings,February 1953,123.

19 Koyanagi,“With Kurita,”123.

20 Carl Solberg,Decision and Dissent:With Halsey at Leyte Gulf(Annapolis:USNI,1995),112;Vego,The Battle for Leyte,248-49;Halsey and Bryan,Admiral Halsey's Story,216-17;Prados,Storm over Leyte,222;Thomas Alexander Hughes,Admiral Bill Halsey(Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,2016),360-62.

21 Halsey and Bryan,Admiral Halsey'sStory,217;Prados,Storm over Leyte,223.

22 Hornfischer,Last Stand of the Tin Can Sailors,138-39;Prados,Storm over Leyte,223-25.

23 Cutler,Battle of Leyte Gulf,160-61,170-71;Tully,Battle of Surigao Strait,82-85.

24 Halsey and Bryan,Admiral Halsey's Story,214.

25 Morison,Leyte,195;Cutler,Battle of Leyte Gulf,206-13;Hornfischer,Last Stand of the Tin Can Sailors,129;Solberg,Decision and Dissent,125;Hughes,Admiral Bill Halsey,362-64;Theodore Taylor,The Magnificent Mitscher(New York:W.W.Norton,1954),161-62.

26 Prados,Storm over Leyte,215,234;Morison,Leyte,187,189.

27 西村之子早先已在菲律宾战死,这也许让他在执行此次任务时增加了一些悲壮感。Tully,Battle of Surigao Strait,101-7;Heinrichs and Gallicchio,Implacable Foes,183;Willmott,Battle of Leyte Gulf,140-41.伊藤正德与很多西村那代人有过交流,他总结道:“西村决意不惜一切代价冲向莱特湾。”The End of the Imperial Japanese Navy,135.

28 Tully,Battle of Surigao Strait,94;Prados,Storm over Leyte,236;Willmott,Battle of Leyte Gulf,142-43.

29 Jesse Oldendorf,“Comments on the Battle of Surigao Strait,”Proceedings,April 1959,106;Tully,Battle of Surigao Strait,87;Morison,Leyte,201.

30 第24和第56驱逐舰中队也攻击了西村的纵队。Morison,Leyte,222;Prados,Storm over Leyte,236-39;Cutler,Battle ofLeyte Gulf,190-93;Willmott,Battle of Leyte Gulf,147.

31 Willmott,Battle of Leyte Gulf,148-51;Oldendorf,“Comments,”106;Morison,Leyte,221,228;Tully,Battle of Surigao Strait,176-78,217-18;Heinrichs and Gallicchio,Implacable Foes,182-83.

32 Morison,Leyte,238;Prados,Storm over Leyte,242-50.

33 Taylor,Magnificent Mitscher,262-63;Prados,254;Cutler,Battle of Leyte Gulf,237;Hornfischer,Last Stand of the Tin Can Sailors,212.

34 Cutler,Battle of Leyte Gulf,221;Ito and Pineau,The End of the Imperial Japanese Navy,135-36;Hornfischer,Last Stand of the Tin Can Sailors,158.

35 关于斯普拉格,见John F.Wukovits,Devotion to Duty:A Biography ofAdmiral Clifton A.F.Sprague(Annapolis:USNI,1995)。伍科维茨在这本书的第14页谈到了斯普拉格绰号的来源,第40页至第41页提到了他妻子与其兄弟菲茨杰拉德疏远的关系,关于萨马岛海战的部分在第159页至第180页。Hornfischer,Last Stand of the Tin Can Sailors,135-37;Prados,Storm over Leyte,299.

36 Prados,Storm over Leyte,272.

37 Robert C.Hagen with Sidney Shalett,“We Asked for the Jap Fleet—and We Got It,”Saturday Evening Post,May 26,1945,10.

38 Ibid.,74;Cutler,Battle of Leyte Gulf,227-32,239,248;Hornfischer,Last Stand of the Tin Can Sailors,203-10,276-77,293-302;J.Henry Doscher Jr.,Little Wolf at Leyte(Austin,TX:Sunbelt Media,1996),42.

39 Morison,Leyte,280;Hornfischer,Last Stand of the Tin Can Sailors,241;Willmott,Battle of Leyte Gulf,161.此处我不能放过机会指出,向日军战列舰发动了十次模拟扫射的保罗·加里森上尉,正是作者的舅舅。

40 Cutler,Battle of Leyte Gulf,236;Hornfischer,Last Stand of the Tin Can Sailors,239-40.

41 Prados,Storm over Leyte,272-74;Hornfischer,Last Stand of the Tin Can Sailors,213.

42 Halsey and Bryan,Admiral Halsey's Story,219;Solberg,Decision and Dissent,152-53.

43 有意思的是,哈尔西记忆中的这段话,还有他在1947年的回忆录中引述的这段话,是这样的:“全世界都想知道第34特混舰队现在何处。”哈尔西责怪珍珠港的“小兔崽子”用“全世界都想知道”作为电文的尾部填字。但主要问题出在哈尔西自己旗舰上的报务员罗伯特·鲍尔弗中尉和伯特·戈尔茨坦上尉身上,前者没有删去这部分填字,后者则将其原样交到了舰桥上。Halsey and Bryan,Admiral Halsey's Story,220-21;Solberg,Decision and Dissent,154.

44 Halsey and Bryan,Admiral Halsey's Story,220-21;Solberg,Decision and Dissent,154;Hughes,Admiral Bill Halsey,370-71.

45 Solberg,Decision and Dissent,154-55.

46 Willmott,Battle of Leyte Gulf,171-72;Hornfischer,Last Stand of the Tin Can Sailors,318;James A.Field,The Japanese at Leyte Gulf:The Sho Operation(Princeton:Princeton University Press,1947),123.

47 Field,The Japanese at Leyte Gulf,125-26;Ito and Pineau,The End of the Imperial Japanese Navy,166;Koyanagi,“With Kurita,”126;Tameichi Hara,Japanese Destroyer Captain(Annapolis:USNI,1967),256.围绕着栗田声称自己收到的“目击报告”,有相当多的争议。有些人(尤其是H.P.威尔莫特)怀疑压根不存在这份报告,提出那可能是栗田在事后捏造出来以“有意掩盖[其]真实意图的”。Willmott,Battle of Leyte Gulf,188-91.

48 Morison,Leyte,288;Cutler,Battle of Leyte Gulf,259;Hornfischer,Last Stand of the Tin Can Sailors,322-23.

49 Morison,Leyte,296-99;Prados,Storm over Leyte,296,327;and Cutler,Battle of Leyte Gulf,262-63——以上几本著作均强调栗田当时已精疲力竭。此处提到的采访者为伊藤正德,他在自己的书里引用了栗田的话,见The End of the Imperial Japanese Navy,160。米兰·维戈(Milan Vego,Battle for Leyte,270)总结称,栗田向北驶去是“想找到敌人的航母”。H.P.威尔莫特(H.P.Willmott,Battle of Leyte Gulf,185)则表示怀疑,他这样写道:“历来为栗田的决定提出可能依据的种种观点根本站不住脚……尤其是说他决定北上寻找敌人的观点。”几十年后,栗田表示他的真实目的是避免进一步伤亡,不过此话很可能是战后和解气氛的一种体现。

50 Cutler,Battle of Leyte Gulf,268-73.

51 Koyanagi,“With Kurita,”128.

第26章 收紧绞索

1 Richard H.O'Kane,Clear the Bridge:The War Patrols of the U.S.S.Tang(Chicago:Rand McNally,1977),314-20,445-54.

2 Ibid.,321-40,455-65.奥凯恩后来被授予荣誉勋章。See also Clay Blair,Silent Victory:The U.S.Submarine WarAgainstJapan(Philadelphia:J.B.Lippincott,1975),766-70.

3 Blair,Silent Victory,814-15;David Jones and Peter Nunan,U.S.Subs Down Under(Annapolis:USNI,2005),233-34.

4 Blair,Silent Victory,787.

5 William R.McCants,War Patrols of the USS Flasher(Chapel Hill,NC:Professional Press,1994),322;Wiley Davis oral history(OH00843),NMPW,7.

6 Joseph Enright,Shinano!The Sinking of Japan's Supership(New York:St.Martin's Press,1987),114;McCants,War Patrols of the USS Flasher,245;Davis oral history,NMPW,10.

7 F.G.Hoffman,“The American Wolf Packs:A Case Study in Wartime Adaptation,”Joint Force Quarterly 80(Jan.2016).

8 Mark P.Parillo,The Japanese Merchant Marine in World War Ⅱ(Annapolis:USNI,1993),204(see especially the tables on 237-47,including Table A.5,on 239);Richard B.Frank,Downfall:The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire(New York:Random House,1999),78;Samuel Eliot Morison,New Guinea and the Marianas(Boston:Little,Brown,1954),16;Frederic C.Lane,Ships for Victory:A History of Shipbuilding Under the U.S.Maritime Commission in World War Ⅱ(Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1951),including the tables on 5 and 7.

9 Wiley Davis oral history(OH00843),NMPW,10;Preston Allen oral history(OH00825),NMPW,6.

10 Parillo,The Japanese Merchant Marine,128-31;Max Hastings,Retribution:The Battle for Japan,1944-45(New York:Alfred A.Knopf,2008),37;Richard H.O'Kane,Wahoo:The Patrols ofAmerica's Most Famous Submarine(Novato,CA:Presidio,1987),316-30.

11 Frank,Downfall,81;Hastings,Retribution,17;Parillo,The Japanese Merchant Marine,131;McCants,War Patrols of the USS Flasher,304-12,332-33;Blair,Silent Victory,794-96,799.

12 Parillo,The Japanese Merchant Marine,174-77,209.另见战争巡逻表,Blair,Silent Victory,898-982,特别是1944年的,位于第942页至第967页。

13 Blair,Silent Victory,773-74.

14 Curtis E.LeMay and Bill Yenne,Superfortress:The Story of the B-29 and American Air Power(New York:McGraw-Hill,1988),59-73.

15 Ibid.,74-91.

16 Ibid.,103-4.

17 Enright,Shinano,34-39;LeMay and Yenne,Superfortress,103;Daniel T.Schwabe,Burning Japan:Air Force Bombing Strategy Change in the Pacific(Sterling,VA:Potomac Books,2015),100-102.

18 Enright,Shinano,71-72.

19 Lynn L.Moore,“Shinano:The Jinx Carrier,”Proceedings,Feb.1953,142-49.

20 Enright,Shinano,10-15.

21 Ibid.,90-100.

22 Ibid.,190-95;Blair,Silent Victory,778-79.

23 William F.Halsey and J.Bryan,Admiral Halsey's Story(New York:McGraw-Hill,1947),229-31.

24 Ibid,236.

25 C.Raymond Calhoun,Typhoon:The Other Enemy(Annapolis:USNI,1981),36;Halsey,Admiral Halsey's Story,237.

26 Arthur Brown oral history,NMPW,12;Halsey,Admiral Halsey's Story,237-38;Calhoun,Typhoon,52,54,59.后来又有了更低的气压读数。现在的纪录为25.96英寸汞柱,是2006年在关岛以南距离“哈尔西台风”极近的地方记录的。

27 Calhoun,Typhoon,201;Hughes,Admiral Bill Halsey,382-83.

28 Don McNelly oral history(OH01256),12,NMPW.

29 Ibid.,167.Nimitz's letter of Feb.13,1945,and King's endorsement of Nov.23,1945,are both in Calhoun,Typhoon,209,216-23.Gerald Bogan oral history,USNI,125-26.

30 Thomas B.Buell,The Quiet Warrior:A Biography of Admiral Raymond A.Spruance(Boston:Little,Brown,1974),323.

31 Samuel Eliot Morison,Victory in the Pacific(Boston:Little,Brown,1960),157;Hastings,Retribution,290;LeMay and Yenne,Superfortress,111.

32 Samuel Harris,B-29s over Japan:A Group Commander's Diary(Jefferson,NC:McFarland,2011),201(diary entry of Feb.7,1945).

33 Ernest J.King and Walter Muir Whitehill,Fleet Admiral King:A Naval Record(New York:W.W.Norton,1952),596.

34 Spruance to CMC,Jan.5,1952,quoted in William S.Bartley,Iwo Jima:Amphibious Epic(Washington,DC:Historical Branch,U.S.Marine Corps,1954),21.

35 Blair,Silent Victory,825-27;William Coffey oral history(OH00833),NMPW,14.

36 Spruance to Hoover,Nov.30,1944,quoted in Thomas B.Buell,The Quiet Warrior(Boston:Little,Brown,1974),318-19.飞机损失情况列于Morison,Victory in the Pacific,25。

37 Morison,Victory in the Pacific,12-13.

38 Bartley,Iwo Jima,Appendix Ⅲ(218-21);Robert S.Burrell,The Ghosts of Iwo Jima(College Station:Texas A&M University Press,2006),83-84;Morison,Victory in the Pacific,15-16,38-39.The quotation is from 73.

39 Morison,Victory in the Pacific,53-55.

40 LeMay and Yenne,Superfortress,121-22;Frank,Downfall,45-46;Samuel Harris,B-29s over Japan,218(diary entry of Mar.7,1945).

41 LeMay and Yenne,Superfortress,123;Frank,Downfall,6-7;Schwabe,Burning Japan,120-21;Harris,B-29s over Japan,218(diary entry of Mar.9).对3月9日至10日东京空袭特别生动的刻画见Frank,Downfall,3-19以及Hastings,Retribution,296-305。

42 Buell,The Quiet Warrior,324.

43 有观点认为夺取硫黄岛对盟军的胜利至关重要,有用地纠正了这一观点的有Burrell,Ghosts ofIwo Jima,esp.106-11。

44 “United States Strategic Bombing Survey,”July 1,1946(Summary Report),17;Parillo,The Japanese Merchant Marine,225.

45 New York Times,March 11,1945,1,13.

第27章 落幕

1 Ian Kershaw,The End:The Defiance and Destruction of Hitler's Germany,1944-45(New York:Penguin,2011),167-86.

2 Ibid.,264,396,400;Karl Doenitz,Memoirs:Ten Years and Twenty Da ys(Annapolis,USNI,1958,1990),355-58,421-22.See also Brian McCue,U-Boats in the Bay of Biscay(Washington,DC:National Defense University,1990).

3 Barry Turner,Karl Doenitz and the Last Days of the Third Reich(London:Icon Books,2015),37-43;Doenitz,Memoirs,355-58(quotation on 427).

4 Doenitz,Memoirs,372-73,399.

5 Kershaw,The End,391-92;Turner,Karl Doenitz and the Last Days,142-46;Cathryn J.Prince,Death in the Baltic:The World War Ⅱ Sinking of the Wilhelm Gustloff(New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2013),47-51,66-67;Doenitz,Memoirs,431.

6 Prince,Death in the Baltic,47-86;A.V.Sellwood,The Damned Don't Drown:The Sinking of the Wilhelm Gustloff(Annapolis:USNI,1973),16-17.

7 Prince,Death in the Baltic,129-49,169;Sellwood,The Damned Don't Drown,116-24;Doenitz,Memoirs,434.

8 Turner,Karl Doenitz and the Last Days,2-11;Kershaw,The End,346;Walter Kempowski,ed.,Swansong,1945(New York:W.W.Norton,2014),210-11.

9 Doenitz,Memoirs,445;Kershaw,The End,306.

10 Doenitz,Memoirs,437,457-88.

11 Kershaw,The End,363-73;Doenitz,Memoirs,462-63.

12 Samuel Eliot Morison,V ictory in the Pacific,1945(Boston:Little,Brown,1965),93.

13 Charles S.Nichols and Henry Ⅰ.Shaw Jr.,Okinawa:Victory in the Pacific(Washington,DC:Historical Branch,U.S.Marine Corps,1955),1-11.

14 Robert Stern,Fire from the Sky:Surviving the Kamikaze Threat(Annapolis:USNI,2010),32-37;Max Hastings,Retribution:The Battle for Japan,1944-45(New York:Alfred A.Knopf,2008),164-73.

15 Stern,Fire from the Sky,33,53,69-80,85,119.

16 Raymond Lamont-Brown,Kamikaze:Japan's Suicide Samurai(London:Arms and Armour,1997),7-24;Maxwell Taylor Kennedy,Danger's Hour:The Story of the USS Bunker Hill and the Kamikaze Pilot Who Crippled Her(New York:Simon and Schuster,2008),125-26,175.

17 Rikihei Inoguchi and Tadashi Nakajima,The Divine Wind:Japan's Kamikaze Force in World War Ⅱ(Annapolis:USNI,1958),83.

18 Ibid.,154.

19 Tameichi Hara with Fred Saito and Roger Pineau,Japanese Destroyer Captain(Annapolis:USNI,1967),259.

20 Morison,Victory in the Pacific,138.

21 Philip Vian,Action This Day:A War Memoir(London:Frederick Muller,1960),178;Morison,Victory in the Pacific,148.

22 F.Julian Becton with Joseph Morschauser Ⅲ,The Ship That Would Not Die(Englewood Cliffs,NJ:Prentice-Hall,1980),227.

23 Morison,Victory in the Pacific,237.

24 Matome Ugaki,Fading Victory:The Diary of Admiral Matome Ugaki,1941-1945,ed.Donald M.Goldstein and Katherine V.Dillon(Annapolis:USNI,1995),573(entry of Apr.6,1945);Morison,Victory in the Pacific,189-97.

25 Becton,The Ship That Would Not Die,233-37;John Wukovits,Hell from the Heavens:The Epic Story of the USS Laffey and World War Ⅱ's Greatest Kamikaze Attack(Philadelphia:Da Capo Press,2015),151.

26 Becton,The Ship That Would Not Die,241.曼森的话引自Wukovits,Hell from the Heavens,177。

27 Action Report and deck log of the USS Laffey,Apr.27,1945,both USNA.根据战后的估计,实际上有6架神风机和5枚炸弹击中了“拉菲号”。见贝克顿自己的记述Becton,The Ship That Would Not Die,236-62;and Wukovits,Hell from the Heavens,151-209。

28 Ugaki,Fading V ictory(diary entries of Apr.6,13,and 30,1945),573,583,602.

29 冲绳岛外“神风”攻击的资料汇总见莫里森书中的图表,Morison,Victory in the Pacific,233。

30 Ugaki,Fading Victory(diary entry of May 11,1945),610.

31 Hara,Japanese Destroyer Captain,259;Russell Spurr,A Glorious Way to Die:The Kamikaze Mission of the Battleship Yamato,April 1945(New York:Newmarket Press,1981),109.

32 Spurr,A Glorious Way to Die,105.

33 Ibid.,96;Hara,Japanese Destroyer Captain,264;Mitsuru Yoshida,“The End of Yamato,”Proceedings,Feb.1952,118.

34 Spurr,A Glorious Way to Die,205-8,217-21.

35 Ibid.,231-36;Hara,Japanese Destroyer Captain,278.

36 Yoshida,“The End of Yamato,”122,124,128.

37 Hara,Japanese Destroyer Captain,284.

38 Stephen S.Roskill,The War at Sea,1939-1945(London:Her Majesty's Stationery Office,1961),3(part 2):188;Ernest J.King and Walter Muir Whitehill,Fleet Admiral King,a Naval Record(New York:W.W.Norton,1952),569.

39 Hastings,Retribution,400-402;Vian,Action This Day,175.

40 Hastings,Retribution,402;Vian,Action This Day,177-78,185,190;Roskill,The War at Sea,3(part 2):343-46.

41 Ugaki,Fading Victory(diary entry of Apr.8,1945),577.

42 伤亡数字来自Hastings,Retribution,402。See also Waldo Heinrichs and Marc Gallicchio,Implacable Foes:War in the Pacific,1944-1945(New York:Oxford University Press,2017),465-66.

43 Richard S.Frank,Downfall:The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire(New York:Random House,1999),79.

44 Hastings,Retribution,426-27,439-40,453;Heinrichs and Gallicchio,Implacable Foes,525,528.

45 Hastings,Retribution,470-78;Heinrich and Gallicchio,Implacable Foes,524-25.

46 Frank,Downfall,118;Heinrichs and Gallicchio,Implacable Foes,525.

47 Hastings,Retribution,505-15;Frank,Downfall,321-22;Anthony Beevor,The Second World War(New York:Little,Brown,),775.

尾声 1945年,东京湾

1 New York Times,September 2,1945,1,3;James D.Hornfischer,The Fleet at Flood Tide(New York:Random House,2016),468-69.投降仪式的彩色影片可见www.youtube.com/watch?v=v5MMVd5XOK8。