参考文献
[1]中国抗癌协会泌尿男性生殖系肿瘤专业委员会微创学组.中国前列腺癌外科治疗专家共识.中华外科杂志，2017，55（10）：721-724.
[2]前列腺癌诊断治疗指南.中国泌尿外科疾病诊断治疗指南 （2014版）.中国泌尿外科疾病诊断治疗指南编写委员会.北京：人民卫生出版社，2014：61-89.
[3]张大宏.经腹腔入路泌尿外科腹腔镜手术操作技巧.北京：人民卫生出版社，2012：95-99.
[4]张旭.泌尿外科腹腔镜与机器人手术学.2版.北京：人民卫生出版社，2015：116-130.
[5]张骞.泌尿外科腹腔镜手术：操作技巧与要领.北京：人民卫生出版社，2017：76-90.
[6]黄瑛，胡兵.前列腺癌淋巴转移的影像学检查.中国医学影像技术，2007，23（10）：1578-1581.
[7]朱再生，叶敏，施红旗，等.规范化扩大盆腔淋巴结清扫术在前列腺癌根治术中的应用.中华解剖与临床杂志，2017，22（1）：52-57.
[8]Lowsley OS.The development of the human prostate gland with reference to the development of other structures at the neck of the urinary b ladder.Developmental Dynamics,1912,13(3):299-349.
[9]Franks LM.Benign Nodular Hyperplasia of the Prostate:Erasmus Wilson Demonstration delivered at the Royal College of Surgeons of England on 24th November 1953.Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England,1954,14(2):92-106.
[10]Mcneal JE.The prostate and prostatic urethra:a morphologic synthesis.Journal of Urology,1972,107(6):1008-1016.
[11]Blacklock NJ.The Anatomy of the Prostate:Relationship with Prostatic Infection.Infection,1991,19 Suppl 3(S3):S111-114.
[12]Uchimoto K,Nakajima Y,Murakami G,et al.Rectourethralis muscle and pitfalls of anterior perineal dissection in abdominoperineal resection and intersphincteric resection for rectal cancer.Anatomical Science International,2010,82(1):8-15.
[13]Silva LA,Andriolo RB,Atallah AN.Surgery for stress urinary incontinence due to presumed sphincter deficiency after prostate surgery.Cochrane Database Syst Rev,2011,13(4):CD008306.
[14]Majoros A,Bach D,Keszthelyi A,et al.Urinary incontinence and voiding dysfunction after radical retropubic prostatectomy (prospective urodynamic study).Neurourol Urodyn,2006,25(1):2-7.
[15]Awad A,Alsaid B,Bessede T,et al.Evolution in the concept of erection anatomy.Surg Radiol Anat,2011,33(4):301-312.
[16]Costello AJ,Brooks M,Cole OJ.Anatomical studies of the neurovascular bundle and cavernosal nerves.BJU Int,2004,94(7):1071-1076.
[17]Cambio AJ,Evans CP.Minimising postoperative incontinence following radical prostatectomy:considerations and evidence.Eur Urol,2006,50(5):903-913.
[18]Rocco F,Carmignani L,Acquati P,et al.Earlycontinence recovery after open radical prostatectomy with restoration of the posterior aspect of the rhabdosphincter.Eur Urol,2007,52(2):376-383.
[19]Secin FP,Karanikolas N,Gopalan A,et al.The anterior layer of Denonvilliers’fascia:a common misconception in the laparoscopic prostatectoy literature.J Urol,2007,177(2):521-525.
[20]Asimakopoulos AD,Annino F,D’Orazio A,et al.Complete periprostatic anatomy preservation during robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALP):the new pubovesical complex-sparing technique.Eur Urol,2010,58(3):407-417.
[21]Rogers CG,Su LM,Link RE,et al.Age stratified functional J Urol,2006,176(6 Pt 1):2448-2452.
[22]van Roermund JG,van Basten JP,Kiemeney LA,et al.Impact of obesity on surgical outcomes following open radical prostatectomy.Urol Int,2009,82(3):256-261.
[23]Eden CG,Richards AJ,Ooi J,et al.Previous bladder outlet surgery does not affect mediumterm outcomes after laparoscopic radical prostatectomy.BJU Int,2007,99(2):399-402.
[24]Walsh P C.The discovery of the cavernous nerves and development of nerve sparing radical retropubic prostatectomy.Journal of Urology,2007,177(5):1632-1635.
[25]Ganzer R,Blana A,Gaumann A,et al.Topographical Anatomy of Periprostatic and Capsular Nerves:Quantification and Computerised Planimetry.European Urology,2008,54(2):353-361.
[26]Durand M,Jain M,Aggarwal A,et al.Realtime in vivo periprostatic nerve tracking using multiphoton microscopy in a rat survival surgery model:a promising pre-clinical study for enhanced nerve-sparing surgery.Bju International,2015,116(3):478-486.
[27]Ferlay J,Steliarova-Foucher E,Lortet-Tieulent J,et al.Cancer incidence and mortality patterns in Europe:estimates for 40 countries in 2012.European journal of cancer,2013,49(6):1374-1403.(https://www.daowen.com)
[28]Siegel RL,Miller KD,Jemal A.Cancer statistics,2018.CA:a cancer journal for clinicians,2018,68(1):7-30.
[29]Ferlay J,Soerjomataram I,Dikshit R,et al.Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide:sources,methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012.International journal of cancer Journal international du cancer,2015,136(5):E359-386.
[30]A Heidenreich,PJ Bastian,J Bellmunt,et al.EAU guidelines on prostate cancer.Part II:Treatment of advanced,relapsing,and castration-resistant prostate cancer.Eur Urol,2014.65(2):467-479.
[31]T Steuber,L,Budaus,J Walz,et al.Radical prostatectomy i mproves progression-free and cancer-specific survival in men with lymph node positive prostate cancer in the prostatespecific antigen era:a confirmatory study.BJU Int,2011.107(11):1755-1761.
[32]J C.La Rochelle,C.L.Amling.Role of lymphadenectomy for prostate cancer:indications and controversies.Urol Clin North Am,2011,38(4):387-395,v.
[33]GS Palapattu,EA Singer,EM Messing,Controversies surrounding lymph node dissection for prostate cancer.Urol Clin North Am,2010,37(1):57-65,Table of Contents.
[34]D Kroepfl,H Loewen,U Roggenbuck,et al.Disease progression and survival in patients with prostate carcinoma and positive lymph nodes after radical retropubic prostatectomy.BJU Int,2006,97(5):985-991.
[35]M.Maffezzini.Re:Prognosis of patients with lymph node positive prostate cancer following radical prostatectomy:long-term results.J Urol,2005,174(3):1151-1152;author reply 1152.
[36]M Han,P B Snow,J M Brandt,et al.Evaluation of artificial neural networks for the prediction of pathologic stage in prostate carcinoma.Cancer,2001,91(8 Suppl):1661-1666.
[37]D R Withrow,J M DeGroot,D R Siemens,et al.Therapeutic value of lymph node dissection at radical prostatectomy:a population-based case-cohort study.BJU Int,2011,108(2):209-216.
[38]A Mattei,F G Fuechsel,N Bhatta Dhar,et al.The template of the primary lymphatic landing sites of the prostate should be revisited:results of a multimodality mapping study.Eur Urol,2008,53(1):118-125.
[39]N Suardi,A Larcher,A Haese,et al.Indication for and extension of pelvic lymph node dissection during robot-assisted radical prostatectomy:an analysis of five European institutions.Eur Urol,2014,66(4):635-643.
[40]M C Schumacher,F C Burkhard,G N Thalmann,et al.Good outcome for patients with few lymph node metastases after radical retropubic prostatectomy.Eur Urol,2008,54(2):344-352.
[41]J Perry-Keene,P Ferguson,H Samaratunga,et al.Total submission of pelvic lymphadenectomy tissues removed during radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer increases lymph node yield and detection of micrometastases.Histopathology,2014,64(3):399-404.
[42]K Touijer,R P Fuenzalida,F Rabbani,et al.Extending the indications and anatomical limits of pelvic lymph node dissection for prostate cancer:improved staging or increased morbidity?BJU Int,2011,108(3):372-377.
[43]S Riggs,R T Burks.Extended pelvic lymph node dissection in prostate cancer:a 20-year audit in a single center.Ann Oncol,2013,24(6):1423-1424.
[44]I Cagiannos,P Karakiewicz,J A Eastham,et al.A preoperative nomogram identifying decreased risk of positive pelvic lymph nodes in patients with prostate cancer.J Urol,2003,170(5):p.1798-1803.
[45]G Holl,R Dorn,H Wengenmair,et al.Validation of sentinel lymph node dissection in prostate cancer:experience in more than 2,000 patients.Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging,2009,36(9):1377-1382.
[46]A Beri,G Janetschek.Technology insight:radioguided sentinel lymph node dissection in the staging of prostate cancer.Nat Clin Pract Urol,2006,3(11):602-610.
[47]N Bhatta-Dhar,A M Reuther,C Zippe,et al.No difference in six-year biochemical failure rates with or without pelvic lymph node dissection during radical prostatectomy in lowrisk patients with localized prostate cancer.Urology,2004,63(3):528-531.
[48]H Danuser,G B Di Pierro,P Stucki,et al.Extended pelvic lymphadenectomy and various radical prostatectomy techniques:is pelvic drainage necessary?BJU Int,2013,111(6):963-969.
[49]A Briganti,M L Blute,J H Eastham,et al.Pelvic lymph node dissection in prostate cancer.Eur Urol,2009,55(6):1251-1265.
[50]T Clark,D J Parekh,M S Cookson,et al.Randomized prospective evaluation of extended versus limited lymph node dissection in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer.J Urol,2003,169(1):145-147;discussion 147-148.
[51]A Solberg,A Angelsen,U Bergan,et al.Frequency of lymphoceles after open and laparoscopic pelvic lymph node dissection in patients with prostate cancer.Scand J Urol Nephrol,2003,37(3):218-221.
[52]M Musch,V Klevecka,U Roggenbuck,et al.Complications of pelvic lymphadenectomy in 1,380 patients undergoing radical retropubic prostatectomy between 1993 and 2006.J Urol,2008.179(3):923-928;discussion 928-929.
[53]S Loeb,A W Partin,E M Schaeffer.Complications of pelvic lymphadenectomy:do the risks outweigh the benefits?Rev Urol,2010,12(1):20-24.
[54]A Heidenreich,Z Varga,R Von Knobloch.Extended pelvic lymphadenectomy in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy:high incidence of lymph node metastasis.J Urol,2002,167(4):1681-1686.