第5节 Erdheim-Chester病
Erdheim-Chester病(Erdheim-Chester disease, ECD)即脂质肉芽肿病,又名类脂性肉芽肿病、胆固醇肉芽肿病、多发性骨硬化性组织细胞增生症,是一种极其罕见的细胞来源不明的非朗格汉斯组织细胞增多症。ECD首次由Chester和Erdheim于1930年首先描述,迄今为止世界范围内有700余例此类疾病被报道,属于罕见病,容易被误诊。该病好发年龄为40~70岁,90%的患者有骨累及,最常见的是长骨受累(32%),也可累及扁骨,50%的患者有骨外表现,包括皮肤、心脏、肾脏等。该病的病理生理主要是由于泡沫样或嗜酸性的脂质非朗格汉斯组织细胞浸润在骨组织或其他器官而引起一系列临床表现。ECD可与朗格汉斯细胞增生症(Langerhans cell histiocytosis, LCH) 同时存在。目前研究证明ECD可能与BRAF V600基因的突变有关,MAPK激酶通路可能也参与了ECD的发生和发展,另外也有说法认为ECD与“细胞因子风暴”有关,而不是之前所说的一种来源不明的侵袭性组织细胞疾病。
ECD的临床表现多样,患者可出现轻中度的骨痛,可伴有发热、虚弱、体重减轻等非特异的表现,其他表现包括眼球突出、球后疼痛、尿崩症、肾功能衰竭、肝脾肿大及心肺和神经症状。
由于该疾病临床表现的多样性和非特异性,目前诊断仍极其困难,容易误诊。较为公认的诊断参考标准包括:
(1) X线片:双侧对称的长骨贯穿干骺端的骨质硬化的表现。
(2) 同位素骨扫描:双侧对称的长骨远端99 mTc 标记信号明显增强。而近期有学者认为PET-CT检查敏感性可能更高。
(3) 全身MRI有助于发现组织学标准:① 微环境:泡沫状或嗜酸性的细胞异常集聚,成纤维细胞增生,淋巴细胞聚集,形成黄色肉芽肿。② 细胞免疫染色:CD68(+),CD1a(-),S-100阴性或较低水平。③ 电子显微镜表现:缺乏Birbeck颗粒。病理学发现CD68(+)、CD1a(-)是诊断ECD的重要条件。
(4) 其他影像学检查:诸如CT、MRI等能更好地显示骨骼及中枢神经系统的表现。而其他实验室检查无明显特异性,对诊断起到补充的作用。
该病的主要鉴别诊断包括:朗格汉斯细胞组织细胞增多症、多发性硬化、神经类肉瘤病、淀粉样变、代谢性疾病、黏多糖贮积症、佩吉特病、奥蒙德病、韦格纳肉芽肿、脑腱性黄瘤症(CTX)、惠普尔病、戈谢病、特发性窦组织细胞增生性巨淋巴结病、慢性复发性多灶性骨髓炎、大动脉炎、原发性下垂体炎及分枝杆菌感染等。
关于ECD的治疗,尚无特异性手段,加之全球病例报道数少,并无较高等级的证据证明某种方法的疗效。干扰素α仍是目前的一线用药,一项纳入53名ECD患者的队列研究显示,46名ECD患者在接受干扰素α治疗后,明显提高了总生存期,相关的多因素分析中也提示干扰素α治疗成为改善生存的独立预后指标。其他治疗包括IL-1受体拮抗剂、皮质类固醇、细胞毒性药物等。此外,双膦酸盐及放疗可有效缓解该病所致骨痛。其他个案报道有治疗效果的方案包括:对较严重患者应用克拉屈滨,对无中枢受累或心血管受累的患者应用阿那白滞素,而两者的联合应用可针对干扰素α治疗无效的患者。近期还有研究认为英夫利昔单抗及BRAF抑制剂-威罗非尼有治疗效果,尤其是后者可应用于V600-BRAF突变的患者。
ECD的预后较LCH差,目前并无大宗病例报道ECD的预后情况。目前认为心肺功能不全是导致其死亡的主要原因。在接受干扰素α治疗后,该病5年生存率可增加至70%。
(杨诚 钟南哲 何韶辉 毛敏)
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