（三）短文
1.短文题型简介
短文部分主要测试考生在语篇方面的理解，考生要听懂长约250词的文章，共两篇。短文部分的体裁主要是说明文和议论文，题材涉及社会科学、人文科学和自然科学三大方面。具体来说，短文部分主要测试考生对该部分的推理能力、判断能力、综合分析能力，以及识别说话人的观点和态度的能力。
● 理解主旨要义
考生应注意抓住短文的前一二句话和全文的最后两句话。因为前一二句话往往是主题句，概括全文内容，即使不是主题句，也会对理解全文有指导意义并提供重要信息。另外，全文的最后一句话也是非常重要的，它往往概括中心思想及作者的观点。提问涉及主旨要义的常见句型有：
（1）What’s the main idea of the passage?
（2）What’s the passage mainly about?
（3）What’s the best title of the passage?
（4）What can we learn from the passage?
（5）What’s the conclusion of the passage?
● 捕捉特定、具体的信息
回答具体事实的问题，必须在听的过程中进行记录，不要只听不记，否则会转瞬即忘。因为要考的信息很可能包括：时间、地点、价格、原因、目的、人物的名字等。在大量的信息中猜到要考什么，必须一边浏览选项，一边去听。提问涉及这方面的常见句型有：
（1）When did he finish his great works?
（2）Why did he come to visit his teacher?
（3）Which is one of the reasons why he gave up his promotion?
（4）Where did the story take place?
（5）Who did the investigation?
（6）How long has the team been doing the research?
● 含义推断
考查学生能否根据句型、语音语调特点及词汇判断出某一段、某一句或者某个词暗含的意思。要求考生有较快的反应能力、较强的逻辑思维能力。提问有关这方面问题的常见句型有：
（1）What can be inferred from his remark?
（2）What does the passage imply?
（3）What could we learn from this paragraph?
● 词语释义
这类问题是指考生应根据要求就某一词或短语在特定的上下文中正确理解其意思。这类词或者短语往往意思不止一种。这是检查考生在对整篇文章理解的基础上对某一部分的具体理解。因此，这样的考题有一定难度。提问有关这方面问题的常见句型有：
（1）What does the speaker mean when she said…?
（2）What does…mean in this passage?
● 正误判断
这类问题要求考生在听完全篇短文后针对问题从四个选项中判断哪一个与问题不一致或在文中没提到。提问有关这方面问题的常见句型有：
（1）Which of the following is not mentioned?
（2）Which of the following is true/not true?
2.短文部分应试技巧
（1）注意关键词和提示词
在短文部分的听力测试中抓住一些关键词，如：文中涉及who,what,how,when,where的内容，谓语动词，名词和主语的中心词。这些词包含比其他词性的词更多的信息，是短文的重要组成部分。这些词往往被重读。如果遇到一个不熟悉的词也不要紧张，因为这个词后面很有可能跟着解释，所以从后面的提示词可以猜出它的意思。用来做补充说明的句式有以下几种：What I mean is…；I mean…；That is…；That is to say…等。考生还应注意表示语气转折的词，如：however，yet，but，nevertheless等，它们后面的内容往往是要考的部分。
（2）做笔记
学会做笔记能够帮助考生提高做听力题的正确率。我们经常听到考生抱怨他们有时听懂了，但却没时间记录，结果在做题时又忘记了关键的词语，影响了选择答案。
（3）排除法
考生如果遇到没有听懂或其他原因不知如何做选择的情况，只有用排除法。排除法可以从两个方面考虑：
①选项中意思完全一样的很可能是干扰项，应排除。
②选项明显荒诞、不符合情理和逻辑的一般是干扰项。
遇到实在不会的难题，果断放弃，猜一个答案，然后集中精力做下一题。不要因某一题而影响心情，应学会放弃个别问题，保证顺利完成整套试卷。
3.学生听力薄弱点的分析
（1）推断能力较弱
（2）人物之间关系的判断能力较弱
（3）时间细节知识的判断能力较弱
（4）正误判断能力较弱
（5）反应慢、注意力分散
最后一个现象非常常见。这是因为平时的训练少，听了一段时间后大脑就处于疲倦状态，反应肯定就慢，听懂了题也做不对。
4.不同短文的行文特点和命题重点
故事类短文解析：故事类短文通常介绍某人的经历或奇闻趣事。对于此类文章，记叙的要素为：时间、地点、人物、事件（事件内容、起因、结果、给人的启示等）等重要信息。
例：My friend,Vernon Davies kept birds.One day he phoned and told me he was going away for a week.He asked me to feed the birds for him and said that he would leave the key to his front door in my mailbox.Unfortunately,I forgot all about the birds until the night before Vernon was going to return.What was worse,it was already dark when I arrived at his house. I soon found the key Vernon gave me could not unlock either the front door or the back door. I was getting desperate.I kept thinking of what Vernon would say when he came back.I was just going to give up when l noticed that one bedroom window was slightly open.I found a barrel and pushed it under the window.As the barrel was very heavy,I made a lot of noise. But in the end.I managed to climb up and open the window.
I actually had one leg inside the bedroom when I suddenly realized that someone was shining a torch up at me.I looked down and saw a policeman and an old lady,one of Vernon’s neighbours.“What are you doing up there?”said the policeman.Feeling like a complete fool,l replied,“I was just going to feed Mr.Davies’s birds.”
Questions 4-6 are based on the passage you have just heard．
4．Why couldn’t the man open the door?
5．Why did the man feel desperate?
6．Why did the man feel like a fool?
科普类说明文解析：一般科普类说明文的结构比较清晰。短文开始会提出介绍对象，然后对介绍对象进行说明。虽然科普类说明文中可能会包含一些专有名词，使听力难度加大，但考生应注意听力的重点是了解文章对某一事物、现象的描述与分析，考生没有必要了解每个专有名词的中文意思。
例：A new study reports the common drug aspirin greatly reduces life-threatening problems after an operation to replace blocked blood vessels to the heart.More than 800,000 people around the world have this heart surgery each year.The doctors who carried out the study say giving aspirin to patients soon after the operation could save thousands of lives.People usually take aspirin to control pain and reduce high body temperature.Doctors also advise some people to take aspirin to help prevent heart attacks.About 10-15 percent of these heart operations end in death or damage to the heart or other organs.The new study shows that even a small amount of aspirin reduced such threats.The doctors said the chance of death for patients who took aspirin would fall by 67％.They claimed this was true if the aspirin was given within 48 hours of the operation.The doctors believe aspirin helps heart surgery patients because it can prevent blood from thickening and blood vessels from being blocked.However,the doctors warned that people who have stomach bleeding or other bad reactions from aspirin should not take it after heart surgery.(https://www.daowen.com)
Questions 13-15 are based on the passage you have just heard.
13．What is the finding of the new study of aspirin?
14．In what way can aspirin help heart surgery patients according to the doctors?
15．What warning did the doctors give about the use of aspirin?
新闻类短文解析：新闻类文章的首句多为主题句，这一点应引起考生的注意。首句一般是某个事件的发生、发展经过。时间、地点、人物、原因、后果等信息经常是考查的重点。新闻类短文的另一特点是长句较多，句子结构及选用的词汇较正式，这给理解带来一定的难度。
例：An elder woman yesterday made a legal claim against a department store because it had wrongly accused her of stealing a Christmas card.Ms.Doss White, 72 years old,is claiming$3,000 damages from the store for wrongful arrest and false imprisonment.Ms.White visited the store while doing Christmas shopping,but did not buy anything.She was followed through the town by a store manager.He had been told that a customer saw her take a card and put it in her shopping bag.He stopped her at a bookstore as she was reading a book.Ms.White said,‘‘This man，a total stranger，suddenly grasped my bag and asked if he could look in it.”She was taken back to the store and shut in a small room in full view of shoppers for 20 minutes until the police arrived.At the police station she was body-searched and nothing was found.Her lawyer said the department store sent an insincere apology and they insisted that she may have been stealing.The hearing continues today.
Questions16-19 are based on the passage you have just heard.
16．What does the story tell us about the old woman?
17．What was said to have been stolen?
18．What happened to Ms.White after she was taken back to the store?
19．What was now the attitude of the department store in this legal case?
5．解题步骤和解题原则
1）语段题解题步骤：
①预览选项。充分利用正式听短文前的时间，将选项预览一遍。预测短文的内容以及提问形式。选项往往会对原文表达进行以下改写：
● 常用同义词或词组表达原文含义。
● 用不同表达方式表达同样的意思。
● 选项表达与原文相反，但意思一样。
②抓主题句。听音过程中，抓住主题句，就容易掌握文章的中心思想。要特别注意听清开头和结尾的一两句话，因为开头句与结尾句常常是主题句。还有一种情况是首尾两部分的几句话相结合，共同作为文章的主题。只要了解这些结构安排，就容易抓住文章的主题句，就容易理解短文中的细节、论据等。
③记录事实。考生在预览选项之后，大体已预测到题目的要求。在听音过程中，要有目的地去抓听、记录与题目有关的事实，例如时间、地点、人物等。
④抓住信息词。一些连接短文各个句子、表明上下逻辑关系的词，对短文内容如何发展起到信号指示作用，对理解短文非常重要。抓住这些信号，对于下文会讲什么内容、能解答什么问题就会心中有数，对短文逻辑关系更清楚。短文中的标志词可以分成以下几类：
● 最高级标志词
形容词、副词最高级，most/chief/primary/main/leading等
● 唯一级标志词
only/unique/prefer/every/one/of all/perfect等
● 因果项标志词
cause/lead to/contribute to/thanks to/owing to/question/answer/why/reason/ 其他形式的问句等
● 转折项关键词
despite/in spite of/instead/while/from…to…/although…（yet）…/not only…but also…等
● 序数项标志词
所有的序数词（first,second）/another/the other/next/last/in addition/on the other hand等
● 时间项标志词
when/how/today/as/before/after/since/then/until等
● 解释项标志词
or/namely/in other words/that is/that is to say等
● 总结项标志词
all in all/in brief/to conclude/at last/in summary/in short等
● 强调项标志词
副词：especially/particularly/almost/always/usually等
动词：show/remember/note/notice/say/pronounce等
⑤学会推断。记录事实和抓住信息词是听力考试中不可缺少的。但是有些题目的作答，不仅需要事实，而且要根据这些明示信息和录音的字里行间进行综合推断。这类题目比明示信息题目难得多。
⑥听清问题。解题是听短文的目的，亦即听短文就是为了回答短文后的问题。若是听不清所问的问题，就会答非所问，前面的全部工作就会功亏一篑。所以，听清短文后的问题是解题的关键。
2）语段题解题原则
①听得原则：所听即所得，听到什么就选什么（正好与短对话相反，短对话是听到的一般不选）。
②重读原则：某单词被反复读到或是在语音上加以重读，应引起重视。如果该单词在选项中出现很可能是正确答案。
③顺序原则：出题顺序一般与行文顺序相同，除了主旨题和部分说明文。
④主题原则：主题一般出现在段落的头、尾部分，所以要集中精力听清前三句话和最后两句话。
⑤原因原则：凡出现表示原因、目的的很有可能是考点，要着重听。
⑥转折原则：凡出现表示转折的词后面的句子往往是考点，要引起重视。
3）速记注意使用缩略语（这一点也适用于长对话的听音）
记笔记一定要迅速，而要想在有限的时间内尽可能比较全面地记录重点信息，使用一定的缩略语和熟悉的符号是十分必要的，下面推荐一些常用的方法：
①利用数学符号。
如equal写成“=”；“≠”表示“unequal”；“↑”代表increase/up；“←”表示result from/because/since/for/as；“→”代表lead to/result in/has become/turn into；“↓”表示decrease/drop/dip/fall；“≈”代表about/almost；>表示more than；<表示less than；“+”代表include/cover；“-”则是exclude等。
②利用数字和其他固定符号。
能用数字或其他固定符号代表的词全部用阿拉伯数字或符号，这样既能节约时间，又能避免拼写错误，如：twenty写成20；nineteen eighty four记作1984；$=dollar；￡=pound；11 in the morning=11 am；11 in the evening=11 pm等。
③创造自己的速写符号。
在平时的训练中也可以使用和创造一些符合自己习惯的缩略语和符号，如u可代表understand（ing）；m可代表mean（ing）；m=minute；s=second；h=hour； imp.=important/importance；nec.=necessary等。
当然，听力水平的提高不是一朝一夕的事情，而听力技巧的熟练运用少不了长时间的练习。以上技巧和步骤必须建立在有针对性的练习的基础上。