二、正说与反说

更新于 2026年10月13日 版权声明
二、正说与反说

人们在叙述同一事物或表达同一思想时,可以正说,也可以反说。汉语如此,英语也如此。在翻译时,对原文某个词语或句子,在译文中既可采用正说,也可采用反说。例如:

通过艰苦工作和坚持不懈,把自己的目标、梦想、决心和远大期望变成现实真不是容易的事情。(湖北省博士生入学考试(非英语专业)2013年真题)(反说;译文可反说,也可正说。)

It is not easy to realize your goals,dreams,determination and great expectations through your hard work and perseverance.

(It is difficult to realize your goals,dreams,determination and great expectations through your hard work and perseverance.)

这并不是让人放弃新年决心的借口。(华中科技大学2011年真题)(反说;译文可反说,也可正说。)

That's not an excuse to give up.

(That's far from an excuse to give up.)

(一)相互转换的原因

汉译英中,正说与反说互相转换的现象很多,转换的原因主要有下列三种:

1.汉英两种语言的习惯用法不同

1)油漆未干Wet Paint

这是一句招贴用语。搭配“油漆”一词,汉语习惯用“未干”,而英语却习惯用wet搭配paint。用意相同,表达各异。如果汉语说成“湿的油漆”,英语说成Paint Not Dry,就都不合乎各自的语言习惯了。

2)在没有解决职工养老保险问题之前,不能注销企业。

Before the problem of employees' endowment insurance has been solved,enterprise cannot be withdrawn.

3)在判决尚未生效之前,家属不能会见犯罪嫌疑人。

Before the judgment has become effective,the family members cannot meet the criminal suspect.

按照汉语的习惯可以说“在……没有……以前/之前”,但是这种说法在英语中不合乎习惯,上面两句如果分别译成Before the problem of employees’endowment insurance has not been solved和Before the judgment has not became effective,就使人无法理解了。

4)俗话说,“男儿有泪不轻弹,皆因未到伤心处”嘛。

As the saying goes,“Men only weep when deeply hurt”。此句也可按反说译为:

As the saying goes,“Men never weep unless they are deeply hurt.”

5)如果没有他的帮助,我早就失败了。

But for his help,I should have failed.

2.为了加强语气以便获得较好的修辞效果

当然我们也不能忘记我们的孩子将送给小朋友一个中国风筝,上面有孩子的名字。

Of course,we must keep in mind that our kid will send his friend a Chinese kite,with the kid's name on it.

3.为了更加确切地表达原文含义

成都是一座来了就不想走的城市。(四川大学2010年真题)

Chengdu is a city that you will decide to stay after you come.

译文把“不想走”转换成正说——decide to stay,想要留下,更加具体化。

有了这种使人耗尽心力的雄辩本事,听者最后都被他弄得头昏脑涨,耳朵发聋,为了图个清静,只好同意他的说法。(对外经济贸易大学模拟试题)

With such exhausting volubility,in the end his hearer,stunned and deafened,would have no choice but agree with him,for the sake of peace.

译文把“只好”一语转换成反说,而且生动化了。

她只好把行李卷铺开在地上,决心熬过这一晚。

She had no choice but to spread her bedroll on the floor and resolve that she would somehow get through this one night.

(二)含有否定或半否定的词语

从以上译例中,我们可以看出,在汉译英时,为了正确处理正说和反说的转换,可以灵活地变换句型,也可以利用反义词。此外,英语中有许多含有否定或半否定语气的词语,在翻译中可充分利用,以便使译文符合英语习惯,并使句子结构多样化。情况归纳如下:

1.英语中含否定语气的词语

(1)动词:fail,miss,lack,ignore,refuse,withhold,refrain(from),neglect,deny,overlook,exclude等。例如:

他还认为:今天美国社会道德准则已出现“只有傻瓜才守法”的危险倾向了。(武汉大学模拟试题)

In his opinions,people are made to feel that those who neglect law represent the future trends which is very dangerous.

在乘客接受安检时,只有远程的管理局工作人员才能看到图像,但看不到乘客本人,而现场安检人员则相反。(西安交通大学2010年真题)

During passenger security check,only remote administration staff can see the images,but fails to see the passenger,while things are the opposite for the security personnel on the spot.

(2)名词:absence,failure,refusal,ignorance,neglect,exclusion等,例如:

即使是能意识到这一点的科学家,也难以幸免。(华中科技大学2011年真题)

Even scientists who recognize it cannot have a narrow escape.

像其他目标和计划一样,新年决心只是口头宣言,如果没有行动和决心来支撑,则毫无意义。(湖北省博士生入学考试(非英语专业)2013年真题)

Like other goals and plans,New Year's resolution will only be an oral declaration and it will be meaningless with failure in action and determination.

(3)形容词和形容词短语:few,little,free from,far from,safe from,short of等。例如:

若没有了假设,进一步的研究便缺乏目的和方向。(中国矿业大学2008年真题)

Without hypothesis,further investigation is short of purpose and direction.

但是,对于所有的正在进行的激动人心的工作而言,科学远没有达到一个能创造完美的人,甚至一个完美的番茄的美好新世界。(中国人民大学2008年真题)

But,for all the ongoing exciting jobs,science is far from creating a wonderful new world to shape a perfect man or even a perfect tomato.

(4)副词和副词短语:little,otherwise,too...to...等。例如:

各国人民走过了不同的历史发展道路,有着不同的文化背景、社会制度和价值观念,延续着不同的生活方式。(武汉大学2011年真題)

People all over the world go by different historical development path,with different cultural background,social system and values,and keep living otherwise.

(5)连词:unless,before,until(rather)than,or等。例如:

那个年轻人宁愿继续干他在公司的信息技术工作,也不愿去考研。(四川大学2006年真题)(https://www.daowen.com)

The young man would rather go with his information-technology work in the company than take the postgraduate entrance examination.

每个人一生中都该有个志向,否则他的精力便会浪费掉。(北京理工大学2007年真题)

Everyone should have an ambition in his life,or his energies will be wasted.

(6)介词和介词短语:without,above,except,beyond,instead of,in place of,out of等。例如:

他是个极其自负的怪人。除非事情与自己有关,否则他从来不屑对世界或世人瞧上一眼。(武汉大学2005真题)

He was a monster of conceit.Never for one minute did he look at the world or at other people,except they are in relation to himself.

2.英语中含有半否定语气的词

有seldom,hardly,barely,scarcely,rarely等。例如:

所幸的是,一所在美国人,特别是受过高等教育的美国人当中享有盛誉的规模较小的文科大学向他提供了奖学金,但这所大学在中国几乎不为人所知。(北京理工大学2005年真题)

Luckily,he received the scholarship from an art college,which is a small-scaled and well-respected university among the well-educated Americans.And this university is rarely known in China.

然而,在其他的情况下,对于阻止由于基因突变而导致的不幸几乎无能为力。(中国人民大学2008年真题)

In other cases,however,it seldom helps in preventing the misfortunes due to genetic mutation.

每日训练

1.翻译下列各句,注意画线部分在句中的位置。

1)他们最近的成就表明他们所取得的巨大进步。

2)你最好还是询问那消息灵通人士。

3)公报谈到双方在所讨论的一切问题上都取得了一致的意见。

4)这是再好没有的东西。

5)他是当时唯一醒着的人。

6)我们必须清楚了解所有牵涉到的问题。

7)他是中国古代文学家之一。

8)他穿过马路时,左顾右盼,害怕撞到过路的车子上。

9)他们的部队水陆并进,及时抵达前线。

10)不论晴雨,我们明天非去不可。

2.翻译下列各句,注意恰当运用正说与反说的技巧。

1)他又不出声了。

2)日子很快过去了,她做工却丝毫没有松懈。

3)我很高兴看见你安然无恙。

4)他们的供应不足,冬季又将来临。

5)他不自然地咳了起来。

6)他只顾自己,不顾别人,使得大家都很生气。

7)是重力使我们不至于从地球上抛出去。

8)他下意识地举起手来搔他的头顶。

9)她只觉得头晕眼花,辨不出路径。

10)他的暗示没有引起我的注意。

参考译文

1.1)Their recent achievements showed the great progress made.

2)You had better ask those better informed.

3)The communiquésaid that the two sides had unanimous views on all problems discussed.

4)It is the best thing imaginable.

5)He was the only person awake at the moment.

6)We must have a clear idea of all the problems involved.

7)He was one of the ancient Chinese writers.

8)While crossing the street,he looked right and left,afraid that he might run into some passing car.

9)Their troops advanced by both land and water,and arrived at the front in time.

10)Rain or shine,we'll have to go tomorrow.

2.1)Again he lapsed into silence.

2)The days passed quickly,but she worked as hard as ever.

3)I am glad to see you safe and sound.

4)Their supply line was thin and winter was coming on.

5)He coughed with embarrassment.

6)His lack of consideration for the feelings of others annoyed everyone present.

7)It is gravity that keeps us from falling off the earth.

8)He involuntarily raised his hand to scratch his head.

9)She felt too dizzy to remember the way she had come.

10)His hint escaped me.

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