短文实战演练
全国统考2016年真题
Passage One
21．A．He is a man who has a gene of longevity.
B．He is a professor at Boston University.
C．He is the owner of the website Time.com.
D．He is the creator of a website on longevity.
22．A．Women don’t like red meat as much as men.
B．The high estrogen level in women makes the differences.
C．Women develop cardiovascular disease much later than men.
D．The incidence of cardiovascular disease is much lower in women.
23．A．In their 50s and 60s. B．In their 60s and 70s.
C．In their 70s and 80s. D．In their 80s and 90s.
24．A．Calcium.B．Iodine.C．Zinc.D．Iron.
25．A．The reason why red meat is harmful to health.
B．The reason why vegetarian food is so popular.
C．Another possibility for women’s longevity.
D．The important role iron plays in cellular reactions.Passage Two
26．A．He was the owner of a grocery store.
B．He was a convict laboring at a junkyard.
C．He struggled under the strain of poverty.
D．He lived happily with his wife and three kids.
27．A．He is a stockbroker.
B．He is an investment advisor.
C．He is the manager of a mutual fund.
D．He is a teacher at a local community college.
28．A．Indecision. B．Arrogance. C．Ignorance. D．Fear.
29．A．He began teaching on investment at college.
B．He began reading investment books and then began practicing.
C．He began learning how to become a successful stockbroker.
D．He began investing big money in a mutual fund each month.
30．A．Man errs as long as he strives.
B．Failure is the mother of success.
C．Where there is a will,there is a way.
D．The good seaman is known in bad weather.
答案解析
Passage One
21．【D】细节题。此人是波士顿大学某个研究中心的创办者，但并未说他是教授。而他创办的网站为LivingTo100.com，此网站与长寿相关，因此正确答案为D。
22．【C】细节题。根据文中所述，女性比男性普遍寿命长的原因是女性患心脑血管疾病的年龄比男性大。因此本题正确答案为C。
23．【B】细节题。文中说女性开始罹患心脑血管疾病的年龄在70多岁到80多岁，比男性晚大约10年，由此可计算得知男性开始患同类疾病的年龄在60多岁到70多岁。因此本题答案为B。
24．【D】细节题。文中说到女性例假使她们体内的铁元素缺乏。
25．【C】细节题。本文主题讲到one of the reasons…这说明下文还要讲其他的原因，因此本题正确答案为C。
Passage Two
26．【C】细节题。文中讲到他在废品站和杂货铺工作，以此来维持家人的生活，因此本题正确答案为C。
27．【B】细节题。文中讲到现在他是一名49岁的investment advisor，正确答案为B。
28．【D】细节题。文中讲到获取财富最大的障碍是fear，故本题正确答案为D。
29．【B】细节题。他首先在杂货店里开始阅读投资类书籍，并每月往共同基金里存钱。本题正确答案为B。
30．【C】主旨题。通过全文可推理得知，Jeff最开始贫困潦倒，但他通过不懈的努力获得了成功，C项最符合文意。
听力原文
Passage One
Across the industrialized world,women still live 5 to 10 years longer than men.Among people over 100 years old,85%are women,according to Tom Perls,founder of the New England Centenarian Study at Boston University and creator of the website LivingTo100.com. Time.com asks him why.
Why do women live longer than men?
One important reason is the big delay—and advantage—women have over men in terms of cardiovascular disease,like heart attack and stroke.Women develop these problems usually in their 70s and 80s,about 10 years later than men.For a long time, doctors thought the difference was due to estrogen.But studies have shown that this may not be the case,and now we know that giving estrogen to women post-menopause can actually be bad for them.
One reason for that delay in onset of cardiovascular disease could be that women are relatively iron-deficient compared to men—especially younger women,those in their late teens and early 20s—because of menstruation.Iron plays a very important part in the reactions in our cells that produce damaging free radicals,which glom onto cell membranes and DNA, and may translate into aging the cell.In fact,in our diets,red meat is the main source of iron, and lack of iron is probably one major reason that being vegetarian is healthy for you.There was a very good study looking at the intake of red meat and heart disease in Leiden in the Netherlands:in regions where people didn’t eat red meat,those populations had half the rate of heart attack and stroke compared to the populations that did eat red meat.
21．According to the passage,what is true about Tom Perls,founder of the New England Centenarian Study?
22．According to Tom Perls,which of the following might be an important reason that women live longer than men?
23．According to the passage,when do men usually develop cardiovascular disease?
24．Compared to men,which of the following is women relatively deficient in?
25．What might the next paragraph discuss?
Passage Two
Twenty years ago,Jeff Harris hardly seemed on the road to wealth.He was a college dropout who struggled to support his wife,DeAnn,and three kids,working as a grocery store clerk and at a junkyard where he melted scrap metal alongside convicts.“At times we were so broke that we washed our clothes in the bathtub because we couldn’t afford the laundromat.”Now he’s a 49-year-old investment advisor and multimillionaire in York,South Carolina.
There was one big reason Jeff pulled ahead of the pack:He always knew he’d be rich. The reality is that 80 percent of Americans worth at least$5 million grew up in middle-class or lesser households,just like Jeff.
“Wanting to be wealthy is a crucial first step,”says Harv Eker,author of Secrets of the Millionaire Mind.“The biggest obstacle to wealth is fear.People are afraid to think big,but if you think small,you’ll only achieve small things.”
It all started for Jeff when he met a stockbroker at a Christmas party.“Talking to him, it felt like discovering fire,”he says.“I started reading books about investing during my breaks at the grocery store,and I began putting$25 a month in a mutual fund.”Next he taught a class at a local community college on investing.His students became his first clients,which led to his investment practice.“There were lots of struggles,”says Jeff,“but what got me through was believing with all my heart that I would succeed.”
26．What was true about Jeff Harris twenty years ago?
27．What does Jeff Harris do now?
28．According to Harv Eker,author of Secret of the Millionaire Mind,what is the biggest hurdle to wealth?
29．What did Jeff Harris do after he met his lucky star—a stockbroker?
30．Which of the following mottos would you associate Jeff Harris with?
全国统考2014年真题
Passage One
21．A．The cause of COPD.
B．Harmful effects of smoking.
C．Men more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.
D．Women more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.
22．A．954. B．955. C．1909. D．1955.
23．A．On May 18 in San Diego. B．On May 25 in San Diego.
C．On May 18 in San Francisco. D．On May 25 in San Francisco.
24．A．When smoking exposure is high.
B．When smoking exposure is low.
C．When the subjects received medication.
D．When the tobacco stopped smoking.
25．A．Hormone differences in men and women.
B．Genetic differences between men and women.
C．Women’s active metabolic rate.
D．Women’s smaller airways.
Passage Two
26．A．About 90,000. B．About 100,000.
C．Several hundreds. D．About 5,000.
27．A．Warning from Goddes Flight Centre.
B．Warning from Health Ministry.
C．Experience gained from the 1997 outbreak.
D．Proper and prompt aid from NASA.
28．A．Distributing mosquito nets.
B．Persuading people not to slaughter animals.
C．Urging people not to eat animals.
D．Dispatching doctors to the epidemic-stricken areas.
29．A．The higher surface temperatures in the equatorial part of the India.
B．The short-lived mosquitoes that were the hosts of the viruses.
C．The warm and dry weather in the Horn of Africa.
D．The heavy but intermittent rains.
30．A．Warning from NASA.
B．How to treat Rift Valley fever.
C．The disastrous effects of Rift Valley fever.
D．Satellites and global health—remote diagnosis.
答案解析
Passage One
21．【D】从短文录音的第一句便可知道答案：Woman may be more susceptible to the lung-damaging effects of smoking than men.因此本题答案为D。
22．【C】根据录音中的…including 954 subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)and 955 controls可知，总共招录的被试者（subjects）为954+955=1909，故本题答案为C。
23．【A】根据录音中的…May 18 at the 105th International Conference of the American Thoracic Society in San Diego，可知本题的答案为A。
24．【B】从录音中的but this gender effect was most pronounced when the level of smoking exposure was low可知，当smoking exposure较低时，性别差异最明显。
25．【C】从录音最后“Women have smaller airways,therefore each cigarette may do more harm.Also,there are gender differences in the metabolism of cigarette smoke.Genes and hormones could also be important.”可知，男女的新陈代谢和荷尔蒙差异、女性狭窄的气道都是让女性更容易受到吸烟后果影响的因素，但其中并未说女性比男性的新陈代谢更活跃，因此C为正确答案。
Passage Two
26．【B】根据录音中的“Some 100,000 stock animals succumbed and about 90,000 people were infected—hundreds fatally—in five countries.”可知，本题答案为B。
27．【D】从录音中的“The difference was that the second time around there was warning…part of America’s space agency,NASA,told the authorities in Kenya that they had a problem.They told them again in October.And again in November.”可知，第二次的区别在于有来自NASA及时而准确的警告。故本题答案为D。
28．【D】从录音中的“…the Kenyan health ministry had dispatched teams to the area to distribute mosquito nets and urge village leaders and religious authorities to stop people slaughtering and eating animals.”可知，只有D选项不是制止瘟疫肆虐的举措。
29．【D】从录音中的“These higher temperatures brought heavy and sustained rains, cloud cover and warmer air to much of the Horn of Africa…”可知，D是正确答案，B选项应该改成long-lived mosquitoes。
30．【D】该录音的主要内容是：NASA给予肯尼亚及时迅捷的警示，使其在2007年瘟疫爆发的时候避免了10年前的厄运。因此D选项是正确答案（卫星和全球健康——远程诊断）。
听力原文
Passage One
Women may be more susceptible to the lung-damaging effects of smoking than men,according to new research by Inga-Cecilie Soerheim,M.D.,and her colleagues from Channing Laboratory,Brigham and Women’s Hospital and University of Bergen,Norway. They analyzed data from a Norwegian case-control study including 954 subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)and 955 controls.All were current-or ex-smokers, and the COPD subjects had moderate or severe COPD.
“Overall our analysis indicated that women may be more vulnerable to the effects of smoking,which is something previously suspected but not proven,”said Dr.Soerheim.
The study results will be presented on May 18 at the 105th International Conference of the American Thoracic Society in San Diego.
Examining the total study sample,there were no gender differences with respect to lung function(FEVI)and COPD severity,but the women were on average younger and had smoked significantly less than men.
To explore these differences further,they also analyzed two subgroups of the study sample:COPD subjects under the age of 60(early onset group)and COPD subjects with less than 20 pack-years of smoking(low exposure group).In both subgroups,women had more severe disease and greater impairment of lung function than men.
“This means that female smokers in our study experienced reduced lung function at a lower level of smoking exposure and at an earlier age than men,”said Dr.Soerheim.
It has long been suspected that the effect of smoking on lung function may be modified by gender.Interaction analysis confirmed that being female represents a higher risk of reduced lung function and severe COPD,but this gender effect was most pronounced when the level of smoking exposure was low.
“The gender difference in COPD susceptibility seems to be most important when smoking exposure is low.Women may tolerate small amounts of tobacco worse than men.” Dr.Soerheim explained.
According to Dr.Soerheim,the reason why women may be more susceptible to the effects of cigarette smoke is still unknown,but there are several possible explanations. “Women have smaller airways,therefore each cigarette may do more harm.Also,there are gender differences in the metabolism of cigarette smoke.Genes and hormones could also be important.”
Questions 21-25 are based on the passage you have just heard.
21．What is the most likely topic of this talk?
22．How many subjects did Dr.Soerheim recruit in her study?
23．When and where will Dr.Soerheim present their study results?
24．According to the talk,when is the gender difference most likely to be obvious in
COPD susceptibility?
25．Which of the following is not an explanation for women’s great susceptibility to the
effects of smoking?
Passage Two
In December 1997 large numbers of cattle,goats and sheep began dying in the Garissa district of north-eastern Kenya.A month later people started dying,too.It was,at the time, the biggest recorded outbreak of Rift Valley fever in east Africa.Some 100,000 stock animals succumbed and about 90,000 people were infected—hundreds fatally—in five countries.
In December 2007 the same thing happened.Or,rather,it started to happen but was stopped in its tracks.The difference was that the second time around there was warning.In September researchers at the Goddard Space Flight Centre in Greenbelt,Maryland,part of America’s space agency,NASA,told the authorities in Kenya that they had a problem.They told them again in October.And again in November.By the time the epidemic emerged,the Kenyan health ministry had dispatched teams to the area to distribute mosquito nets and urge village leaders and religious authorities to stop people slaughtering and eating animals. Though the outbreak still killed 300 people in Kenya,Somalia and Tanzania,it could have been a lot worse.According to Kenneth Linthicum of America’s Department of Agriculture,the number of deaths would probably have been more than twice as high without the warning.
The warning itself was possible because of a model of how disease spreads that Dr. Linthicum helped design.And the data that were plugged into that model came from satellites.
What the researchers at Goddard had noticed at the time of the first outbreak was that in the months preceding it,surface temperatures in the equatorial part of the Indian Ocean had risen by half a degree.These higher temperatures brought heavy and sustained rains,cloud cover and warmer air to much of the Horn of Africa. Mosquitoes multiplied wildly—and lived long enough for the virus that causes the fever to develop to the point where it is easily transmissible.In September 2007 the researchers saw the same thing happening in the ocean,and suspected the same consequences would follow.
Questions 26-30 are based on the passage you have just heard.
26．How many stock animals died as a result of the outbreak of the Rift Valley fever in 1997?
27．What helped stop the outbreak of the Rift Valley fever in 2007?
28．Which of the following is not mentioned as a measure to prevent the 2007 outbreak
from spreading?
29．What triggered the two outbreaks of the Rift Valley fever in Africa?
30．What is the talk mainly about?
全国统考2013年真题
21．A．About 10,000,000. B．About 1,000,000.
C．About 100,000. D．About 10,000.
22．A．A cocktail of vitamins.
B．A cocktail of vitamins plus magnesium.
C．The combination of vitamins A,C and E.
D．The combination of minerals.
23．A．The delicate structures of the inner ear.
B．The inner ear cells.
C．The eardrums.
D．The inner ear ossicles.
24．A．General Motors. B．The United Auto Workers.
C．NIH. D．All of the above.
25．A．An industrial trial in Spain.
B．Military trials in Spain and Sweden.
C．Industrial trials in Spain and Sweden.
D．A trial involving students at the University of Florida.
Passage Two
26．A．The link between obesity and birth defects.
B．The link between obesity and diabetes.
C．The risk of birth abnormalities.
D．The harmful effects of obesity.
27．A．Neural tube defects.B．Heart problems.
C．Cleft lip and palate. D．Diabetes.
28．A．20 million. B．200 million.
C．400 million. D．40 million.
29．A．weight-loss surgery. B．A balanced diet.
C．A change of life style. D．More exercise.
30．A．Why obesity can cause birth defects.
B．How obesity may cause birth defects.
C．Why obesity can cause diabetes.
D．How obesity may cause diabetes.
答案解析
21．【A】细节题。题意：根据文章，在美国仅仅有多少听力障碍患者？原文解题信息是：About 10 million people in the U.S.alone…are suffering from impairing noise-induced hearing loss.
22．【B】细节题。题意：UM Cresgo听力研究所开发什么以防听力丧失？原文解题信息是：…with the cocktail of vitamins and the mineral magnesium…to prevent hearing loss caused by loud noise.
23．【A】细节题。题意：根据最新发现，大声噪音损伤什么？原文解题信息是：… noise…that damage the inner ear cells.
24．【C】细节题。题意：根据文章，谁支持实验室研究？原文解题信息是：The laboratory research…was funded by NIH.
25．【C】细节题。题意：下列哪一个没有包含在Oral Quell药物的多国人体临床试验中？解题有效信息是：…military trials in Sweden and Spain,and industrial trials in Spain and the trial involving students at the University of Florida…
Passage Two
26．【A】主旨题。题意：这篇文章的主要内容是什么？题目是这个独白的主要内容。根据下列细节信息题可知独白主要讲述母亲肥胖对新生儿的影响。
27．【D】细节题。题意：除了下列哪一个疾病，母亲肥胖的婴儿患病概率大？根据独白信息可得知，妈妈肥胖，婴儿患神经管畸形（neural tube defects）的概率高达两倍，心脏畸形、唇腭裂（cleft lip and palate）、脑积水（water on the brain）、四肢发育问题的概率增大。因而选项D（糖尿病）是答案。
28．【C】细节题。题意：根据WHO，世界上多少人被认定为肥胖？解题有效信息是：The World Health Organization classifies around 400 million people around the world as obese…
29．【A】细节题。题意：对于计划怀孕的肥胖妇女有何建议？解题有效信息是：… women who get pregnant after weight loss surgery tend to be healthier and less likely to deliver a baby born with complications compared to obese women.
30．【B】细节题。题意：根据文章，下一步研究的重点是什么？解题有效信息是：Further study may show how obesity may cause these problems…
听力原文
Questions 21-25 are based on the following passage.
About 10 million people in the U.S.alone,from troops returning from war to students with music lasting through headphones are suffering from impairing noise-induced hearing loss.The rise in trend is something that researchers and physicians at the University of Michigan Cresgo Hearing Research Institute are hoping to reverse,with the cocktail of vitamins and the mineral magnesium that shall promise as a possible way to prevent hearing loss caused by loud noise.The nutrients were successful in laboratory test.And now researchers are testing whether humans will benefit as well.The combination of vitamins A,C and E plus magnesium is given on pill form to patients who are participating in the research. Developed at the UM Cresgo Hearing Research Institute,the medication,called Oral Quell, is designed to be taken before a person is exposed to the loud noise.Until a decade ago, it was thought that noise damaged hearing by intense mechanical vibrations that destroyed delicate structures of the inner ear.There was no intervention to protect the inner ear other than reducing the intensity of sound reaching it,such as ear plugs which are not always effective.It was then discovered that noise caused intense metabolic activity in the inner ear and production of molecules that damage the inner ear cells.And that allow the discovery of intervention to prevent these effects.The laboratory research that led to a new understanding of mechanisms underlying noise-induced hearing loss was funded by NIH,the Preclinical Translation Research that led to the formulation of Oral Quell as effective preventative was funded by General Motors and the United Auto Workers.Now Oral Quell is being tested in a set of four multinational human clinical trials:military trials in Sweden and Spain,and industrial trials in Spain and the trial involving students at the University of Florida who listen to music at high volumes on their iPods and other PDAs.
Questions:
21．According to the talk,how many victims of hearing problem are there in the United States alone?
22．Which did UM Cresgo Hearing Research Institute develop to prevent hearing loss?
23．According to the latest findings,what does loud noise damage?
24．According to the talk,who supported the lab research?
25．Which of the following is not included as the multinational human clinical trials for
Oral Quell?
Passage Two
Questions 26-30 are based on the following passage.
Catherine and other colleagues from Britain’s Newcastle University combined data from 18 studies to look at the risk of abnormalities of babies whose mothers were obese or overweight.Obese women were nearly twice as likely to have a baby with neural tube defects which are caused by the incomplete development of the brain or spinal cord, the study found.For one such defect,spinal bifida,the risk more than doubled.The researchers also detected increased chances of heart defect,cleft lip and palate,water on the brain and problems in the growth of arms and legs.The World Health Organization classifies around 400 million people around the world as obese,including 20 million under the age of 5,and the number is growing.Obesity raises the risks of diseases such as Type II diabetes,heart problems and is a health concern piling pressure on an already overburdened national health system.Recent research has tight weight to other problems during pregnancy.A team from the Round Corporation Think Tank in California reported in 2008 that women who get pregnant after weight loss surgery tend to be healthier and less likely to deliver a baby born with complications compared to obese women.Further study may show how obesity may cause these problems,Juliet at Newcastle University researcher who worked on the study said in a telephone interview.Women who are thinking about trying for a baby need to check their own weight first,and then think about seeking help if they are overweight.
Questions:
26．What is the talk mainly about?
27．Babies whose mothers are obese may have increased chances of the following
diseases except which?
28．According to the WHO,how many people are classified as obese around the world?
29．Which of the following can be a suggestion for obese women who plan to have a baby?
30．According to the talk,what may be the focus of further studies?(https://www.daowen.com)
全国统考2012年真题
Passage One
21．A．35 million. B．34 million.
C．25 million. D．20 million.
22．A．Author,professor and dreamer.
B．Writer,professor and insomniac.
C．Author,psychologist and insomniac.
D．Dramatist,psychologist and scientist.
23．A．Sleeping in 8-hour consolidated blocks.
B．Sleeping during day time.
C．Going to bed soon after dark.
D．Two blocks of 4-hour sleep with a waking break.
24．A．Because they have unnoticeable sleeping patterns.
B．Because they sleep very little.
C．Because they are insensitive.
D．Because they can’t complain.
25．A．Sleep is highly variable,and wears out with age.
B．Falling asleep is a gradual process.
C．Sleeping less will help you lose weight.
D．People need to sleep eight hours a day.
Passage Two
26．A．Eight-year-olds. B．Twelve-year-olds.
C．Seventeen-year-olds. D．Adults.
27．A．The use of fMRI.
B．The use of computer tasks.
C．The three-way division of the subjects.
D．The instructions given to the subjects.
28．A．12-year-olds respond strongly to negative feedback.
B．12-year-olds function the same as 8-year-olds.
C．8-year-olds function almost the same as adults.
D．12-year-olds function almost the same as adults.
29．A．Not bad. B．Excellent.
C．Not so good. D．Got it wrong.
30．A．Scientists.
B．The general public.
C．Teachers at the kindergarten.
D．Children with attention deficit disorder.
答案解析
Passage One
21．【A】此题为细节信息再现题。文章中提到：As many as 35 million Americans experience chronic insomnia…所以答案为A。
22．【B】此题为细节信息再现题。文章中提到：In the six years that author,professor and lifelong insomniac Gayle Green spent researching and writing her book Insomniac.答案为B。
23．【C】此题为细节信息再现题。文章中提到：…there’s some evidence to suggest that this sleep pattern may be the one most in tune with our inherent circadian rhythms.而这里的this sleep pattern指的就是前一句所说的睡觉模式：They’d go to bed soon after dark, sleep for four hours,then wake for an hour or two during which they’d write,pray,smoke, have sex or even visit neighbors.因而符合这一睡觉模式的是C。
24．【D】此题为细节信息再现题。文章中提到：…insomnia is defined as a“complaint”, and since animals can’t complain,it’s difficult to measure in them.所以答案为D。
25．【A】此题可以用排除法，文章中提出五个常见的对睡眠的错误认识。B、C和D正是其中的三个，因而A为答案。
Passage Two
26．【D】根据录音可知，与8岁左右的孩子比较起来，12岁的孩子能接受负面反馈并从错误中学习，成年人也会如此，但更有效率（more efficiently）。因此，本题选D。
27．【C】录音中有句话说得很清楚“This three-way division had never been made before…”，即这种三个层次的分界以前从未有过。因此本题正确答案为C。
28．【B】Crone博士和同事对结果也是大吃一惊，他们原本认为（had expected）8岁孩子与12岁孩子的大脑工作方式会完全一致，结果却不是。因此本题正确答案为B。
29．【A】从录音中可知，8岁的孩子在正面反馈的刺激下会做得更好。这也是他们与12岁孩子不一样的地方。故本题答案为A。
30．【C】录音中提到：this new knowledge can have major consequences for people wanting to teach children（这种新知识对想教孩子学习的人来讲有重要的意义）。因此本题正确答案为C。
听力原文
Passage One
Questions 21-25 are based on the following passage.
Our culture is obsessed with sleep,and the lack of it,yet many of us don’t know some basic facts.As many as 35 million Americans experience chronic insomnia,and yet in 2006 only$20 million was spent on research.In the six years that author,professor and lifelong insomniac Gayle Green spent researching and writing her book Insomniac.She learned almost all there is to know about sleep and the lack thereof.Here are five common myths about how we get our shut-eye and why:
1．Humans Need Eight Hours Sleep a Night
There are many ways of sleeping and few cultures sleep in eight-hour consolidated blocks like we do.Until the industrial era,many Western Europeans divided the night into“the first sleep”and the“second sleep”.They’d go to bed soon after dark,sleep for four hours, then wake for an hour or two during which they’d write,pray,smoke,have sex or even visit neighbors.In fact,there’s some evidence to suggest that this sleep pattern may be the one most in tune with our inherent circadian rhythms.
2．Sleep Isn’t Just a Bodily Function
Sleep is a biological,physiological system,akin to the cardiovascular system,the nervous system and so on.Like any other system,it is highly variable,and it wears out and gets more fragile with age.
3．Animals Don’t Have Sleep Problems
Insomnia occurs in animals and insects,too,sort of.Technically,insomnia is defined as a“complaint”,and since animals can’t complain,it’s difficult to measure in them.
4．Falling Asleep Is a Gradual Process Nope
Instead,for most people,it switches on and off like a light switch.But for insomniacs and narcoleptics,the switch doesn’t work quite well.Instead they inhabit the space in between—never entirely awake,nor entirely asleep.
5．Sleeping Less Burns More Calories
In the short term,yes,but sleeping less probably won’t help you lose weight.Lack of sleep suppresses our natural appetite-depressants,while fueling appetite-increasers,often leading to weight gain.
Questions
21．According to the talk,approximately how many Americans suffer chronic insomnia?
22．Which of the following can best describe Gayle Green?
23．Which of the following sleeping patterns might be the most in tune with our inherent
biological system?
24．According to the talk,why is it difficult to measure insomnia in animals?
25．According to the talk,which of the following is true?
Passage Two
Questions 26-30 are based on the following passage.
Eight-year-old children have a radically different learning strategy from twelve-year-olds and adults.Eight-year-olds learn primarily from positive feedback,whereas negative feedback scarcely causes any alarm bells to ring.Twelve-year-olds are better able to process negative feedback,and use it to learn from their mistakes.Adults do the same,but more efficiently.Dr.Eveline Crone and her colleagues from the Leiden Brain and Cognition Lab used fMRI research to compare the brains of three different age groups:children of eight to nine years,children of eleven to twelve years,and adults aged between 18 and 25 years. This three-way division had never been made before;the comparison is generally made between children and adults.Crone herself was surprised at the outcome:“We had expected that the brains of eight-year-olds would function in exactly the same way as the brains of twelve-year-olds,but maybe not quite so well.Children learn the whole time,so this new knowledge can have major consequences for people wanting to teach children:how can you best relay instructions to eight-and twelve-year-olds?”The researchers gave children of both age groups and adults aged 18 to 25 a computer task while they lay in the MRI scanner.The task required them to discover rules.If they did this correctly,a tick appeared on the screen, otherwise a cross appeared.MRI scans showed which parts of the brain were activated.These surprising results set Crone thinking.“You start to think less in terms of‘good’and‘not so good’.Children of eight may well be able to learn extremely differently,only they do it in a different way.”
Questions
26．According to the talk,which of the following groups can best learn from their mistakes?
27．What is new about Dr.Crone’s research?
28．What had Dr.Crone and her colleagues expected?
29．Which of the following feedback can best stimulate the eight-year-olds to learn?
30．According to the talk,which group of people would learn and benefit most?
全国统考2011年真题
Passage One
21．A．Suicide. B．Obesity.
C．Turmoil. D．Drug abuse.
22．A．Preventable. B．Destructive.
C．Treatable.D．Curable.
23．A．Combining anti-depressants and talk therapy.
B．Promoting the transmission between neurons.
C．Winning parental assistance and support.
D．Administering effective anti-depressants.
24．A．Because it adds to the effect of treatment.
B．Because it works better than the medications.
C．Because it can take the place of anti-depressants.
D．Because it helps reduce the use of anti-depressants.
25．A．65 percent. B．75 percent.
C．85 percent. D．95 percent.
Passage Two
26．A．Helplessness and worthlessness.
B．Feeling like a loser.
C．Suicidal feeling.
D．All of the above.
27．A．It encourages the patient to be a top student at school.
B．It motivates the patient to work better than others.
C．It makes it easy for the patient to make friends.
D．It helps the patient hold a positive attitude.
28．A．By encouraging the patient to do the opposite at school.
B．By urging the patient to face any challenge in reality.
C．By making the patient aware of his or her existence.
D．By changing the patient’s perspective.
29．A．Those who stop taking anti-depressants.
B．Those who ask for more medications.
C．Those who are on the medications.
D．Those who abuse the medications.
30．A．Anxiousness. B．Nausea.
C．Fever. D．Insomnia.
答案解析
Passage One
21．【A】从录音的首句可知，对于临床抑郁症的年轻人来讲，他们非常有可能自杀。因此本文的主要内容是讲如何治疗抑郁从而避免自杀的风险。故A为正确选项。
22．【C】通过文章中的“research shows that the most effective treatment is the combination of anti-depression and talk therapy”（研究表明，最有效的治疗方式是抗抑郁和谈话治疗的结合），由此可知，临床抑郁症是可治疗的。故本题选C。
23．【A】通过上题解析可知，A为正确选项。
24．【A】通过录音中可知，75%的青少年在使用心理疗法（psycho therapy）之后，感觉都会好一些，自杀的冲动也会减轻。因此，心理疗法可以与药物疗法同时使用，因为能增强后者的效果。故本题选A。
25．【B】通过上文可知，该数字应为75%。
Passage Two
26．【C】根据录音可知，很多患抑郁症的人会觉得自己无用、没有价值、爱无能或者有失败的感觉。但是，最严重的一种感觉是想自杀的感觉。故C为正确选项。
27．【D】通过录音可知，这个疗法能使得抑郁症患者觉得自己很成功，由此推理可知，该疗法是通过让病人产生积极的态度来进行治疗的。故本题选D。
28．【D】通过上文的解析可知，D为正确答案。
29．【A】通过录音可知，一旦药物治疗和心理治疗起作用了，病人就可以停止服用镇静药物，但极有可能遭受一些副作用（side effect）。因此本题答案为A。
30．【C】从录音中可知，停药后的副作用可以是焦虑（anxiousness）、呕吐（nausea）、失眠（insomnia），但并未提及发烧（fever），因此本题答案为C。
听力原文
Passage One
Questions 21-25 are based on the following passage.
Suicide is a very real risk for young people who suffer from clinical depression. In fact during the past two years suicide has increased among youths between the ages of 10 and 19,but there aren’t treatments that can help.Researches show that the most effective treatment is the combination of anti-depression and talk therapy.Anti-depressants work by increasing chemical which facilitate communications between neurons in the brain.“Anti-depressants are the most effective treatment for most adults.But when it comes to teenagers,it’s not enough.”Says Doctor Richard,a psychiatrist in university medical center.“13-age-years are full of turmoil,emotions and changes.And there are family conflicts and conflicts with relationship that can contribute to distress in adolescents,”Richard says.And anti-depressant medications may not be able to deal with all of those problems.“Psycho therapy,specifically problem-behavioral therapy needs to be combined,”he says.In his recent major study,with the therapy in use along with anti-depressants,75%of kids are reported feeling better and less suicidal after 3 month probably because the problem-behavioral therapy tackle thinking and feeling in a very particular way that medicines may not. And in particular suicidal case,“It intervenes in a positive way,”say Doctor Finland,a psychiatrist with Richard in the medical college.
Questions
21．What is the passage mainly about?
22．To what extent can the problem be dealt with?
23．What way is the better alternative now to treat the problem?
24．Why should talk-therapy be combined?
25．What is the percentage of the kids who feel better after the combined-therapy?
Passage Two
Questions 26-30 are based on the following passage.
“Most people think when they are depressed,it just means you feel sad,”says Doctor Rimmond,a psychiatrist with Cornell university medical college.In fact,the so-called commonest symptoms of depression are probably the most painful for a lot of people which are a feeling that you are useless,worthless,unlovable,and no good or loser.A commonest symptom and a most extreme symptom,of course,is a suicidal feeling where you feel so hopeless that you don’t believe anything will get better and you are better off.Combined therapy challenges that kind of thinking.For example,say,you are a depressed teen,someone at school says something credible,typically that might lead you to think you are a completely loser.Doctor Finland says the combined therapy help patients see all the time they have been successful,both at school and with friends. It is completely the opposite of how you feel.So you challenge them with reality.And then you correct their dysfunctional release and that will actually change the way they feel.It’s a sort of personal reality check that will connect experience in context.Once the combination of medication and therapy work,patient may decide to stop taking anti-depressants.But they should do so with caution because they may experience side effect.They can get rebound kind of symptoms.It can grow things like feeling anxious, or having insomnia,very dizzy and having Nausea.
Questions
26．What is the most serious feeling for people who are depressed?
27．From which angle can the combined therapy help?
28．How can people in depression be changed after the treatment?
29．Who are more likely to suffer from some side effects?
30．Which of the following is not the side effect of stopping medicine?
北京大学2009年真题
Questions 11 to 13 are based on the following passage.At the end of the passage,you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions.Now,listen.
11．Meeting rooms of various sizes are needed for____.
A．contact with headquarters B．relaxation and enjoyment
C．informal talks D．different purposes
12．Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage as part of hotel facilities for guest?
A．Restaurants. B．Cinemas.
C．Swimming pools. D．Bars．
13．A hotel for international conference should have the following EXCEPT______.
A．convenient transportation services
B．competent office secretaries
C．good sports and restaurant facilities
D．suitable and comfortable rooms
Passage Two
Questions 14 to 17 are based on the following passage.At the end of the passage,you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions.Now,listen．
14．The museum aims mainly to display______.
A．the area’s technological development
B．the nation’s important historical events
C．the area’s agricultural and industrial development
D．the nation’s agricultural and industrial development
15．The following have been significant in the area’s prosperity EXCEPT______.
A．the motorways B．the Roman road
C．the canals D．the railways
16．We know from the passage that some exhibits.
A．are borrowed from workshops
B．are specially made for display
C．reflect the local culture and customs
D．try to reproduce the scene at that time
17．The passage probably comes from______.
A．a conversation on the museum
B．a museum tour guide
C．a museum booklet
D．a museum advertisement
Passage Three
Questions 18 to 20 are based on the following passage.At the end of the passage,you wiII be given 15 seconds to answer the questions.Now,listen.
18．According to the passage,safety in dormitory means that you______.
A．insure all your expensive things
B．lock doors when going out
C．lock windows at night
D．take all necessary precaution
19．What does the speaker suggest girls do when they are going to be out late?
A．Call their friends. B．Stay with their friends.
C．Avoid walking in streets. D．Always take a taxi.
20．What is the speaker’s last advice?
A．To take a few seIf-defense classes. B．To stick to well-lit streets at night.
C．To avoid waIking alone at night. D．To stay with their friends.
答案解析
Passage one
11．【D】录音中讲到选择酒店最重要的内容是会议室的选择，大型会议需要大会议室，小的展示则需要小型会议室，参会人员还需要不同会议室来休息。因此本题答案为D。
12．【B】录音中提到的facilities包含“fitness and sports centers,a bar and a good-quality restaurant preferably offering local food”，只有cinema未被提及，故正确答案为B。
13．【B】这是一道主旨题。根据录音中的the most important、then、finally等词可知，一个国际会议需要考虑的因素有好的房间、完善的设施和便利的交通。只有B选项（有能力的文秘）未被提及。故本题答案为B。
Passage Two
14．【C】录音中提到“The museum provides us with the unique historical record of industrial and agriculturaI life in the area.”，即“博物馆为我们提供了该地区工业和农业生活独一无二的历史写照”。故本题答案为C。
15．【A】从录音中的“One example of such communication was the Roman road. Portsman Street,which passed nearby.Later,canals came to bring new prosperity,and then came railways.”可知，本地区曾以Roman road，canals和railways而彰显其繁荣。只有A选项未被提及。故本题答案为A。
16．【D】从录音中的“The displays,with all items collected locally,show what local life used to be like.”可知，这个展览展示了那时本土生活的情况，D选项符合该句的意思。
17．【B】从录音首句“Good morning,ladies and gentlemen.It’s with great pleasure that I welcome you to the new museum of industrial and rural life.”可知，这是一个关于博物馆参观指南的一部分。因此本题答案为B。
Passage Three
18．【D】根据录音的内容可知，外出要锁门、晚上关窗户、给贵重物品上保险，都是保证安全的预防措施，因此本题答案为D（所有必要的预防措施）。
19．【B】从录音中的“Also,if you know you are going to be out late,make sure you’ve got enough money for a taxi to get home again,or arrange to stay with friends for the night.”可知，如果晚上外出，最好有足够的钱坐出租车，或者与朋友在一起，因此本题答案为B。D选项是混淆项，always过于绝对，因为当与朋友在一起的时候，就没有必要打车，因此D是错误的。
20．【A】录音最后说“…it’s certainly worth going to a few self-defense sessions.”，因此A选项（上一些自我防卫课程）是作者的最后一条建议。故本题答案为A。
听力原文
In my opinion,the most important thing when choosing a hotel for an international conference is the meeting room or rooms.For example,you may need a large room where everyone can be together for keynote speeches or presentations and smaller rooms for informal group discussions.Then,if people are coming from different countries,you need to find rooms for them to stay in.They should be spacious and comfortable,and have different facilities for using e-mail and laptops,as people have to keep in touch with their offices or headquarters even when they’re away.My next point is about facilities for hotel guests.It should have facilities such as fitness and sports centers,a bar and a good-quality restaurant preferably offering local food.These are important because delegates need to be able to relax after a long day of meetings and get to know each other in informal situations.Finally, for an international conference where delegates are coming from different countries it can be very useful to choose a hotel that has good transportation to the nearest airport and all places of interest.These can save everybody a lot of time.
Passage Two
Good morning,ladies and gentlemen.It’s with great pleasure that I welcome you to the new museum of industrial and rural life.The museum provides us with the unique historical record of industrial and agriculturaI life in the area.Here you’ll find a wonderful collection of industrial and agriculturaI exhibits.Some of them date back 200 years,which reflects the history of our area over the last two centuries.UntiI recently,the area was mainly agricultural and the rural industries and traditions were aII associated with agricuIture.The museum’s collections bring this heritage back to life with the fascinating blend of working and static displays.From early times,good communication with the rest of the country has Ied to industrial prosperity for the area.One example of such communication was the Roman road.Portsman Street,which passed nearby.Later,canals came to bring new prosperity,and then came railways.Good transportation systems encouraged locaI industries,especially those related to agriculture.The museum will introduce you to these and other local celebrities.The displays,with all items collected locally,show what local life used to be like.Many displays of local items are in context,and show,for exampIe printers and cobblers workshops.Whatever your interest,we hope the museum will have something for you.
Passage Three
Good afternoon,everybody.Thank you very much for inviting me to talk about safety in dormitories and personal security.First,a few points to bear in mind．You notice the doors of your dorms have two types of locks:A Yale lock and a Chab lock.Make sure you double lock your door,not just one lock,both of them,however long you’re going out for.Make sure when you go out all the windows are closed.Those of you in the ground and second floor rooms will notice that you have locking windows.Make sure you use them.Lock them every time you go out.Lock them at night,if you’ve got expensive equipment in your room,first of all,insure it.So many people lose things and don’t have insurance.Make sure you insure it.This brings me to personal security whenever possible,avoid walking alone late at night, especially female students.Avoid dark streets and try to stick to the well-lit streets whenever possible.Also,if you know you are going to be out late,make sure you’ve got enough money for a taxi to get home again,or arrange to stay with friends for the night.It may sound absurd,but don’t forget,the university offers free self-defense classes.I hope it’s something you’d never have to use,but it’s certainly worth going to a few self-defense sessions.