定语从句的译法
英语定语从句的译法主要涉及限定性定语从句的译法和非限定性定语从句的译法。
(一)前置译法
限定性定语从句往往要译成“……的”前置定语结构,若分开译往往会影响主句意思的完整。也有一些非限定性定语从句,或因结构较短,或因与被修饰词关系较为密切,或因拆译后将会造成译文结构松散,也可译成前置定语结构。
1)This comparison helped Dr Gill indentify for the first time the probable enzymatic(酶的)processes by which bacteria help humans to digest the complex carbohydrates in plants.(北京航空航天大学2010年真题)
参考译文:通过比较,吉尔博士首次确定了细菌利用酶反应帮助人类消化植物中的糖化合物的大致过程。
2)At an age when I wanted to meet girls—let's say the treacherous years of thirteen to sixteen—I was told to take up a sport,get more fresh air,and I was urged not to read so much.(武汉大学2010年真题)
参考译文:在我想要同女孩子约会的年纪——比方说13到16岁叛逆的年龄段——我被告知应进行体育运动、获取更多的新鲜空气,还被督促不要看太多书。
(二)后置译法
该译法在翻译非限制性定语从句时使用普遍。此外,有些限制性定语从句结构相对复杂,译成前置定语显得太长,而且不符合汉语表达习惯,则应译成后置的并列分句,作进一步的连贯叙述。
1.重复英语关系代词所代表的含义,必要时还需加一些代词或连词。
1)The study,whichsurveyed 1,560 adults aged between 20 to 35,also found that for 50 percent of the people making a commitment was the most important reason to get married,and only two percent considered marriage for tax advantages.(华中科技大学2009年真题)
参考译文:研究还发现,有50%的受访者认为给彼此一个承诺是结婚最重要的原因,仅有2%的受访者认为结婚是为了享受税收优惠。这项研究调查了1560名年龄在20岁至35岁之间的成年人。
2)After numerous work studies he presented his company with a formula for obtaining maximum production,which was later applied to many manufacturing concerns.(北京师范大学2008年真题)
参考译文:在做了大量工作研究之后,他把一套能获得最大生产率的方案运用到他的公司中,这套方案之后也应用到许多制造企业。
2.省略英语关系代词所代表的含义,必要时加某些代词或连词。
It was the Victorians who firmly established the family reunion.
参考译文:维多利亚时代的人牢固地确立了家族团聚的风俗。
3.关系代词which转译成汉语人称代词或指示代词。
1)Great chips and systems developed by our partners who are here with us sponsoring this event,make this all possible.(湖北省博士生入学考试(非英语专业)2012年真题)
参考译文:这一活动的主办者是我们的合作伙伴,他们开发的系统及优异的芯片使所有这一切成为可能。
2)Many people in industry and the services,who have practical experience of noise,regard any investigation of this question as a waste of time;they are not prepared even to admit the possibility that noise affects people.(南京大学2008年真题)
参考译文:工业部门和海陆空军中的许多人对噪音有切身体会,他们认为对这个问题进行的任何调查都是浪费时间,他们甚至不愿承认噪音可能对人有影响。
(三)合成译法
该译法是将被修饰词/先行词与定语从句合在一起译成一个独立的汉语句子的翻译方法,如there be结构。如果主语压缩成汉语词组后用作其他句子成分,那么定语从句可译为一个句子。
1)There are still millions of people who like the paper version,at least for now.(南京大学2011年真题)
参考译文:仍有数百万人喜欢阅读纸质书籍,至少现在是如此。
2)There was a Renaissance Italian princeling whowas asked by the priest on his deathbed if he had anything to repent of.(同济大学2009年真题)
参考译文:意大利文艺复兴时期,神父问一名临死之前的小王公有没有什么要忏悔的。
(四)译为状语从句
有些定语从句形式上是定语,但在意义上与主句有逻辑状语关系,说明主句的原因、结果、目的、条件、让步等关系,翻译时应按其语法功能,译成各种相应的汉语复句。
1)Similarly,decisions about how to provide shelter can include women's participation and careful attention to issues of privacy,which is invariably one of the most significant stressors in living in crowded camps.(中国科学院2009年真题)
参考译文:同样,邀请妇女们参与设计临时救护所,在设计上重视保护隐私,因为隐私是在拥挤的宿营地居住时最容易引起压力的因素之一。
2)Over 1 billion persons lack access to a basic water supply,while several billion do not have access to adequate sanitation,which is the primary cause of water contamination and diseases linked to water.(哈尔滨工业大学2007年真题)
参考译文:10多亿人缺乏基本的水供应,而数十亿人没有适当的卫生设施,导致了水污染和与水有关的疾病。
两个例句中的非限定定语从句部分,分别译为表示原因和结果的状语从句。
特别需要指出的是,翻译定语从句时,务必要搞清楚定语从句所修饰的先行词到底是哪一个,离它最近的名词未必一定就是定语从句所修饰的对象。要根据定语从句与先行词关系的密切程度、自身的长度和含义而采取不同的翻译方法。
每日训练
1.请翻译下列名词从句,注意括号中的要求。
1)What has happened is no surprise to us.We all know well enough what he is.(译文从句位置不变)
2)It was natural that now the conversation turned to the tragic events that had taken(https://www.daowen.com)
place there a month before.(真实主语提前)
3)It was clear that he was going to meet Miss Carr and wanted to be alone.(真实主语不提前)
4)A principle of science tells what usually happens under certain conditions.(译文从句位置不变)
5)I wanted to make it clear whether he was a foreigner or not.(it省略不译)
6)She had explained that interviews were the only way to keep the case in public consciousness.(加“说”字)
7)The fact is that the old lady believed Rebecca to be the meekest creature in the world.(译文从句位置不变)
2.请翻译下列定语从句,注意括号中的要求。
1)Those who sacrifice themselves for the people's cause are the real heroes of history.(前置法)
2)He made the sound of sympathy which comes so readily from those who have an independent income.(重复先行词、后置法)
3)A fuel is a material which will burn at a reasonable temperature and produce heat.(省略先行词、后置法)
4)There are some metals which possess the power to conduct electricity.(合成译法)
5)The ambassador,who had long been interested in Asian affairs,was flattered.(前置法)
6)I knew that John would tell his mother,who would probably tell Mary.(后置法)
7)Nevertheless the problem was solved successfully,which showed that the
computations were accurate.(译文从句独立)
8)But he did not talk at length about the matter,which was not considered by the
White House to be a particularly important question.(因果关系)
9)He insisted on buying another coat,which he had no use for.(让步关系)
10)Anyone who thinks that rational knowledge need not be derived from perceptual
knowledge is an idealist.(条件关系)
参考译文
1.1)所发生的事对我们来说并不奇怪。他为人如何我们是够清楚的。
2)现在话题转移到一个月以前在那里发生的惨案上,这是很自然的事。
3)很清楚,他是去看卡尔小姐了,所以要一个人去。
4)科学原理告诉我们在一定条件下所会发生的事情。
5)我要弄清楚他是不是外国人。
6)她曾解释说,接见记者是使公众不至于忘却这桩案件的唯一办法。
7)事实是,老太太以为丽贝卡是天下最驯良的小家伙。
2.1)为人民事业牺牲自己的人是历史上真正的英雄。
2)他发出了同情之声,这种同情声是那些有独立收入的人最容易脱口而出的。
3)燃料是一种物质,在适当温度下能够燃烧并释放热量。
4)某些金属具有导电的能力。
5)早就对亚洲事务感兴趣的那个大使,不禁受宠若惊。
6)我知道约翰准会去告诉他的妈妈,他妈妈多半又会说给玛丽听。
7)不过问题还是圆满地解决了。这说明计算很准确。
8)但他没有详细地谈这件事,因为白宫没有把这件事看作是一个特别重要的问题。
9)他坚持要再买一件上衣,虽然他根本用不着。
10)如果谁以为理性认识可以不从感性认识得来,他就是一个唯心论者。