第9节 术中放射治疗在脊柱肿瘤中的应用

更新于 2026年10月13日 版权声明
第9节 术中放射治疗在脊柱肿瘤中的应用

骨肿瘤的放射治疗分为两大方式,一是体外照射,常用的放射线如深部X线、钴-60治疗机产生的γ线、高能X线、高能电子线及快中子,另外就是近距离照射治疗。与体外照射不同,近距离治疗时把射线源置入中空脏器的腔内(腔内放疗)、直接插植在肿瘤组织内(组织间插植放疗)或置于尽可能做到R0切除的瘤床内进行照射。它的特点首先是单次照射剂量非常高,是单次外照射剂量的10倍以上,因此对外照射“射线不敏感”肿瘤类型同样有效;其次是治疗距离短,在0.5~5 cm之间,放射线剂量主要集中在瘤床周围组织,可有效杀死残存肿瘤细胞,最大限度地保护周围正常组织。放射治疗中应用的剂量主要是吸收剂量,即被照射介质每单位质量所吸收的致电离粒子或光子的能量。

一、 软组织肉瘤

对于放疗不敏感的软组织肉瘤,临床上有明显肿块时单独放疗的局部控制率仅为29%~33%,故以往该病的治疗以外科为主。但近年来对肢体软组织肉瘤的治疗发生了明显的变化,已从单一的外科治疗转变为手术和放疗相结合的综合治疗。综合治疗采用局部切除术消灭原发肿瘤的大病灶,用照射控制周围的显微病灶,使患者避免因大剂量照射引起的后期并发症,达到既能控制局部肿瘤又能保留有良好肢体功能的目的。作为局部控制最重要的手段,术中放疗逐步被纳入治疗指南。根据美国NCCN指南的临床证据,以手术加术中放疗的方法,5年局部控制率可以达到77.3%~94%,5年生存率达52%~75%,90%左右的患者保存了良好的肢体功能。在治疗流程中明确指出,对于显微镜下残留的肿瘤瘤腔,可以利用10~12.5 Gy的剂量进行术中放疗;对于大块残留的肿瘤瘤腔,可以利用15 Gy的剂量进行术中放疗。

二、 椎体转移瘤

随着恶性肿瘤患者数量增加以及治疗手段越来越先进,患者带瘤生存时间越来越长,患者发生远处转移的概率也越来越大。其中发生椎体转移的患者也相应增多。对于可以保留椎体功能的椎体转移瘤患者,通常采用的治疗手段包括外科手段和放疗。外科通常会进行椎体后凸成形术,这样的治疗可以迅速缓解患者因肿瘤压迫和椎体骨折而引起的剧烈疼痛。但对于生存期较长,尤其是生存预期超过6个月的患者,肿瘤复发而导致的椎体被侵蚀和骨折会使患者生存质量大幅下降。放疗科通常会进行立体定向放射治疗,这样的治疗可以有效控制患者肿瘤的生长和复发,但对于患者迅速缓解疼痛的要求疗效有限,患者治疗后往往需要忍受较长时间的疼痛。而且放疗的适应证选择十分严格,如果把握不准,放疗导致的骨折会使患者病情加剧。

目前在术中放疗领域正在兴起一种结合外科和放疗科优势的治疗方案,即利用椎体后凸成形术建立的通道,在注射入骨水泥之前进行一次术中放疗,利用大剂量放疗杀死残存肿瘤细胞,既使患者迅速缓解疼痛,塑形椎体,又能有效控制患者肿瘤复发,达到两种手段的一站式治疗。该种治疗方式被称为椎体后凸成形术联合术中放疗(Kypho-IORT),目前已经进入到Ⅲ期临床研究阶段(NCT02773966)。该种治疗方法步骤如图8-6所示。

图示

图86 椎体后凸成形术联合术中放疗步骤

A. 第一步,建立微创通道;B. 第二步,在影像学引导下,选择针形施用器对骨转移病灶做放疗(每个椎体<5分钟,单次手术最多可行3个椎体的术中放疗),8 Gy/5 mm,耗时约在5分钟内;C. 第三步,球囊被插入引起病变的椎体内;D. 第四步,球囊被小心地充气撑开,使椎体复位;E. 第五步,球囊内填充骨水泥固定

(付琛 张浩)

【参考文献】

[ 1 ] Pompili A, Crispo F, Raus L, et al. Symptomatic spinal cord necrosis after irradiation for vertebral metastatic breast cancer [J]. J Clin Oncol, 2011, 29(3): e53-e56.

[ 2 ] Parihar V K, Pasha J, Tran K K, et al. Persistent changes in neuronal structure and synaptic plasticity caused by proton irradiation [J]. Brain Struct Funct, 2015, 220(2): 1161-1171.

[ 3 ] Laughton S J, Merchant T E, Sklar C A, et al. Endocrine outcomes for children with embryonal brain tumors after risk-adapted craniospinal and conformal primary-site irradiation and high-dose chemotherapy with stem-cell rescue on the SJMB-96 trial [J]. J Clin Oncol, 2008, 26(7): 1112-1118.

[ 4 ] Schleicher U M, Dohmen B M, Gripp S, et al. Bone marrow recovery after irradiation of the spine [J]. Strahlenther Onkol, 1999,175(8): 374-377.

[ 5 ] Benk V, Liebsch N J, Munzenrider J E, et al. Base of skull and cervical spine chordomas in children treated by high-dose irradiation [J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 1995, 31(3): 577-581.(https://www.daowen.com)

[ 6 ] Inoha S, Inamura T, Ikezaki K, et al. A case of effective urgent irradiation therapy for metastatic spine tumor [J]. No To Shinkei, 2000,52(12): 1109-1112.

[ 7 ] Bouchard J A, Koka A, Bensusan J S, et al. Effects of irradiation on posterior spinal fusions. A rabbit model [J]. Spine, 1994,19(16): 1836-1841.

[ 8 ] Pugachev A, Li J G, Boyer A L, et al. Role of beam orientation optimization in intensitymodulated radiation therapy [J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2001, 50(2): 551-560.

[ 9 ] Rades D, Dunst J, Schild S E. The first score predicting overall survival in patients with metastatic spinal cord compression [J]. Cancer, 2008, 112(1): 157-161.

[10] Rades D, Stalpers L J, Veninga T, et al. Evaluation of five radiation schedules and prognostic factors for metastatic spinal cord compression [J]. J Clin Oncol, 2005, 23(15): 3366-3375.

[11] Rades D, Fehlauer F, Veninga T, et al. Functional outcome and survival after radiotherapy of metastatic spinal cord compression in patients with cancer of unknown primary [J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2007, 67(2): 532-537.

[12] Prasad D, Schiff D. Malignant spinal-cord compression [J]. Lancet Oncol, 2005, 6(1): 15-24.

[13] Patchell R A, Tibbs P A, Regine W F, et al. Direct decompressive surgical resection in the treatment of spinal cord compression caused by metastatic cancer: a randomised trial [J]. Lancet, 2005, 366(9486): 643-648.

[14] Maranzano E, Trippa F, Chirico L, et al. Management of metastatic spinal cord compression [J]. Tumori, 2003, 89(5): 469-475.

[15] Aapro M, Abrahamsson P A, Body J J, et al. Guidance on the use of bisphosphonates in solid tumours: recommendations of an international expert panel [J]. Ann Oncol, 2008, 19(3): 420-432.

[16] Sze W M, Shelley M, Held I, et al. Palliation of metastatic bone pain: single fraction versus multifraction radiotherapy-a systematic review of the randomized trials [J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2004, (2): CD004721.

[17] Miszczyk L, Ficek K, Trela K, et al. The efficacy of radiotherapy for vertebral hemangiomas [J]. Neoplasma, 2001, 48(1): 82-84.

[18] Louis D N, Ohgaki H, Wiestler O D, et al. WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system, 4th ed. International agency for research on Cancer, Lyon.

[19] Akyurek S, Chang E L, Yu T K, et al. Spinal myxopapillary ependymoma outcomes in patients treated with surgery and radiotherapy at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center [J]. J Neurooncol, 2006, 80: 177-183.

[20] Child S E, Nisi K, Scheithauer B W, et al. The results of radiotherapy for ependymomas: the Mayo clinic experience [J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 1998, 42: 953-958.

[21] Boström A, von Lehe M, Hartmann W, et al. Surgery for spinal cord ependymomas: outcome and prognostic factors [J]. Neurosurgery, 2011, 68: 302-309.

✍AI写作