第4节 Paget相关骨肉瘤

更新于 2026年10月13日 版权声明
第4节 Paget相关骨肉瘤

一直以来,人们认为Paget病会导致恶性肿瘤的骨转移概率增加。1876年,James Paget在他的第一篇关于畸形性骨炎文章中,首次描述了发生在Paget骨病上的骨肉瘤。他首次描述了在他随访的23个Paget病例中发生的5例骨肉瘤。此后,越来越多的文章报道了Paget病导致的骨肉瘤高发病率。此后至1951年,总共有约102例由Paget病恶变为肉瘤的病例相继被报道。

一、 流行病学

Wick等人31在回顾梅奥中心近50年的骨肉瘤病例中发现,在总共1 211例骨肉瘤病例中,发现其中有38例患者患有Paget骨肉瘤。近期的一份回顾性分析统计了Walter Reed医院从1940年至2000年的所有40岁以下的Paget病病例,没有发现任何骨肉瘤或者其他相关的恶性肿瘤的发生。骨肉瘤在成人的发病率相较于Paget病在人群中的普遍流行显得极为罕见,为1%~2%。普通型Paget病是一种年龄相关的骨骼紊乱,被确诊的患者往往为55岁以上,并在男性中发病率略高,其发病率与病灶的部位及病灶的数量相关。Paget骨病呈现出地域分布及家族聚集的特性,在斯堪的纳维亚半岛、印度或者远东都鲜有报道,而在英国、西欧等国家,以及这些地域的移民所在地,包括美国、加拿大、新西兰、澳大利亚和南美的城市中都较为常见。近50年的Paget病诊断依赖于影像以及AKP碱性磷酸酶的升高作为提示,因此疾病的发现因医学操作和诊断习惯而有不同。总的来说,目前Paget病的流行和严重性均有所降低,但是仍没有充分的数据支持Paget骨肉瘤同比例的降低。事实上,令人不安的是,发现在Walter Reed提及的研究中,患有Paget病的年长患者中有30%发生了恶性的转变。

尽管Paget骨肉瘤的流行病学可能仍存在争论,患有Paget病与否与患者的不良预后之间相关性尚不明确。相比较于青少年骨肉瘤治疗的大步进展,目前没有充分证据提示这些患者中的Paget骨肉瘤的预后得到明显改善。

二、 病因及分类

成骨性骨肉瘤是Paget病相关的骨肉瘤中最常见的一种,有80%以上的病例报道为成骨性,同时纤维肉瘤、恶性纤维组织细胞瘤、软骨肉瘤、转移癌、淋巴瘤和巨细胞瘤也有报道。

三、 临床表现

临床上,大多数患者表现为与软组织包块相关的疼痛,以及平片上的溶骨性破坏。患者血清AKP碱性磷酸酶水平不同程度提高。Paget骨肉瘤在骨的发生率上依次为骨盆、股骨和肱骨,其次为胫骨和头骨。难以解释的是肱骨上Paget骨肉瘤发生率相对较高,而脊柱上的发生率较为罕见,这个和在成人骨骼上Paget病的总体发生率有明显不同。

四、 病理

绝大多数Paget骨肉瘤是传统、高级别、髓内、溶解性肿瘤,以骨皮质的破坏和周围软组织的浸润性破坏为特征。只有极少的肿瘤表现为骨髓腔内或外的硬化。其肿瘤细胞为高度的多形性,病理以在Paget骨组织中相似的破骨巨细胞存在为特征。该肿瘤的大体观相类似于一种Paget病中混乱重组的夸张表现,在新近组成骨小梁和巨大多核骨细胞表面有非常多的非典型成骨细胞。

五、 治疗及预后

该病发病率较低,既往的报道均较为罕见。根据Philip等人的报道,其所行手术治疗的26名患者中,6名行原位截肢手术,5名行保肢髋关节置换术,只有2名患者适合行化疗,但没有患者因化疗受益,5名患者进行了放疗,10名患者仅行姑息治疗。术后1年存活率为53%,2年为25%,没有患者存活至5年,所有患者死于转移。积极治疗的患者中位生存期为21个月,姑息治疗患者生存期为7个月。5位保肢患者中的4位在5~12个月中出现了原位的复发,剩余的那名患者死于第14个月。截肢手术和保肢手术在生存期上无明显差异。

(杨诚 周振华 冯大鹏)

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