第三节 鉴别诊断
多种原因引起的继发性下肢静脉曲张,其治疗策略和方法与原发性下肢静脉曲张不同,需进行仔细鉴别。
1.原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全
主要病变为瓣叶的游离缘松弛下垂,丧失单向开放的特性,静脉血液倒流,导致下肢静脉高压,可继发浅静脉曲张。此类患者症状通常较为严重,肢体下垂时肿胀不适感明显,只有平卧时能够缓解。下肢静脉测压试验时,站立活动后压力不能降至正常。超声检查常可发现静脉瓣膜关闭不全和血液逆流。下肢静脉造影可见深静脉失去正常竹节状外形,逆行造影时能够观察到深造影剂逆流的特殊征象,此为与原发性下肢静脉曲张最可靠的鉴别诊断手段。
2.下肢深静脉血栓形成后遗综合征
在深静脉血栓形成的早期,浅静脉扩张属于代偿性表现,伴有肢体明显肿胀。在深静脉血栓形成的再通过程中,由于瓣膜受到破坏,静脉血液逆流及静脉压升高导致浅静脉曲张,并伴有活动后肢体肿胀(合并淋巴水肿)、静脉性疼痛、皮肤营养障碍性改变,程度较原发性下肢静脉曲张严重。如鉴别诊断仍有困难,应进一步行彩色超声多普勒或下肢静脉造影检查鉴别。
3.动静脉瘘
动静脉瘘多为先天性或外伤所致。由动-静脉瘘继发的浅静脉曲张,局部曲张显著,有的为怒张;肢体局部可扪及震颤和闻及连续性血管杂音;在先天性动静脉瘘,患肢常比健肢长且增粗,皮温增高、易出汗,静脉血的含氧量增高,远端肢体可有皮温减低等缺血表现,浅静脉压力高,抬高肢体静脉不易排空。静脉造影时可见不规则的末梢迂曲静脉及主干静脉早期显影是本病诊断依据。
4.K-T综合征
亦称先天性静脉畸形骨肥大综合征,为一种先天性静脉畸形病变,由于胚胎发育过程中坐骨静脉系统残留而形成,具有浅静脉曲张、患肢增长增粗及皮肤呈现大片血管瘤样红斑三个主要体征,体征常局限于下肢的外侧面。本病比较少见,应避免误诊为单纯性浅静脉曲张,而错误地施行不恰当的手术。
5.下腔静脉病变
下腔静脉阻塞可引起双下肢肿胀及浅静脉曲张(可有下腹壁、臀部、腰背部甚至下胸壁浅静脉曲张),因此在双侧下肢静脉曲张患者必须检查上述部位,以免误诊。如疑下腔静脉阻塞,需进一步行CT静脉成像或静脉造影等检查。
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